HUN1201 Final Exam (Maier)

Osteoblasts

"Bone builders" Synthesize new bone matrix by laying down collagen-containing component of bone

What are the 3 main stages of glycolysis?

(1) glucose is trapped and destabilized; (2) two interconvertible three-carbon molecules are generated by cleavage of six-carbon fructose; and (3) ATP is generated.

Types of Bone Development

1) Bone Growth 2) Bone Modeling 3) Bone Remodeling

Nutrients for bone health:

1) CALCIUM 2) Vitamins D and K 3) Phosphorus 4) Magnesium 5) Fluoride

What are the four components of blood?

1) Erythrocytes (45%) 2) Leukocytes (1%) 3) Platelets (1%) 4) Plasma (55%)

What are the 3 stages in the progression of iron deficiency?

1) Iron depletion is caused by a decrease in iron stores 2) Iron-deficiency erythropoiesis occurs with decreased iron transport 3) Iron-deficiency anemia results in reduced normal, healthy red blood cell production, decreased size, inadequate hemoglobin

What are the four nutrients that function as electrolytes in the body?

1) Sodium (ICF) 2) Potassium (ECF) 3) Chloride (ICF) 4) Phosphorus (ECF)

Describe the disorders related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and identify their symptoms

1. Dehydration 2. Heatstroke 3. Water intoxication (over-hydration) 4. Hypertension 5. Neuromuscular disorders

What are three functions of water in the body?

1. Fluids dissolve and transport substances 2. Water-soluble substances are readily transported in the bloodstream: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, medications 3. Fatty substances must be attached to or surrounded by water-soluble proteins

What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?

1. Maintain body temperature 2. Protect and lubricate tissues (cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, tears, and saliva) 3. Regulate fluid balance 4. Enable nerve response (Na+and K+ play role in change of electrical charge in depolarization/repolarization) 5. Muscle contractions (calcium)

Identify and describe the functions of the four minerals involved in electrolyte balance

1. Sodium: Affects blood pressure and acid−base balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, and glucose absorption from the small intestine 2. Potassium: Maintains fluid balance and regulates the contraction of muscles and transmission of nerve impulses. High potassium intake helps maintain a lower blood pressure 3. Chloride: Aids digestion: part of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. Assists the immune system and in the transmission of nerve impulses 4. Phosphorus: Major intracellular electrolyte. Required for fluid balance, critical role in bone formation, and activates or deactivates enzymes

What are the results of glycolysis?

2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of pyruvate, and 2 NADH

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?

30 years

Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?

65%

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a continuous circle of how many metabolic reactions?

8

How many amino acids are considered to be essential?

9

What is chyme?

A mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressure

Hypernatremia

Abnormally high blood sodium concentration i. Patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease cannot effectively excrete sodium ii. Causes high blood volume, edema (swelling), and high blood pressure

Hyponatremia

Abnormally low blood sodium level i. From prolonged sweating, vomiting, diarrhea ii. Symptoms: headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. If untreated: seizures, coma, and death

A majority of zinc is carried by ________ in the blood.

Albumin

In the angiotensin-renin system, which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?

Angiotensin II

A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as:

Ariboflavinosis

Functions of Vitamin K (in bone health)

Blood coagulation and bone metabolism

The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:

Bone remodeling

The microvilli in the small intestine are collectively called the:

Brush border

Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?

Calcium

Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our body?

Carbohydrates

The process of breaking down large molecules to release energy is called:

Catabolism

Platelets

Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting

Describe how electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance

Cell membranes are permeable to water, but not freely permeable to electrolytes, so electrolytes attract water towards areas where they are concentrated until solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane (aka the process of osmosis)

Osteoclasts

Cells that erode the surface of bones

How do kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood volume?

Changes in blood volume, BP and concentration of solutes in the blood signal the kidneys to adjust the volume and concentration of urine. i. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine ii. Renin responds to decreased blood pressure. It activates: iii. Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) increases blood pressure iv. Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride

Which of the following is a component of fat-emulsifying bile?

Choline

Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?

Collagen

Cortical Bone

Compact bone, 80% of skeleton, outer surface of bone

Bone Density

Compactness of bone (aka strength)

Functions of Phosphorus (in bone health)

Critical in bone formation, required for proper fluid balance, component of ATP, DNA, membranes

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease?

Damage to the villi of the small intestine

Functions of Fluoride (in bone health)

Develop and maintain teeth and bones, combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacteria

Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:

Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry

A protein is considered high quality if it is:

Easily digestible

Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called:

Emulsification

Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.

Fat

What are the two storage forms of iron?

Ferritin and hemosiderin

Collagen

Fibrous protein in bone tissue

Plasma

Fluid portion of the blood that maintains adequate blood volume

Which of the following nutrients is crucial in maintaining blood health?

Folate

Function of folate and B12 and their contribution to blood health

Folate: Assists in DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism, cellular division/differentiation. Lack of folate causes neural tube defects!! Vitamin B12: Coenzyme for DNA synthesis, maintains myelin sheath

What is nutrient density?

Foods that have the most nutrients for their calories

Which of the following is classified as a digestive fluid?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as:

Hydrolysis

Bone Growth Completion

Increase in bone size Girls: 14 Boys: 17

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon

Transferrin

Iron-transport protein in blood (receptors on cells transport iron into cells)

Insulin helps store sugar in the:

Liver

Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood?

Low carbohydrate availability

Anemia

Low hemoglobin

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients?

Lymphatic

The primary function of liver glycogen is to:

Maintain blood glucose

Approximately one third of riboflavin is supplied in the American diet by:

Milk products

Sources of calcium:

Milk products, green leafy vegetables, orange juice, soy milk, salmon

Heme iron

More absorbable, found only in animal-based foods

Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of:

Niacin

Which vitamin can be made from the amino acid tryptophan?

Niacin

Non-heme iron

Not as easily absorbed

Extracellular Fluid

Outside the cell

Insulin is synthesized and released by the:

Pancreas

The first step of glycolysis is:

Phosphorylation of glucose

What is glycolysis?

Process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

Which nutrient is organic?

Protein

Bone Remodeling

Recycling of bone tissue

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body

Functions of Vitamin D (in bone health)

Regulates blood calcium levels, stimulate osteoclasts, required for none calcification

Bone Modeling

Shaping of bone (complete by early adulthood, exercise and overweight increase thickness)

The two most common extracellular ions are:

Sodium and chloride

What is the KEY difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber?

Soluble fibers can be digested by bacteria in the colon; insoluble fiber cannot.

What is true about vitamins A, D, E, and K?

Soluble in fat

Trabecular Bone

Spongy bone, 20% of skeleton, insides of bones (scaffolding)

Which of the following is a mineral involved in energy metabolism?

Sulfur

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the:

Teeth and bones

Where is ADH released from?

The pituitary gland

The coenzyme TPP plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy. Which water-soluble vitamin is part of the TPP complex?

Thiamin

What is the role of iron in blood health?

Trace mineral that is a component of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and myoglobin

The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called:

Transamination

Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme for PLP, which plays a role in the process of making nonessential amino acids. This process is called:

Transamination

The body stores lipids as:

Triglycerides

Interstitial Fluid

Type of extracellular fluid BETWEEN the cells

Intravascular Plasma

Type of extracellular fluid, water in the blood and lymph that transports blood cells within arteries, veins, and capillaries

Which B-vitamin is needed for protein synthesis?

Vitamin B6

Iron absorption is enhance by:

Vitamin C

Function of vitamin K and B6 and their contribution to blood health

Vitamin K: Coenzyme assists in synthesizing blood coagulating proteins (prothrombin and procoagulants) Vitamin B6:

Leukocytes

White blood cells (key to immune system)

Which disorder is associated with copper toxicity?

Wilson's disease

Intracellular Fluid

Within the ceil

Which of the following is a positively-charged trace mineral?

Zinc

Function of zinc and copper and their contribution to blood health

Zinc: component of heme synthesis, regulates gene expression, maintains structural integrity of proteins Copper: Required for iron transport, regulates neurotransmitters