HW CH. 7- MICRO

Anabolic reactions produce ATP to create new molecules. True False

F

Both DNA and RNA are usually double-stranded molecules.

F

Eukaryotic mRNA usually specifies multiple proteins.

F

The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time.

F

Translation occurs on ribosomes only in prokaryotes.

F

Translation of eukaryotic mRNA can occur in the nucleus after exons are spliced together.

F

Selenium is a major essential nutrient required by all bacterial cells for survival. True False

F selenium is not an essential nutrient of bacterial cells. These are C, H, O, N, P, and S.

Like budding, binary fission produces two differently sized cells that contain an equal amount of genetic information. True False

False, binary fission produces two daughter cells of equal size and genetic content.

Select those statements that describe anabolic activities. Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Beta oxidation of fatty acids Formation of cell wall structures from monomer building blocks Assembly of DNA and RNA from nucleotides Synthesis of amino acids via amination reactions Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid via glycolysis

Formation of cell wall structures from monomer building blocks Assembly of DNA and RNA from nucleotides Synthesis of amino acids via amination reactions Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

The generation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is 30 minutes. 3 hours. 12 hours. 33 hours. 10 days.

12hrs

Match the term with the molecule on which it is found. 1. A and P sites 2. Promoter 3. Start codon DNA mRNA rRNA

2 DNA 3 mRNA 1 rRNA

1. TACGATACCTTA 2. TACGTCACCTTA 3. TACTGACACCTTA 4. TACGACACTTTA Missense mutation Silent mutation Nonsense mutation Frameshift mutation

2 Missense mutation 1 Silent mutation 4 Nonsense mutation 3 Frameshift mutation

Select all of the products of glycolysis to test your understanding of this process. 2 ATP (net) 2 NADPH 2 pyruvic acids Citric acid CO2 2 NADH H2O

2 ATP (net) 2 pyruvic acids 2 NADH H2O

During one cycle, the sodium-potassium pump binds and moves. 1 Na+ and 2 K+. 2 Na+ and 2 K+. 2 Na+ and 3 K+. 3 Na+ and 2 K+. 3 Na+ and 3 K+.

3 Na+ and 2 K+.

Which of the following DNA sequences is complementary to 5' TAGAC 3'? 3' TAGAC 5' 3' ATCTG 5' 3' GTCTA 5' 3' CAGAT 5' none of these

3' ATCTG 5'

Place the steps of binary fission in the correct order to test your understanding of bacterial cell division. Daughter cells are separated or may remain attached. A transverse septum grows inward as the two chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongating cell. Septum is completed. Cell enlarges and the chromosome is replicated.

4 Daughter cells are separated or may remain attached. 2 A transverse septum grows inward as the two chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the elongating cell. 3 Septum is completed. 1 Cell enlarges and the chromosome is replicated.

Which of the following is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA? 2 nanometers in width 10 base pairs per turn .34 nanometers per basepair All of these

All of these

______ refers to reactions that use energy and synthesize building blocks and macromolecules, while ______ refers to cellular reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy. Amphibolism, catabolism Anabolism, catabolism Catabolism, anabolism Anabolism, amphibolism

Anabolism, catabolism

Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> C If Enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate? A only B only C only A and B B and C

B only

Select which microbes were first found to utilize the lac operon in order to conserve energy, by only expressing genes when the gene products are needed. Viruses Bacteria Helminths Protozoans

Bacteria

The advantageous genes that can be transferred by transduction are genes for:

ALL

Which of the following occur(s) in both prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes?

ALL

The chemical in which energy is stored in cells is called: cAMP cADP ATP AMP

ATP

Select the statements that accurately reflect codons and their use in translation. AUG is a start codon. Codons are bases found on tRNA. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons. Codons are recognized by lysosomes. Codons are made up of 6 bases.

AUG is a start codon. UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons.

Which of the following best describes transcription? DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein

DNA -> RNA

The enzyme that travels along the leading strand assembling new nucleotides on a growing new strand of DNA is... DNA polymerase I. DNA ligase. RNA primase. DNA polymerase III. helicase.

DNA polymerase III.

Which of the following depicts the direction genetic information flows?

DNA → RNA → protein

Choose the phase of the bacterial growth curve during which a bacterial population has the briefest doubling time. Lag phase Exponential growth phase Stationary growth phase Death phase

Exponential growth phase

Choose all of the statements about redox reactions that are correct. When a compound serves as an electron acceptor, it is oxidized. The electron donor in a redox reaction is reduced during the reaction. In biological redox reactions, hydrogens are often involved in the transfer process. A single molecule may serve as an electron acceptor first, and then as an electron donor. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.

When a compound serves as an electron acceptor, it is oxidized. Electron donors are oxidized during redox reactions.

During DNA replication, the ____ strand is synthesized continuously while the____ strand is synthesized in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments. leading, lagging forward, backward parallel, antiparallel 5', 3'

leading, lagging

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen are considered _______ because they are required in relatively large quantities, whereas manganese, zinc, and copper are considered _____ because they are required in very small quantities. nonessential, essential micromolecules, macromolecules macronutrients, micronutrients elements, elementens

macronutrients, micronutrients

A majority of medically important microbes are classified as: thermophiles psychrotrophs mesophiles endotherms

mesophiles

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane. gas molecules across a membrane. gas or water molecules across a membrane.

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence is a: mutation methylation primer catalyst

mutation

RNA is a chain of:

nucleotides

What term describes an organism that lacks superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes? obligate aerobe facultative anaerobe microaerophile obligate anaerobe capnophile

obligate anaerobe

A recombinant organism is:

one that that contains genes from another organism

Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> C Enzyme 1 can utilize only A as substrate. only B as substrate. both A and B as substrates. neither A nor B as substrate. either A or B as substrate, but not both.

only A as substrate.

Bacteriophage adsorb or attach:

only to members of the same species

A(n)_____ is a group of genes in a linear arrangement that will be transcribed together. centromere operon variable region repressor

operon

A(n) ______ is a cluster of genes that perform related functions found in _____.

operon, prokaryotes

Coordinated sets of genes that are regulated as a single unit are referred to as ______.

operons

The bond connecting amino acids is a ____ bond.

peptide

After host cell DNA is broken down by a viral enzyme:

phage DNA is replicated and phage coat proteins are produced

A __________ is the physical expression of the genes present and can change depending upon what genes are turned "on".

phenotype

Select the components of DNA to test your understanding of nucleotide composition. amino acids phosphate ribose or deoxyribose nitrogen bases fatty acids

phosphate ribose or deoxyribose nitrogen bases

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as phosphate-base-sugar. phosphate-sugar-base. base-phosphate-sugar. phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base. base-sugar-phosphate-base.

phosphate-sugar-base

A difference between transferring plasmids and fragments of DNA between cells is:

plasmids can replicate independently

Translation of mRNA into protein begins before transcription is complete in ______.

prokaryotes only

The transcription enzyme first attaches to the ________ of the gene. coding region promoter operator regulator initiator

promoter

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the ____.

promoter on DNA

Enzymes are lipids. proteins. carbohydrates. nucleic acids. steroids.

proteins

If you find that a particular plasmid has an R factor, the bacteria that has it will be:

resistant to antibiotics

Select the components of ATP from the list provided. ribose adenine phosphate deoxyribose

ribose adenine phosphate

Protein synthesis occurs on ____.

ribosomes

A _____ derives its nutrients and energy from the organic matter of dead organisms, whereas a _____ lives in or on another living organism and derives its nutrients and energy from that living organism. saprobe, autotroph parasite, chemoautotroph saprobe, parasite archaeon, phototroph

saprobe, parasite

DNA replication is said to be dispersive. semi-conservative. conservative. liberal. inconclusive.

semi-conservative.

DNA replication is said to be dispersive. semi-conservative. conservative. liberal. none of these

semi-conservative.

DNA replication is described as: conservative dispersive semiconservative disruptive

semiconservative

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will expand. burst. shrink. have no change in shape. become a white blood cell.

shrink

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily? small polar molecules small nonpolar molecules large polar molecules large nonpolar molecules large neutral molecules

small nonpolar molecules

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell. sodium and potassium ions into the cell. sodium and potassium ions out of the cell. sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane.

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

The F pilus binds to:

specific receptors on the cell wall of the recipient

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme? water product substrate any other enzyme none of these

substrate

Select the type of RNA molecule that is associated with an amino acid, which is used to build a polypeptide chain during translation. tRNA microRNA mRNA rRNA

tRNA

Select the types of RNA that are directly involved in translation. tRNA rRNA xRNA mRNA antisense RNA

tRNA rRNA mRNA

Select the physical factors below that can affect microbial growth. temperature radiation (visible light, UV, gamma) barometric pressure extreme drying/dehydration

temperature radiation (visible light, UV, gamma) barometric pressure extreme drying/dehydration

The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following? temperature size of molecules steepness of the concentration gradient temperature and size of molecules temperature, size of molecules and steepness of the concentration gradient

temperature, size of molecules and steepness of the concentration gradient

The F plasmid encodes for the F pilus; therefore, F+ cells can make the pilus and serve as donors in conjugation.

the F pilus

After the transfer of the F plasmid is complete:

the F- cell becomes F+

In some degradative pathways, in the absence of an inducer (e.g.: arabinose):

the activator protein can't bind to DNA, and RNA polymerase can't bind to the promoter site

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when molecules of sugar stop moving. water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution. there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules. two tablespoons of coffee are added.

the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

When an amino acid such as arginine binds to a repressor:

the repressor binds to the operator site on the DNA

The process of transcription is similar to:

the synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication

Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of one codon? the tRNA that was in the A site picks up another amino acid the tRNA that was in the A site releases the growing polypeptide chain the tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site the tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site the tRNA that was in the P site picks up another amino acid

the tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site

Select the statement that most accurately reflects characteristics of biofilms: they are easily treated with antibiotic therapy they are associated with chronic ear infections they are comprised of one microbial species they communicate via remote sensing

they are associated with chronic ear infections

The tRNA bound to the growing polypeptide chain during translation can be found in this area of the ribosome complex: within the E site within the A site within the P site within the A or P site, but not the E site

within the A or P site, but not the E site

The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time.

Number of phosphatescorrectOrder of nitrogenous bases

What component of RNA is different from one individual (or one bacterium) to the next?

Order of nitrogenous bases

The initial transfer RNA occupies the _____ site on the ribosome.

P site

What three components make up RNA structure?

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar

What usually terminates the process of translation?

Presence of a stop codon on mRNA

The processes of transcription and translation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the following way:

Prokaryotes transcribe and translate simultaneously.

Which of the following best describes translation? DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA DNA -> Protein RNA -> DNA RNA -> Protein

RNA -> Protein

The enzyme that accomplishes transcription is termed DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. DNA ligase. RNA ligase. RNA replicase.

RNA polymerase.

Before the lagging strand can begin assembling new DNA nucleotides, which of the following must occur? DNA polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides. DNA polymerase I removes some material and replaces it with DNA. OH bonds must be broken between the two strands of DNA. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between the 3' OH of the growing strand and the 5' phosphate in front of it. RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer.

RNA primase constructs a short RNA primer.

Select which of the following is a proper pairing of nucleic acid and component: DNA, ribose sugar RNA, deoxyribose sugar RNA, uracil DNA, ATP

RNA, uracil

Select the term that describes any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism. Genetically modified Polymerized Recombinant Synthetic

Recombinant

Select the most accurate statement reflecting the process of transcription.

Transcription relies upon the action of RNA polymerase

If one strand of DNA contains the bases ACAGT, what would be the complementary bases on the mRNA strand?

UGUCA

Before an activator can bind to DNA,

it must react with the substrate it regulates

After entry of the bacteriophage into the host cell, a phage enzyme:

breaks the host DNA into fragments

In terms of carbon sources, deep-sea vent microorganisms and methanogens are most specifically classified as: heterotrophs autotrophs chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs

chemoautotrophs

The specific sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the ______whereas the complementary sequence of 3 bases in tRNA that bind to the mRNA is known as the _______. 5' cap, 3' poly A tail codon, anticodon primer, telomere gene, locus

codon, anticodon

Conjugation depends on contact between the two cells before the other events can take place.

contact between the donor and recipient

The structure that divides the bacterial cell in two is termed the cell plate. cleavage furrow. fission line. demarcation zone. cross septum.

cross septum.

Select those choices that are involved in the process of protein catabolism. lipases deamination proteases beta oxidation glycolysis

deamination proteases

When a bacterium is grown on glucose only:

it must synthesize all the amino acids it needs

In an inducible operon, when a substrate or inducer is present:

it reacts with the repressor and inactivates it

Binding of an activator to the activator binding site on DNA:

enhances the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter site

One advantage of having genetic control mechanisms is:

enzymes are only produced when they are needed

Penicillinase, cellulase, and amylase are examples of: endoenzymes exoenzymes apoenzymes holoenzymes

exoenzymes

The production of which substance leads to thickening of the biofilm over time?

exopolymer

Eukaryotic mRNA contains non-coding regions called ___.

introns

When a repressor binds to the operator site on DNA:

it blocks RNA polymerase and mRNA synthesis

When the bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA into a recipient bacterial cell:

it can integrate into the chromosome

In transduction, bacterial DNA is transferred to a new cell when:

it is injected by the virus

The genetic material in bacteria is double-stranded DNA. double-stranded RNA. single-stranded DNA. single-stranded RNA. either double-stranded DNA or double-stranded RNA.

double-stranded DNA.

Which of the following combinations are correctly matched? 70S - ribosome anticodon - mRNA codon - tRNA 70S - ribosome and anticodon - mRNA 70S - ribosome, anticodon - mRNA and codon - tRNA

70S - ribosome

How many generations does it take for a single bacterial cell to become 256? 5 6 7 8 9

8

A certain polypeptide is 100 amino acids in length. During translation of this polypeptide, how many amino acids entered through the A site of the ribosome? 1 9 50 99 100

99

According to Chargaff's rule, which of the following statements regarding the number of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, and G) in the double-stranded DNA is TRUE? A = T and C = G A + G = C + T A + T = C + G A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T A = T and C = G, A + G = C + T and A + T = C + G

A = T and C = G and A + G = C + T

If the codon GGU is positioned in the A site of the ribosome, which of the following will occur?

A tRNA with the anticodon CCA will deliver its amino acid to the site.

From the list below, select all of the active transport mechanisms used by cells to test your understanding of active vs. passive transport. rev: 11_23_2015_QC_CS-31568 Simple diffusion Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis

Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Endocytosis

_____ are groups of three bases in mRNA that specify one amino acid in the amino acid chain.

Codons

Select all of the statements below that are true of enzymes to test your understanding of their structure and function. Composed of protein Increase the rate of chemical reactions Are used up in chemical reactions High concentrations are necessary for activity Activity is affected by temperature and pH Activity is affected by regulatory mechanisms Become incorporated into the reaction product Have active sites with which substrates interact Enzyme increase the activation energy of a reaction

Composed of protein Increase the rate of chemical reactions Activity is affected by temperature and pH Activity is affected by regulatory mechanisms Have active sites with which substrates interact

Select all of the statements that are true of fermentation to test your understanding of this process. Does not require O2 Uses glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and an electron transport system Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose). No NADH is produced. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids. Is only done by yeast

Does not require O2 Two ATP are produced (per molecule of glucose). The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, usually pyruvic acid or a derivative. Different fermentation pathways can produce ethanol, CO2, lactic acid, or other organic acids.

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function, where S is "substrate" and E is "enzyme" and P is "product"? S + P -> E-P -> E + P E + P -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S E + P -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P E + S -> E-P -> E-S -> E + S

E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

Which of the following DNA molecules is the most stable? CTGCATAC GACGTATG GAAATTTC CTTTAAAG AGTCGAAT TCAGCTTA GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG GGATCCTG CCTAGGAC

GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA only. RNA only. both DNA and RNA. neither DNA nor RNA. cells.

both DNA and RNA.

Select the electron carriers used by cells. Glucose NAD FAD ATP NADP

NAD FAD NADP

Select the statements that accurately reflect characteristics of nucleotides. Adenine and guanine are pyrimidine nitrogen bases Thymine and cytosine are purine nitrogen bases Nitrogen bases are covalently bonded to the sugar molecules within a nucleotide Adenine bases hydrogen bond with thymine bases Phosphate connects the sugar molecules within a chain of nucleotides

Nitrogen bases are covalently bonded to the sugar molecules within a nucleotide Adenine bases hydrogen bond with thymine bases Phosphate connects the sugar molecules within a chain of nucleotides

Select the statements that are true of repressible operons to test your understanding of the differences between inducible and repressible operons. Repressible operons often contain genes for enzymes that digest sugars. Repressible operons are usually the "turned on" state and are "turned off" when their product is in adequate supply. The product of the enzymes in the operon functions as a corepressor. Repressible operons will be "turned on" in the presence of the product and turned off in its absence. Enzymes necessary for the synthesis of amino acids are often encoded by genes in repressible operons.

Repressible operons are usually the "turned on" state and are "turned off" when their product is in adequate supply. The product of the enzymes in the operon functions as a corepressor. Enzymes necessary for the synthesis of amino acids are often encoded by genes in repressible operons.

From the list below, select all of the passive transport mechanisms used by cells to test your understanding of passive vs. active transport. Simple diffusion Carrier mediated active transport Group translocation Facilitated diffusion Endocytosis

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

If you know the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, you can deduce the DNA sequence it was transcribed from.

T

In prokaryotes, the mRNA transcript encounters ribosomal parts immediately as it leaves the DNA.

T

Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation that makes evolution possible. True False

T

Only eukaryotic mRNA is processed prior to translation.

T

Prokaryotes lack membrane-enclosed organelles.

T

Recombinant organisms often exhibit new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or novel metabolic capabilities. True False

T

Replication, transcription and translation take place in the bacterial cytoplasm.

T

The sequence of DNA bases ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

T

Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded.

T

What happens when a hairpin loop forms in mRNA?

The RNA polymerase and the mRNA dissociate from the DNA.

After mRNA is made, what generally occurs?

The mRNA is translated to protein.

Select the nitrogen bases found in nucleotides that make up DNA. Guanine Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine

Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine

What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump? breakdown of ATP formation of ATP transport of ATP by the pump breakdown of GTP transport of GTP by the pump

breakdown of ATP

Select the statement that explains the newer version of the "central dogma." Information flows one way from protein to RNA to DNA. While information primarily flows from DNA to RNA to protein, some information from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role. Information flows from DNA to RNA and from DNA directly to protein to regulate the activity of the proteins. Information originates in RNA and flows both to proteins and to DNA.

While information primarily flows from DNA to RNA to protein, some information from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role.

During maturation or formation of phage particles:

a few phage heads may surround fragments of host bacterial DNA

The F pilus is:

a protein appendage that attaches the two cells

In the absence of lactose:

a repressor binds to the operator site of the lac operon

DNA replication in bacteria begins at a single origin and proceeds in one direction. a single origin and proceeds in both directions. two origins and proceeds in both directions. many origins and proceeds in one direction. many origins and proceeds in both directions.

a single origin and proceeds in both directions.

Plasmids are:

able to replicate independently of the chromosome

Select the term that refers to a microbe able to survive very low pH conditions: halophile osmophile alkalinophile acidophile

acidophile

The plasmid is mobilized for transfer when:

an endonuclease cleaves it at the origin of replication

The basic parts of a bacteriophage are:

an icosohedral head, central tube, tail pins & fibers

The three basic catabolic pathways are: aerobic respiration deamination polymerization anaerobic respiration fermentation

anaerobic respiration fermentation aerobic respiration

Antibiosis is a form of: synergism parasitism antagonism opportunism

antagonism

The protein in a conjugated enzyme is referred to as the ____ whereas the combination of the protein and the nonprotein cofactor is known as the _____. apoenzyme, holoenzyme holoenzyme, apoenzyme apoenzyme, competitive enzyme holoenzyme, exoenzyme

apoenzyme, holoenzyme

Repressible operons (such as the arg operon):

are usually in the "on" mode

Cotranscriptional translation occurs in: protozoans fungi bacteria helminths

bacteria

Electron carriers: are holoenzymes transfer lipids become reduced when they receive electrons are made up of carbohydrates

become reduced when they receive electrons

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together:

before translation

When the product of a metabolic pathway accumulates, it may be able to slow down or turn off the pathway by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. This is referred to as

feedback

A segment of DNA encoding a protein or an RNA molecule is a ________.

gene

Generalized transduction differs from specialized transduction in that:

generalized transduction transfers random DNA fragments while specialized does not

The sum total of the genetic material of a cell is its: genes genome proteome transcriptome

genome

The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its ______ whereas the observable traits due to gene expression are referred to as its __________. phenotype, genotype genotype, proteotype haplotype, phenotype genotype, phenotype

genotype, phenotype

F+ cells:

have a plasmid and are donors in conjugation

The enzyme that unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule is... DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. RNA primase. DNA polymerase III. helicase.

helicase.

Plasmid DNA is transferred:

in single-stranded form

Synthesis of mRNA is:

in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule.

DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides: in the direction toward the replication fork on the lagging strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands. in the direction away from the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands.

in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand.

in the direction toward the replication fork on the lagging strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand. in the direction toward the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands. in the direction away from the replication fork on both the leading and the lagging strands.

in the direction toward the replication fork on the leading strand.

Which of the following statement(s) about biochemical pathways is(are) TRUE? they are very well organized and structured they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product they can only function for a few runs they are very well organized and structured and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product they are very well organized and structured, they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product and they can only function for a few runs

they are very well organized and structured and they convert an initial substrate via a series of steps into an end product

The main value of bacteria being able to carry out conjugation and other forms of recombination is:

they create genetic diversity

Select the statement(s) that characterize obligate saprobes: they live in a host they live on a host they feed off of dead organic matter in water they feed off of dead organic matter in soil they lack enzymes to degrade organic matter

they feed off of dead organic matter in water they feed off of dead organic matter in soil

Which nitrogenous base is NOT present in RNA?

thymine

Another two-word term for micronutrients is: essential elements trace elements limited nutrients nonessential nutrients

trace elements

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is ________.

transcription

Select the mechanisms below which enable the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. transformation transduction transcription translation conjugation

transformation transduction conjugation

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane from an area of low water to an area of higher concentration. water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration. water molecules inside a container.

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A mechanism that blocks transcription:

will block the production of mRNA