HUN1201 Final Exam (Maier)
Osteoblasts
"Bone builders" Synthesize new bone matrix by laying down collagen-containing component of bone
What are the 3 main stages of glycolysis?
(1) glucose is trapped and destabilized; (2) two interconvertible three-carbon molecules are generated by cleavage of six-carbon fructose; and (3) ATP is generated.
Types of Bone Development
1) Bone Growth 2) Bone Modeling 3) Bone Remodeling
Nutrients for bone health:
1) CALCIUM 2) Vitamins D and K 3) Phosphorus 4) Magnesium 5) Fluoride
What are the four components of blood?
1) Erythrocytes (45%) 2) Leukocytes (1%) 3) Platelets (1%) 4) Plasma (55%)
What are the 3 stages in the progression of iron deficiency?
1) Iron depletion is caused by a decrease in iron stores 2) Iron-deficiency erythropoiesis occurs with decreased iron transport 3) Iron-deficiency anemia results in reduced normal, healthy red blood cell production, decreased size, inadequate hemoglobin
What are the four nutrients that function as electrolytes in the body?
1) Sodium (ICF) 2) Potassium (ECF) 3) Chloride (ICF) 4) Phosphorus (ECF)
Describe the disorders related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance and identify their symptoms
1. Dehydration 2. Heatstroke 3. Water intoxication (over-hydration) 4. Hypertension 5. Neuromuscular disorders
What are three functions of water in the body?
1. Fluids dissolve and transport substances 2. Water-soluble substances are readily transported in the bloodstream: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, medications 3. Fatty substances must be attached to or surrounded by water-soluble proteins
What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?
1. Maintain body temperature 2. Protect and lubricate tissues (cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, tears, and saliva) 3. Regulate fluid balance 4. Enable nerve response (Na+and K+ play role in change of electrical charge in depolarization/repolarization) 5. Muscle contractions (calcium)
Identify and describe the functions of the four minerals involved in electrolyte balance
1. Sodium: Affects blood pressure and acid−base balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, and glucose absorption from the small intestine 2. Potassium: Maintains fluid balance and regulates the contraction of muscles and transmission of nerve impulses. High potassium intake helps maintain a lower blood pressure 3. Chloride: Aids digestion: part of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. Assists the immune system and in the transmission of nerve impulses 4. Phosphorus: Major intracellular electrolyte. Required for fluid balance, critical role in bone formation, and activates or deactivates enzymes
What are the results of glycolysis?
2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of pyruvate, and 2 NADH
Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?
30 years
Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?
65%
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a continuous circle of how many metabolic reactions?
8
How many amino acids are considered to be essential?
9
What is chyme?
A mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure
Hypernatremia
Abnormally high blood sodium concentration i. Patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease cannot effectively excrete sodium ii. Causes high blood volume, edema (swelling), and high blood pressure
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low blood sodium level i. From prolonged sweating, vomiting, diarrhea ii. Symptoms: headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps. If untreated: seizures, coma, and death
A majority of zinc is carried by ________ in the blood.
Albumin
In the angiotensin-renin system, which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as:
Ariboflavinosis
Functions of Vitamin K (in bone health)
Blood coagulation and bone metabolism
The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:
Bone remodeling
The microvilli in the small intestine are collectively called the:
Brush border
Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?
Calcium
Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our body?
Carbohydrates
The process of breaking down large molecules to release energy is called:
Catabolism
Platelets
Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
Describe how electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance
Cell membranes are permeable to water, but not freely permeable to electrolytes, so electrolytes attract water towards areas where they are concentrated until solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane (aka the process of osmosis)
Osteoclasts
Cells that erode the surface of bones
How do kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood volume?
Changes in blood volume, BP and concentration of solutes in the blood signal the kidneys to adjust the volume and concentration of urine. i. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine ii. Renin responds to decreased blood pressure. It activates: iii. Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) increases blood pressure iv. Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
Which of the following is a component of fat-emulsifying bile?
Choline
Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?
Collagen
Cortical Bone
Compact bone, 80% of skeleton, outer surface of bone
Bone Density
Compactness of bone (aka strength)
Functions of Phosphorus (in bone health)
Critical in bone formation, required for proper fluid balance, component of ATP, DNA, membranes
What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease?
Damage to the villi of the small intestine
Functions of Fluoride (in bone health)
Develop and maintain teeth and bones, combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacteria
Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:
Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry
A protein is considered high quality if it is:
Easily digestible
Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called:
Emulsification
Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.
Fat
What are the two storage forms of iron?
Ferritin and hemosiderin
Collagen
Fibrous protein in bone tissue
Plasma
Fluid portion of the blood that maintains adequate blood volume
Which of the following nutrients is crucial in maintaining blood health?
Folate
Function of folate and B12 and their contribution to blood health
Folate: Assists in DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism, cellular division/differentiation. Lack of folate causes neural tube defects!! Vitamin B12: Coenzyme for DNA synthesis, maintains myelin sheath
What is nutrient density?
Foods that have the most nutrients for their calories
Which of the following is classified as a digestive fluid?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as:
Hydrolysis
Bone Growth Completion
Increase in bone size Girls: 14 Boys: 17
Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon
Transferrin
Iron-transport protein in blood (receptors on cells transport iron into cells)
Insulin helps store sugar in the:
Liver
Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood?
Low carbohydrate availability
Anemia
Low hemoglobin
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients?
Lymphatic
The primary function of liver glycogen is to:
Maintain blood glucose
Approximately one third of riboflavin is supplied in the American diet by:
Milk products
Sources of calcium:
Milk products, green leafy vegetables, orange juice, soy milk, salmon
Heme iron
More absorbable, found only in animal-based foods
Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of:
Niacin
Which vitamin can be made from the amino acid tryptophan?
Niacin
Non-heme iron
Not as easily absorbed
Extracellular Fluid
Outside the cell
Insulin is synthesized and released by the:
Pancreas
The first step of glycolysis is:
Phosphorylation of glucose
What is glycolysis?
Process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Which nutrient is organic?
Protein
Bone Remodeling
Recycling of bone tissue
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body
Functions of Vitamin D (in bone health)
Regulates blood calcium levels, stimulate osteoclasts, required for none calcification
Bone Modeling
Shaping of bone (complete by early adulthood, exercise and overweight increase thickness)
The two most common extracellular ions are:
Sodium and chloride
What is the KEY difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber?
Soluble fibers can be digested by bacteria in the colon; insoluble fiber cannot.
What is true about vitamins A, D, E, and K?
Soluble in fat
Trabecular Bone
Spongy bone, 20% of skeleton, insides of bones (scaffolding)
Which of the following is a mineral involved in energy metabolism?
Sulfur
The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the:
Teeth and bones
Where is ADH released from?
The pituitary gland
The coenzyme TPP plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy. Which water-soluble vitamin is part of the TPP complex?
Thiamin
What is the role of iron in blood health?
Trace mineral that is a component of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and myoglobin
The process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another is called:
Transamination
Vitamin B6 is a coenzyme for PLP, which plays a role in the process of making nonessential amino acids. This process is called:
Transamination
The body stores lipids as:
Triglycerides
Interstitial Fluid
Type of extracellular fluid BETWEEN the cells
Intravascular Plasma
Type of extracellular fluid, water in the blood and lymph that transports blood cells within arteries, veins, and capillaries
Which B-vitamin is needed for protein synthesis?
Vitamin B6
Iron absorption is enhance by:
Vitamin C
Function of vitamin K and B6 and their contribution to blood health
Vitamin K: Coenzyme assists in synthesizing blood coagulating proteins (prothrombin and procoagulants) Vitamin B6:
Leukocytes
White blood cells (key to immune system)
Which disorder is associated with copper toxicity?
Wilson's disease
Intracellular Fluid
Within the ceil
Which of the following is a positively-charged trace mineral?
Zinc
Function of zinc and copper and their contribution to blood health
Zinc: component of heme synthesis, regulates gene expression, maintains structural integrity of proteins Copper: Required for iron transport, regulates neurotransmitters