HY-102 Final ch. 23-30

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

buying on margin

How did Louis Napoleon believe that people should be represented in government?

by a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

How did the Soviet Unions treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?

even though the Czech Communist Party had won significant electoral support, Stalin still orchestrated the overthrow of the government

How did Henri-Philippe Petan maintain order among French troops by late 1917?

he formed a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives

How did Mussolini build a support from big business in Italy

he left big business to regulate itself and never purged it members

What did the British use to break Chinas self-imposed isolation?

opium

Unlike other political parties, the Marxian Socialists

organized themselves into an international organization

How did the Lenin's and the Bolsheviks view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks view of the party?

the Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the battle of

the marne

What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?

the nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

the nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia

Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg" of Europe?

the ottoman empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism

christian democrats in which country promoted a social market economy

west germany

Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?

he viewed the United States as the main threat to French independence

What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference

he wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

he wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army

The international military tribunal organized by the four Allied powers to try the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders was held in the city of

Nuremberg

What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?

Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.

How did Muhammed Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?

He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture

What did Germany's auxiliary service law require?

That all men between seventeen and sixty work at jobs considered critical to the war effort.

The Marshall plan in 1947 was a response to

a western Europe on the verge of economic collapse

The United States between 1815 and 1932

absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants

When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?

after the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

an agreement between great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the middle east after the war

What does neocolonialism refer to?

The idea of a system designed to perpetuate Western economic domination and undermine political independence.

The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to...

further encourage mutual trust among the allies

During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France

generally supported their foreign masters

What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?

germanys decision to build a large fleet of battleships

What did Richard Nixon do following his election to the US presidency?

gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam war

Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome

intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs

In twentieth century literature, the stream of consciousness technique uses

internal monologues to explore the psyche

How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of Eastern Europe?

it became violent and bloody when communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands

Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at

"the end of history"

unemployment in the United States averaged only 5% in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about

30 percent

how many people died in the Second World War?

50 million

As practiced in the 1930s , appeasement was

A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war

Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955?

A German army would permit Germany to assist in defense of Europe from attack by the Soviet Union

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

why was Britain more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement?

British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

Calvinist theology

What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?

Effective occupation

In most European countries, how was emigration relate to population growth in the late nineteenth century?

Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce

What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

Why did the council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights?

Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council

Which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?

Gustav Stresemann

What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?

It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe.

What was the Russian zemstvo?

Institution for local government established by the Great Reforms

By _______ Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe.

July 1940

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

How did Big Science foster the Green Revolution?

Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply, using fewer workers and more productivity per acre

Walter Rathenau is remembered for his

Role in Germany's total war mobilization.

In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

The Netherlands

To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with another. What was the result of this cooperation?

The Organization for European Economic Cooperation

What was the long-established customs union among the German states?

Zollverein

who was alexander kerensky?

a agrarian socialist who became prime minister of russia

What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

a combination of trade, education support, and technological assistance

What did the Schlieffen Plan call for?

a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

What kind of world did Fran Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial?

a pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces

what kind of world did Fran Kafka potray in fiction like The Trial?

a pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces

The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution granted full civil rights and promised

a popularly elected Duma or parliment

The cult of Duce promoted the image of Mussolini as

a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people

What was the policy of detente that social democrats in Europe pursued?

a progressive relaxation of cold war tensions

what was crucial to the sucsess of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century

a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included

an extensive system of the state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

an imbalance between real investment and speculation

What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?

an unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital

Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it

feared that France and Germany woulds seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.

The advancement in military weaponry and the space race

fostered a revolution in computer technology

How did many Soviet citizens receive lessons in open political discussion , critical thinking, and representative government?

from watching the congress of peoples deputies whose deputies had been chosen in free elections in 1989

how did many soviet citizens receive lessons in open political discussion, critical thinking, and representative government?

from watching the congress of peoples deputies, whose deputies had been chosen in free elections in 1989

The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of germany and japan in order to

further encourage mutual trust among allies

The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to

further encourage mutual trust among the Allies

Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?

he sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system

Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?

he sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings

Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?

he urged Italian entry into WWI

What was the result of the Mexican War?

it exacerbated tensions between the Northern and southern halves of united states as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?

it functioned as a largely self governing colony

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act?

it gave Hitler dictatorial powers

What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?

it helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies

why did austria-hungary deliberately choose war

it hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders

what was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?

people should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference

What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth cenutury?

philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts

What did president franklin Roosevelts national recovery administration (NRA) attempt to do?

plan and control the US economy

The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted which of the following?

privatization of state owned businesses

Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?

providing care for the large number of injured veterans

When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?

the Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament

Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?

the US had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973

In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the catholic Church in Italy?

the Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state

In his philosophical writings Friedrich Nietzche argued that

the Western world overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity

Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe during the 1950s

the cold war against the Soviet Union

What did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book Silent Spring?

the rampant overuse of pesticides

How did the Ottoman empires efforts at reform undermine the empires stability?

the reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps

What was socialist realism?

the requirement the artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work

At the time of the Yalta Conference, why was the position of the soviet union much stronger in negotiations with the united states and great britain

the soviet army already occupied must of eastern europe

what ultimately happened to Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

the soviet union re conquered those territories during its civil war

What ultimately happened to Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russia Empire ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest Litovsk?

the soviet union reconquered those territories during its civil war

Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?

they feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and more importantly wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian

why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles

they had a little alternative especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving

what was the primary political weakness of the white forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks

they had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?

they increasingly focused on bread and butter issues rather than dissemination . of socialist doctrine

How did the western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First world war?

they invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements

How did jean-paul sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?

they must choose their actions fully aware of their responsibility for their behavior

What is Orientalism?

A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?

An agreement between Great Britain and France to divide up parts of the Near and Middle East after the war

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country

Argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

What was the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?

Belgium quickly withdrew from the Congo, granting it independence with irresponsible haste

what did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour announce?

Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine

What was Britains decisive advantage in its war with China?

Britain had control of the seas

What happened in 1898 at Fashoda?

British and French troops encountered one another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed down

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

Who wrote "Divided Heaven", a classic example of a novel that provided a critical view of life in East Germany but did not directly oppose communism?

Christa Wolf

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

Could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state

Which of the following helps explain the revolutions in the east bloc?

East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe

The largest share of European foreign investment went to

European states and North America

Who were the Young Turks?

Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire

Vietnam obtained indepedence from

France

Vietnam obtained independence from

France

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?

France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy

Which six western European countries first set up the European Economic Community or Common market?

France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany

which countries in august 1939 a nonaggression pact that left directly to war?

Germany and the Soviet Union

What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?

Germany was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations

What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?

Germanys nonaggression pact with Russia

Who were the Red Shirts?

Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily

The nineteenth-century danish theologian Soren Kierkegaard taught that

Gods existence could not be proven, nut believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?

He blamed the murder within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control

How did Muhammed Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?

He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish Officers.

what was the Europe first policy adopted by the allied powers during WWII?

Hilter would defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

It forced Germans social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

It forced Germans society to conform to National Socialist ideology

Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?

Josip Broz Tito

Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi party rally at Nuremberg

Leni Riefenstahl

What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India

Which of the following cities survived WWII relatively unscathed

Paris

Which of the following cities survived WWII relatively unscathed?

Paris

How did the expanding right to vote effect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented

what were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First world war?

Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France

what event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?

Russian defeat in the Crimean War

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with

Russian peasants

What does the middle way refer to?

Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

Slavic race

Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?

Stalingrad

Who was Poland's first non-communist prime minister?

Tadeus Mazowiecki

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms known as the

Tanzimat

To what extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains and why?

The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments

What did the New Left advocate?

The establishment of socialism with a human face that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism

What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?

The possibility of buying land in the home country

How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?

They emphasized that imperialism would bring civilization and Christianity to native peoples.

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?

They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals

Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?

Violent anti-semitism in eastern Europe

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?

Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitutions and its substantial civil liberties that was forced on his father in 1848.

The typical European immigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson

What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia

abolition of serfdom

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and

an ordinary mans aimlesss wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin

Stalins theory of socialism in one country

argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?

as a sign that the war was not close to ending

How did the Soviet Union and eastern European communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war?

as politically unreliable because of their exposure to western European society

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s.

as socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked ore toward gradual change and less toward revolution

Otto von Bismarcks Kulturkampf refers to his

attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire

Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of

basque separatists

What was nativism?

beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s was to

bind the six members of the European Coal and Steel Community so closely that war would be impossible

Which characteristics did communist and fascist dictatorships share?

both engaged in state controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified

What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?

both engaged in state controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified people

what idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

building should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines

Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?

bulgaria and the ottoman empire

In On the Inequality of the Human Races, Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and

championed the aryan race for its supposedly superior qualities

How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?

church membership and attendance declined significantly

Ronald Reagan and the US Congress

cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit

What did Marcel Proust attempt to do in his novel Remembrance of Things Past?

discover the inner meaning of bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love

What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?

dominate the globe

Which of the following helps explain the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?

east bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s

Changes in the structure of European society after the second world war were primarily the result of

economic and technological transformation

In the 1950s and 1960s what became the basic objective of all western European governments

economic growth

Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the communist system through perestroika or

economic restructuring

Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included...

emerging as a radical reform communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following?

encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction

What was the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty two European countries the US and the Soviet Union

essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both WWII and the cold war

The Brezhnev doctrine stated that the soviet union and its allies

had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country if necessary to preserve communist rule

How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolorization Algeria?

having lived in Algeria fro several generations these European Algerian threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement

How did Adolf Hilter shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle class voters?

he de-emphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism

What did the West German minister of the economy do in 1957 to foster economic growth?

he emphasized the free-market capitalism

How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?

he mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done

How did Mao Zedong gain support of the peasantry in China?

he promised to expropriate land from the large landowners

How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?

he promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export

Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite in the Stalinist state?

highly regarded artists

which is the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?

highly regarded artists

What is the composer Arnold Schonberg known for?

his creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality

The German governments printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to

hyperinflation

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia

imposed a harsh peace on France

What did the Swedish response to the Depression involve?

increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public works project

In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud argued that civilization required

individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups

The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and

initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines

How did the Soviet Union initially organize the eastern European nations as it threw out pro-Nazi regimes?

it created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Moscow-trained Communists

How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?

it encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?

it encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again

How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?

it permitted soviet troops to put down the revolt and jailed demonstrators, but then instituted reforms to respond the demonstrators strongest demands

What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on France?

it revived republican distrust of Catholicism

How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?

it sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreement with the communist government

Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?

it was promised Austrian territory in return

What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the conservative party?

labour party

What happened in 1989 when Hungarians tore down the barbed-wire curtain separating it from Austria?

large numbers of dissatisfied east german

The Bretton woos agreement

linked western European currencies to thew US dollar

Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and

maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary

Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to

maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary

why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?

many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain

Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?

massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin

What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?

military officers were to be stripped of their authority and power was to be placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers

In the early twentieth century the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by

modern mass media such as cinema and radio

who assassinated Grigori Rasputin?

nationalistic aristocrats

In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenburg established the uncertainty principle which postulates that

nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality

What did Nikita Khrushchev's deStalinization campaign call for?

the communist party to retain its monopoly on political power

How did Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918?

not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat

Poland differed from the other Eastern bloc states because

of its independent agriculture and vigorous church

What was the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference?

only soviet troops would liberate eastern europe

What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking that ended the first Opium War?

open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs

In the response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly

proclaimed martial law and arrested solidarity's leaders

Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were...

published secretly and passed from hand to hand

What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States?

regional differences exacerbated by slavery

The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s

relied on high tech and service oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to

renounce war as a instrument of international policy

Charter 77 was a manifesto signed by a small group of Czech citizens that called on Communist leaders to...

respect civil and political liberties

The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for

respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries

Giuseppe Garibaldi was a

romantic nationalist

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes" essence?

since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born completely on their own

Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?

so that the german army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well

The german communist party, noisy and active in the 1920s reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for

social democrats

with the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on

strict implementation of the treaty

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because

the British economy had moved from international markets and toward production of goods fro the domestic market

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?

the German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism

Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the revolutions of 1848?

the cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the revolutions of 1848?

which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s

the cold war against the soviet union

Why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?

the conservative aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs

What was the result of breaking the Berlin blockade 1948-1949?

the creation of two separate german states: West germany and East germany

How did the Bismarck structure the North german Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?

the emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?

the emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and the universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature

Who was Theodore Herzl?

the founder of the Zionist jewish national movement

what was the immediate cause of British entry into the First world war

the german invasion of Neutral Belgium

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

the id is the unconsciousness source of sexual and aggressive instincts

what did the western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?

the largest share of gains from trade technology, and migration would flow to the west and its propertied classes

what happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire

the ottoman ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease

How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the German economy?

the policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome largely because of

the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black shirted militants

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922 largest because of

the violence perpetrated by Mussolinis own black shirted militants

how did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?

the war on the eastern front remained more mobil with Germany in a more dominant position

What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in Western Europe?

the welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy

Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden" refers to

the white races supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races

throughout the first world war, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?

they attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines

why did the german military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United states to enter the war against them?

they believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britains rescue

How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical communist Spartacist Uprising?

they called on bands of demobilized soldiers called free corps to crush the uprising

what was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?

they caused the slaughter of massed infantry units

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?

they created mass organizations such as a Hitler Youth and held rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers

How did the Nazis manage the Northern European states that they conquered?

they established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the sates in accord with German needs

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

they established research institutes and academics that measured defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?

they were essential to great nations

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?

they were lower

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the 19th century?

they worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to western standards through education and legislation

What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?

to act as a nation building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

What was the goal of New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

to create large political empires

What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?

to establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

to expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

What was the purpose of eastern economic policies such as Hungary's New economic mechanism?

to introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products

What did the leaders of the Prague Spring hope to accomplish in Czechoslovakia

to reconcile socialism with internal party democracy in which local decision by trade unions mangers and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning

The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern Bloc was

to seek peace and reconciliation

why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime

unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president Francois Mitterrand

was forced to introduce austerity measures