hw 13 lymphatic/immune 2 for exam 3
adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
the process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
agglutination
what is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to
an antigenic determinant
an allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed
anaphylactic shock
which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine
artificially acquired active immunity
which type of specific defense is conferred by the administration of antibodies to combat infection
artificially acquired passive immunity
which cells are involved in inflammation
basophils and mast cells
if a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found
class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and B cells.
explain the function of cytokines secreted by helper T cells
cytokines secreted by helper T cells stimulate the cell-mediated adaptive immunity and antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.
cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells
cytotoxic T cells
lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _____ cells
cytotoxic T cells
describe hypersensitivities
hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to an allergen, which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction
which of the following is NOT a possible result of antigen presentation a. T-cell activation b. infection of body cells by antigens c. antibody production d. destruction of pathogens
infection of body cells by antigens
immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called _____ immunity
innate
tears and mucous membranes would be a part of which defense system
innate external defenses
phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. they would be classified as which type of defense system
innate internal defenses
characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except
intrinsic
all of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that a. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure b. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell c. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells d. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise e. it is delayed by the memory cell stage
it is delayed by the memory cell stage.
antigen-presenting cells are differentiated from other body cells by the presence of class II MHC proteins in their plasma membranes. which of the following correctly describes a difference between class I and class II MHC
macrophages use class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized.
_____ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time
memory
what is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person
naturally acquired active immunity
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxins incapable of attaching itself to a cell. the mechanism is known as
neutralization
which mechanism results in a coating of antibodies and complement proteins that increases the effectiveness of phagocytes
opsonization
choose the correct statement pertaining to allergies
sensitization to an allergen during the initial exposure leads to the production of large quantities of IgE.
antigen presentation is ______
the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes
____ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen
tolerance
immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
helper T cells do all of the following except
destroy target cells using perforins
what type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient
humoral immunity
which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction
histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation
what cells make antibodies
plasma B cells
all of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it a. produces more IgG antibodies b. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response c. depends on memory B cell d. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two e. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.