hygiene III Quiz 1

Of the following statements, which of the following best describes an abstract? A. "The paper in miniature" B. "The hypothesis" C. "Follows the format of the journal editors" D. "A short description of the problem"

A. "The paper in miniature"

Which of the following correctly characterizes the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal designs? A. It is easier to show a cause and effect relationship with the longitudinal design. B. The cross-sectional design assesses the same individuals at different time points. C. It is quicker to do the longitudinal design. D. The longitudinal design assesses a sample of individuals at one time.

A. It is easier to show a cause and effect relationship with the longitudinal design.

Which of the following characteristics describes the Intervention in the PICO process? A. New treatment option being considered. B. Main concern or chief complaint. C. Measurable result. D. Alternative.

A. New treatment option being considered.

Select the PICO component that is missing or incomplete from this question: Will an antimicrobial therapy (minocycline HCl) in conjunction with scaling and root planing as compared to scaling and root planing alone, be more effective in preventing further attachment and bone loss? A. P B. I C. C D. O

A. P

As you progress up the levels of evidence, the literature becomes more relevant for answering therapy related questions. A. True B. False

A. True

EBDM requires online searching skills and understanding research methods. A. True B. False

A. True

Evidence can change over time as new research studies are conducted. A. True B. False

A. True

Systematic reviews typically provide a higher level of evidence than a single study. A. True B. False

A. True

Identification of cause and effect relationships is best facilitated by _______________. A. a prospective research design B. a retrospective research design C. allowing extraneous variables to influence results D. allowing the Hawthorne effect to influence results

A. a prospective research design

Which is NOT true of an experimental or prospective research design? A. Dependent variables affect independent variables. B. Cause and effect relationships can be inferred. C. The experiment can be planned before the effect has occurred. D. It is the ideal research design.

A. dependent variables affect independent variables.

The measures of central tendency include which of the following? A. mean B. median C. mode D. All of the above.

A. mean

When the p-value is set at 0.05 in an experiment comparing two different therapies, this typically means that there is _______________. A. no more than a 5% risk that a statistical finding of a "difference" is due to chance B. no more than a 0.05% risk that a statistical finding of a "difference" is due to chance C. a greater than 50% risk that a statistical finding of a "difference" is due to chance D. a greater than 95% risk that a statistical finding of a "difference" is due to chance

A. no more than a 5% risk that a statistical finding of a "difference" is due to chance

Which of the following is a scientific basis for the recommendation of new therapy? A. The belief by the investigator that a new therapy is better. B. A volume of scientific reports supports the new therapy or product. C. The cost is greater than the benefit. D. Results are statistically significant but not clinically important.

B. A volume of scientific reports supports the new therapy or product.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the difference between a parallel clinical trial and a crossover trial? A. Only the parallel design has a washout period. B. All participants have the advantage of the experimental treatment in the crossover design. C. The crossover design only has one experimental phase. D. The parallel design does not have a control group.

B. All participants have the advantage of the experimental treatment in the crossover design

As you progress up the levels of evidence, the amount of available literature also increases. A. True B. False

B. False

EBDM is just a new term for clinical decision-making. A. True B. False

B. False

The highest level of evidence is the same for treatment and prognosis questions. A. True B. False

B. False

Identify the Problem in the following scenario: Kevin is a 26-year-old man who talks to you about e-cigarettes and wants to know if they can help him permanently stop smoking. He has smoked since he was 16 and has never tried to quit before, but recently he has noticed his gums are bleeding and thinks it is due to his smoking. He also asks if e-cigarettes are better than nicotine gum. A. E-cigarettes B. Permanently quit smoking C. Bleeding gums D. Nicotine gum

B. Permanently quit smoking

Which of the following methods is NOT appropriate for generating random numbers? A. Drawing names from a hat. B. Picking every 7th name from a list. C. Random number software program. D. Random number table.

B. Picking every 7th name from a list.

In an experiment comparing the efficacy of two different therapies where a t-test demonstrates a p value of 0.001, this means _______________. A. no significant difference was found B. a significant difference was found C. the two therapies were equivalent D. there is a 0.1% risk that the difference is real

B. a significant difference was found

The purpose of EBDM is to: A. emphasize new research findings B. close the gap between research and practice C. defer to patients' wishes D. use expert opinions E. None of the above.

B. close the gap between research and practice

The collection of individuals that falls between one standard deviation below and one above the mean comprises approximately _____ of a normally distributed population. A. 95% B. 100% C. 68% D. 15%

C. 68%

What is power analysis? A. A method for assigning subjects to treatment groups. B. A method for determining the reliability of scoring. C. A method for determining sample size. D. A statistical test for determining differences between treatments.

C. A method for determining sample size.

The only optional component of the PICO question is: A. P B. I C. C D. O E. NA, there is no optional component.

C. C

For the scenario in Question #17, identify the Intervention (I): A. Fluoride varnish B. Receding gums C. Chlorhexidine varnish D. Root caries

C. Chlorhexidine varnish

Select the most appropriate PICO question for the following scenario: Kevin is a 26-year-old man who talks to you about e-cigarettes and wants to know if they can help him permanently stop smoking. He has smoked since he was 16 and has never tried to quit before, but recently he has noticed his gums are bleeding and thinks it is due to his smoking. He also asks if e-cigarettes are better than nicotine gum. A. Are e-cigarettes better than nicotine gum? B. For a patient with bleeding gums, are e-cigarettes as compared to nicotine gum better? C. For a patient who wants to permanently quit smoking, will e-cigarettes as compared to nicotine gum be more effective in permanently quitting smoking? D. For a patient who wants to permanently quit smoking, will e-cigarettes be more effective than nicotine gum in quitting smoking? E. None of the above.

C. For a patient who wants to permanently quit smoking, will e-cigarettes as compared to nicotine gum be more effective in permanently quitting smoking?

Which of the following is NOT appropriate in determining the size of the sample for an investigation? A. Large enough to accommodate the expected loss of subjects during the investigation. B. Large enough to demonstrate the differences between groups by statistical logic. C. Make the sample very large so trivial differences reach statistical significance. D. Minimal size of the group should be 26 to 30 subjects.

C. Make the sample very large so trivial differences reach statistical significance.

Which of the following is NOT a standard section title of a research report? A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Recommendations D. References

C. Recommendations

Which of the following provides the highest level of evidence for treatment questions? A. Case Control Study B. Cohort Study C. Systematic Review of RCTs D. Randomized Controlled Trial E. Case Report

C. Systematic Review of RCTs

Which of the following is the most important reason to evaluate professional literature? A. To make sure it will satisfy continuing education requirement. B. To facilitate reports to professional colleagues. C. To enable the oral care provider to make decisions concerning patient care. D. It is not necessary to evaluate the article if it appears in a peer-reviewed journal.

C. To enable the oral care provider to make decisions concerning patient care.

A hypothesis is which of the following? A. A guess of the outcomes of the study. B. A summary of possible results. C. A statement that confirms another researchers study. D. A statement that predicts a relationship between two or more variables.

D. A statement that predicts a relationship between two or more variables.

Benefits of the EBDM process include: A. Provides a strategy for improving the efficiency of integrating new research evidence into patient care more rapidly by helping you manage an increasing amount of information. B. Assists in developing treatment plans and providing treatment and advice that are scientifically defensible. C. Helps insure that practice is continually informed and strengthened by current research findings. D. All of the above. E. A and C

D. All of the above.

The Results section should contain which of the following? A. Unexplained finding related to the research questions or hypothesis. B. Summary of numerical findings. C. Tables, graphs, illustration, etc. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

The major purpose of the detailed description of Material and Methods is which of the following? A. To give a better understanding to the reader of the details of the study. B. To assure the possibility of replication for future studies. C. To provide the results (data). D. All of the above. E. A and B

D. All of the above.

Which of the following information should be included for each inferential statistical test? A. p value B. If p value is statistically significant. C. Value of the test statistic. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following is an accepted source of appropriate dental research literature? A. PubMed B. MEDLINE C. Dental Libraries D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Why do examiners, scoring oral disease levels in an experiment, need to be calibrated? A. So that all the examiners use the same criteria for scoring. B. So that the measurement of disease has a reliability level as close to "1" as possible. C. So that the results are an accurate measure of the disease level of the sample. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following is a method for minimizing bias? A. Nonrandom assignment of subjects to treatment groups. B. Have the subjects know to which group they have been assigned. C. Have the investigators know which individuals will be in each group. D. Place controls on as many influencing factors as possible up front.

D. Place controls on as many influencing factors as possible up front.

Read the following scenario and identify the Problem (P): Mrs. Sanchez is a 58-year-old women who is concerned about getting root surface cavities due to her receding gums. Her children receive fluoride treatments to prevent cavities on their teeth and asks you if she should be getting professionally applied fluoride treatments. Having recently read an article on chlorhexidine varnish (CHx-V) for the prevention of root caries you want to reread it to see if a CHx-V or Fluoride Varnish, which you normally provide, will be more effective. A. Fluoride varnish B. Receding gums C. Chlorhexidine varnish D. Root caries

D. Root caries

The following components define evidence-based practice: A. Clinical expertise B. Patient values C. Scientific research D. Clinical conditions E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

The purpose of defining the PICO question is to: A. identify a clearly focused clinical question B. consider what the patient/client believes is important C. provide key search terms D. determine the type of evidence required to solve the problem E. All of the above.

E. All of the above.

The first step in the EBDM process is: A. finding the best evidence B. applying the results to patient care c. asking good clinical question D. evaluating the results E. critically appraising the evidence

c. asking good clinical question