HW CH. 7- MICRO
Anabolic reactions produce ATP to create new molecules. True False
F
Both DNA and RNA are usually double-stranded molecules.
F
Eukaryotic mRNA usually specifies multiple proteins.
F
The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time.
F
Translation occurs on ribosomes only in prokaryotes.
F
Translation of eukaryotic mRNA can occur in the nucleus after exons are spliced together.
F
Selenium is a major essential nutrient required by all bacterial cells for survival. True False
F selenium is not an essential nutrient of bacterial cells. These are C, H, O, N, P, and S.
Like budding, binary fission produces two differently sized cells that contain an equal amount of genetic information. True False
False, binary fission produces two daughter cells of equal size and genetic content.
Select those statements that describe anabolic activities. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Beta oxidation of fatty acids Formation of cell wall structures from monomer building blocks Assembly of DNA and RNA from nucleotides Synthesis of amino acids via amination reactions Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid via glycolysis
Formation of cell wall structures from monomer building blocks Assembly of DNA and RNA from nucleotides Synthesis of amino acids via amination reactions Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
The generation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is 30 minutes. 3 hours. 12 hours. 33 hours. 10 days.
12hrs
Match the term with the molecule on which it is found. 1. A and P sites 2. Promoter 3. Start codon DNA mRNA rRNA
2 DNA 3 mRNA 1 rRNA
1. TACGATACCTTA 2. TACGTCACCTTA 3. TACTGACACCTTA 4. TACGACACTTTA Missense mutation Silent mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation
2 Missense mutation 1 Silent mutation 4 Nonsense mutation 3 Frameshift mutation
Select all of the products of glycolysis to test your understanding of this process. 2 ATP (net) 2 NADPH 2 pyruvic acids Citric acid CO2 2 NADH H2O
2 ATP (net) 2 pyruvic acids 2 NADH H2O
During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves. 1 Na+ and 2 K+. 2 Na+ and 2 K+. 2 Na+ and 3 K+. 3 Na+ and 2 K+. 3 Na+ and 3 K+.
3 Na+ and 2 K+.
Which of the following DNA sequences is complementary to 5' TAGAC 3'? 3' TAGAC 5' 3' ATCTG 5' 3' GTCTA 5' 3' CAGAT 5' none of these
3' ATCTG 5'
Place the steps of binary fission in the correct order to test your understanding of bacterial cell division. Daughter cells are separated or may remain attached. A transverse septum grows inward as the two chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongating cell. Septum is completed. Cell enlarges and the chromosome is replicated.
4 Daughter cells are separated or may remain attached. 2 A transverse septum grows inward as the two chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongating cell. 3 Septum is completed. 1 Cell enlarges and the chromosome is replicated.
Which of the following is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA? 2 nanometers in width 10 base pairs per turn .34 nanometers per basepair All of these
All of these
______ refers to reactions that use energy and synthesize building blocks and macromolecules, while ______ refers to cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy. Amphibolism, catabolism Anabolism, catabolism Catabolism, anabolism Anabolism, amphibolism
Anabolism, catabolism
Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> C If Enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate? A only B only C only A and B B and C
B only
Select which microbes were first found to utilize the lac operon in order to conserve energy, by only expressing genes when the gene products are needed. Viruses Bacteria Helminths Protozoans
Bacteria
The advantageous genes that can be transferred by transduction are genes for:
ALL
Which of the following occur(s) in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes?
ALL
The chemical in which energy is stored in cells is called: cAMP cADP ATP AMP
ATP
Select the statements that accurately reflect codons and their use in translation. AUG is a start codon. Codons are bases found on tRNA. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. Codons are recognized by lysosomes. Codons are made up of 6 bases.
AUG is a start codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons.
Which of the following best describes transcription? DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein
DNA -> RNA
The enzyme that travels along the leading strand assembling new nucleotides on a growing new strand of DNA is... DNA polymerase I. DNA ligase. RNA primase. DNA polymerase III. helicase.
DNA polymerase III.
Which of the following depicts the direction genetic information flows?
DNA → RNA → protein
Choose the phase of the bacterial growth curve during which a bacterial population has the briefest doubling time. Lag phase Exponential growth phase Stationary growth phase Death phase
Exponential growth phase
Choose all of the statements about redox reactions that are correct. When a compound serves as an electron acceptor, it is oxidized. The electron donor in a redox reaction is reduced during the reaction. In biological redox reactions, hydrogens are often involved in the transfer process. A single molecule may serve as an electron acceptor first, and then as an electron donor. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.
When a compound serves as an electron acceptor, it is oxidized. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.
During DNA replication, the ____ strand is synthesized continuously while the____ strand is synthesized in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments. leading, lagging forward, backward parallel, antiparallel 5', 3'
leading, lagging
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen are considered _______ because they are required in relatively large quantities, whereas manganese, zinc, and copper are considered _____ because they are required in very small quantities. nonessential, essential micromolecules, macromolecules macronutrients, micronutrients elements, elementens
macronutrients, micronutrients
A majority of medically important microbes are classified as: thermophiles psychrotrophs mesophiles endotherms
mesophiles
Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane. gas molecules across a membrane. gas or water molecules across a membrane.
molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
A permanent change in the DNA base sequence is a: mutation methylation primer catalyst
mutation
RNA is a chain of:
nucleotides
What term describes an organism that lacks superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes? obligate aerobe facultative anaerobe microaerophile obligate anaerobe capnophile
obligate anaerobe
A recombinant organism is:
one that that contains genes from another organism
Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> C Enzyme 1 can utilize only A as substrate. only B as substrate. both A and B as substrates. neither A nor B as substrate. either A or B as substrate, but not both.
only A as substrate.
Bacteriophage adsorb or attach:
only to members of the same species
A(n)_____ is a group of genes in a linear arrangement that will be transcribed together. centromere operon variable region repressor
operon
A(n) ______ is a cluster of genes that perform related functions found in _____.
operon, prokaryotes
Coordinated sets of genes that are regulated as a single unit are referred to as ______.
operons
The bond connecting amino acids is a ____ bond.
peptide
After host cell DNA is broken down by a viral enzyme:
phage DNA is replicated and phage coat proteins are produced
A __________ is the physical expression of the genes present and can change depending upon what genes are turned "on".
phenotype
Select the components of DNA to test your understanding of nucleotide composition. amino acids phosphate ribose or deoxyribose nitrogen bases fatty acids
phosphate ribose or deoxyribose nitrogen bases
The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as phosphate-base-sugar. phosphate-sugar-base. base-phosphate-sugar. phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base. base-sugar-phosphate-base.
phosphate-sugar-base
A difference between transferring plasmids and fragments of DNA between cells is:
plasmids can replicate independently
Translation of mRNA into protein begins before transcription is complete in ______.
prokaryotes only
The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene. coding region promoter operator regulator initiator
promoter
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the ____.
promoter on DNA
Enzymes are lipids. proteins. carbohydrates. nucleic acids. steroids.
proteins
If you find that a particular plasmid has an R factor, the bacteria that has it will be:
resistant to antibiotics
Select the components of ATP from the list provided. ribose adenine phosphate deoxyribose
ribose adenine phosphate
Protein synthesis occurs on ____.
ribosomes
A _____ derives its nutrients and energy from the organic matter of dead organisms, whereas a _____ lives in or on another living organism and derives its nutrients and energy from that living organism. saprobe, autotroph parasite, chemoautotroph saprobe, parasite archaeon, phototroph
saprobe, parasite
DNA replication is said to be dispersive. semi-conservative. conservative. liberal. inconclusive.
semi-conservative.
DNA replication is said to be dispersive. semi-conservative. conservative. liberal. none of these
semi-conservative.
DNA replication is described as: conservative dispersive semiconservative disruptive
semiconservative
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will expand. burst. shrink. have no change in shape. become a white blood cell.
shrink
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily? small polar molecules small nonpolar molecules large polar molecules large nonpolar molecules large neutral molecules
small nonpolar molecules
The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. sodium and potassium ions into the cell. sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane.
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
The F pilus binds to:
specific receptors on the cell wall of the recipient
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme? water product substrate any other enzyme none of these
substrate
Select the type of RNA molecule that is associated with an amino acid, which is used to build a polypeptide chain during translation. tRNA microRNA mRNA rRNA
tRNA
Select the types of RNA that are directly involved in translation. tRNA rRNA xRNA mRNA antisense RNA
tRNA rRNA mRNA
Select the physical factors below that can affect microbial growth. temperature radiation (visible light, UV, gamma) barometric pressure extreme drying/dehydration
temperature radiation (visible light, UV, gamma) barometric pressure extreme drying/dehydration
The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following? temperature size of molecules steepness of the concentration gradient temperature and size of molecules temperature, size of molecules and steepness of the concentration gradient
temperature, size of molecules and steepness of the concentration gradient
The F plasmid encodes for the F pilus; therefore, F+ cells can make the pilus and serve as donors in conjugation.
the F pilus
After the transfer of the F plasmid is complete:
the F- cell becomes F+
In some degradative pathways, in the absence of an inducer (e.g.: arabinose):
the activator protein can't bind to DNA, and RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter site
When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when molecules of sugar stop moving. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules. two tablespoons of coffee are added.
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
When an amino acid such as arginine binds to a repressor:
the repressor binds to the operator site on the DNA
The process of transcription is similar to:
the synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication
Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of one codon? the tRNA that was in the A site picks up another amino acid the tRNA that was in the A site releases the growing polypeptide chain the tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site the tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site the tRNA that was in the P site picks up another amino acid
the tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site
Select the statement that most accurately reflects characteristics of biofilms: they are easily treated with antibiotic therapy they are associated with chronic ear infections they are comprised of one microbial species they communicate via remote sensing
they are associated with chronic ear infections
The tRNA bound to the growing polypeptide chain during translation can be found in this area of the ribosome complex: within the E site within the A site within the P site within the A or P site, but not the E site
within the A or P site, but not the E site
The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time.
Number of phosphatescorrectOrder of nitrogenous bases
What component of RNA is different from one individual (or one bacterium) to the next?
Order of nitrogenous bases
The initial transfer RNA occupies the _____ site on the ribosome.
P site
What three components make up RNA structure?
Phosphate, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar
What usually terminates the process of translation?
Presence of a stop codon on mRNA
The processes of transcription and translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the following way:
Prokaryotes transcribe and translate simultaneously.
Which of the following best describes translation? DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein
RNA -> Protein
The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. DNA ligase. RNA ligase. RNA replicase.
RNA polymerase.
Before the lagging strand can begin assembling new DNA nucleotides, which of the following must occur? DNA polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides. DNA polymerase I removes some material and replaces it with DNA. OH bonds must be broken between the two strands of DNA. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between the 3' OH of the growing strand and the 5' phosphate in front of it. RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer.
RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer.
Select which of the following is a proper pairing of nucleic acid and component: DNA, ribose sugar RNA, deoxyribose sugar RNA, uracil DNA, ATP
RNA, uracil
Select the term that describes any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism. Genetically modified Polymerized Recombinant Synthetic
Recombinant
Select the most accurate statement reflecting the process of transcription.
Transcription relies upon the action of RNA polymerase
If one strand of DNA contains the bases ACAGT, what would be the complementary bases on the mRNA strand?
UGUCA
Before an activator can bind to DNA,
it must react with the substrate it regulates
After entry of the bacteriophage into the host cell, a phage enzyme:
breaks the host DNA into fragments
In terms of carbon sources, deep-sea vent microorganisms and methanogens are most specifically classified as: heterotrophs autotrophs chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs
chemoautotrophs
The specific sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the ______whereas the complementary sequence of 3 bases in tRNA that bind to the mRNA is known as the _______. 5' cap, 3' poly A tail codon, anticodon primer, telomere gene, locus
codon, anticodon
Conjugation depends on contact between the two cells before the other events can take place.
contact between the donor and recipient
The structure that divides the bacterial cell in two is termed the cell plate. cleavage furrow. fission line. demarcation zone. cross septum.
cross septum.
Select those choices that are involved in the process of protein catabolism. lipases deamination proteases beta oxidation glycolysis
deamination proteases
When a bacterium is grown on glucose only:
it must synthesize all the amino acids it needs
In an inducible operon, when a substrate or inducer is present:
it reacts with the repressor and inactivates it
Binding of an activator to the activator binding site on DNA:
enhances the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter site
One advantage of having genetic control mechanisms is:
enzymes are only produced when they are needed
Penicillinase, cellulase, and amylase are examples of: endoenzymes exoenzymes apoenzymes holoenzymes
exoenzymes
The production of which substance leads to thickening of the biofilm over time?
exopolymer
Eukaryotic mRNA contains non-coding regions called ___.
introns
When a repressor binds to the operator site on DNA:
it blocks RNA polymerase and mRNA synthesis
When the bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA into a recipient bacterial cell:
it can integrate into the chromosome
In transduction, bacterial DNA is transferred to a new cell when:
it is injected by the virus
The genetic material in bacteria is double-stranded DNA. double-stranded RNA. single-stranded DNA. single-stranded RNA. either double-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNA.
double-stranded DNA.
Which of the following combinations are correctly matched? 70S - ribosome anticodon - mRNA codon - tRNA 70S - ribosome and anticodon - mRNA 70S - ribosome, anticodon - mRNA and codon - tRNA
70S - ribosome
How many generations does it take for a single bacterial cell to become 256? 5 6 7 8 9
8
A certain polypeptide is 100 amino acids in length. During translation of this polypeptide, how many amino acids entered through the A site of the ribosome? 1 9 50 99 100
99
According to Chargaff's rule, which of the following statements regarding the number of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, and G) in the double-stranded DNA is TRUE? A = T and C = G A + G = C + T A + T = C + G A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T A = T and C = G, A + G = C + T and A + T = C + G
A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T
If the codon GGU is positioned in the A site of the ribosome, which of the following will occur?
A tRNA with the anticodon CCA will deliver its amino acid to the site.
From the list below, select all of the active transport mechanisms used by cells to test your understanding of active vs. passive transport. rev: 11_23_2015_QC_CS-31568 Simple diffusion Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis
Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Endocytosis
_____ are groups of three bases in mRNA that specify one amino acid in the amino acid chain.
Codons
Select all of the statements below that are true of enzymes to test your understanding of their structure and function. Composed of protein Increase the rate of chemical reactions Are used up in chemical reactions High concentrations are necessary for activity Activity is affected by temperature and pH Activity is affected by regulatory mechanisms Become incorporated into the reaction product Have active sites with which substrates interact Enzyme increase the activation energy of a reaction
Composed of protein Increase the rate of chemical reactions Activity is affected by temperature and pH Activity is affected by regulatory mechanisms Have active sites with which substrates interact
Select all of the statements that are true of fermentation to test your understanding of this process. Does not require O2 Uses glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose). No NADH is produced. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids. Is only done by yeast
Does not require O2 Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose). The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids.
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function, where S is "substrate" and E is "enzyme" and P is "product"? S + P -> E-P -> E + P E + P -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S E + P -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
Which of the following DNA molecules is the most stable? CTGCATAC GACGTATG GAAATTTC CTTTAAAG AGTCGAAT TCAGCTTA GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG GGATCCTG CCTAGGAC
GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA only. RNA only. both DNA and RNA. neither DNA nor RNA. cells.
both DNA and RNA.
Select the electron carriers used by cells. Glucose NAD FAD ATP NADP
NAD FAD NADP
Select the statements that accurately reflect characteristics of nucleotides. Adenine and guanine are pyrimidine nitrogen bases Thymine and cytosine are purine nitrogen bases Nitrogen bases are covalently bonded to the sugar molecules within a nucleotide Adenine bases hydrogen bond with thymine bases Phosphate connects the sugar molecules within a chain of nucleotides
Nitrogen bases are covalently bonded to the sugar molecules within a nucleotide Adenine bases hydrogen bond with thymine bases Phosphate connects the sugar molecules within a chain of nucleotides
Select the statements that are true of repressible operons to test your understanding of the differences between inducible and repressible operons. Repressible operons often contain genes for enzymes that digest sugars. Repressible operons are usually the "turned on" state and are "turned off" when their product is in adequate supply. The product of the enzymes in the operon functions as a corepressor. Repressible operons will be "turned on" in the presence of the product and turned off in its absence. Enzymes necessary for the synthesis of amino acids are often encoded by genes in repressible operons.
Repressible operons are usually the "turned on" state and are "turned off" when their product is in adequate supply. The product of the enzymes in the operon functions as a corepressor. Enzymes necessary for the synthesis of amino acids are often encoded by genes in repressible operons.
From the list below, select all of the passive transport mechanisms used by cells to test your understanding of passive vs. active transport. Simple diffusion Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion
If you know the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, you can deduce the DNA sequence it was transcribed from.
T
In prokaryotes, the mRNA transcript encounters ribosomal parts immediately as it leaves the DNA.
T
Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation that makes evolution possible. True False
T
Only eukaryotic mRNA is processed prior to translation.
T
Prokaryotes lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
T
Recombinant organisms often exhibit new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or novel metabolic capabilities. True False
T
Replication, transcription and translation take place in the bacterial cytoplasm.
T
The sequence of DNA bases ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
T
Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded.
T
What happens when a hairpin loop forms in mRNA?
The RNA polymerase and the mRNA dissociate from the DNA.
After mRNA is made, what generally occurs?
The mRNA is translated to protein.
Select the nitrogen bases found in nucleotides that make up DNA. Guanine Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine
Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine
What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump? breakdown of ATP formation of ATP transport of ATP by the pump breakdown of GTP transport of GTP by the pump
breakdown of ATP
Select the statement that explains the newer version of the "central dogma." Information flows one way from protein to RNA to DNA. While information primarily flows from DNA to RNA to protein, some information from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role. Information flows from DNA to RNA and from DNA directly to protein to regulate the activity of the proteins. Information originates in RNA and flows both to proteins and to DNA.
While information primarily flows from DNA to RNA to protein, some information from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role.
During maturation or formation of phage particles:
a few phage heads may surround fragments of host bacterial DNA
The F pilus is:
a protein appendage that attaches the two cells
In the absence of lactose:
a repressor binds to the operator site of the lac operon
DNA replication in bacteria begins at a single origin and proceeds in one direction. a single origin and proceeds in both directions. two origins and proceeds in both directions. many origins and proceeds in one direction. many origins and proceeds in both directions.
a single origin and proceeds in both directions.
Plasmids are:
able to replicate independently of the chromosome
Select the term that refers to a microbe able to survive very low pH conditions: halophile osmophile alkalinophile acidophile
acidophile
The plasmid is mobilized for transfer when:
an endonuclease cleaves it at the origin of replication
The basic parts of a bacteriophage are:
an icosohedral head, central tube, tail pins & fibers
The three basic catabolic pathways are: aerobic respiration deamination polymerization anaerobic respiration fermentation
anaerobic respiration fermentation aerobic respiration
Antibiosis is a form of: synergism parasitism antagonism opportunism
antagonism
The protein in a conjugated enzyme is referred to as the ____ whereas the combination of the protein and the nonprotein cofactor is known as the _____. apoenzyme, holoenzyme holoenzyme, apoenzyme apoenzyme, competitive enzyme holoenzyme, exoenzyme
apoenzyme, holoenzyme
Repressible operons (such as the arg operon):
are usually in the "on" mode
Cotranscriptional translation occurs in: protozoans fungi bacteria helminths
bacteria
Electron carriers: are holoenzymes transfer lipids become reduced when they receive electrons are made up of carbohydrates
become reduced when they receive electrons
Introns are removed and exons are spliced together:
before translation
When the product of a metabolic pathway accumulates, it may be able to slow down or turn off the pathway by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. This is referred to as
feedback
A segment of DNA encoding a protein or an RNA molecule is a ________.
gene
Generalized transduction differs from specialized transduction in that:
generalized transduction transfers random DNA fragments while specialized does not
The sum total of the genetic material of a cell is its: genes genome proteome transcriptome
genome
The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its ______ whereas the observable traits due to gene expression are referred to as its __________. phenotype, genotype genotype, proteotype haplotype, phenotype genotype, phenotype
genotype, phenotype
F+ cells:
have a plasmid and are donors in conjugation
The enzyme that unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule is... DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. RNA primase. DNA polymerase III. helicase.
helicase.
Plasmid DNA is transferred:
in single-stranded form
Synthesis of mRNA is:
in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides: in the direction toward the replication fork on the lagging strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands. in the direction away from the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands.
in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand.
in the direction toward the replication fork on the lagging strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands. in the direction away from the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands.
in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand.
Which of the following statement(s) about biochemical pathways is(are) TRUE? they are very well organized and structured they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product they can only function for a few runs they are very well organized and structured and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product they are very well organized and structured, they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product and they can only function for a few runs
they are very well organized and structured and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product
The main value of bacteria being able to carry out conjugation and other forms of recombination is:
they create genetic diversity
Select the statement(s) that characterize obligate saprobes: they live in a host they live on a host they feed off of dead organic matter in water they feed off of dead organic matter in soil they lack enzymes to degrade organic matter
they feed off of dead organic matter in water they feed off of dead organic matter in soil
Which nitrogenous base is NOT present in RNA?
thymine
Another two-word term for micronutrients is: essential elements trace elements limited nutrients nonessential nutrients
trace elements
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is ________.
transcription
Select the mechanisms below which enable the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. transformation transduction transcription translation conjugation
transformation transduction conjugation
Osmosis is best defined as the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane from an area of low water to an area of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration. water molecules inside a container.
water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.
A mechanism that blocks transcription:
will block the production of mRNA