ICE #8 a &b

This council was set up by the King of Spain in 1524 to take control of secular and religious matters in the New World.

Supreme Council of the Indies

These key European events ultimately (within a couple of decades) led to the end of colonial rule in most Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the New World.

1807 Napoleon Bonaparte led french forces to invade Portugal and 1808 King Ferninand VII of Spain was deposed by Napoleon

These are the two main ways that strongmen in Latin America came to power during most of the post-independence era.

Assassination and Military Revolt

Because of the abuses that quickly developed under the system above, this priest protested to the Council of the Indies starting in the 1520s and through the 1530s into the 1540s.

Bartolome de las Casas

According to this legend, the Spanish intentionally killed as many Indians as they could in the colonies.

Black Legend

Established during the period from 1580 to 1640 when Spain and Portugal were united, this Viceroyalty eventually became a single independent country.

Brazil

As the Spanish focus on the Caribbean lessened, these three European powers established bases there.

British, French, Dutch

So-called because of their relative isolation, these colonies were still subject to the dictates of the larger Viceroyalties.

Captaincy Generals

This is rule by a strongman or chief that has been common through the republican (post-independence) era.

Caudillisimo

After independence, people of this political persuasion generally tried to keep power in and near the capital cities, favored continued close ties between the aristocrats (including the rich land owners) and the Roman Catholic Church; generally were fearful of true representative government; and were linked to the old political order, but with the Creoles at the top.

Conservatives

These people led the push for independence in the Spanish colonies.

Creoles

This refers to those colonists of Iberian descent who were born in the New World.

Creoles

These two Spanish colonies were the only two not to gain independence in the early decades of the 19th century.

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Brazil was led to independence by this unlikely character.

Dom Pedro

The name of this system was derived from the Spanish verb encomender, meaning 'to entrust,' and was related to the old European custom of having serfs work for lords (local landowners). Initially it was meant to help the natives and was embraced by the Council of the Indies.

Encomienda System

This organization was set up by the Council of the Indies to regulate the economic life of the Spanish colonies.

House of Trade

These are the three ways that strongmen tended to come to power in the last few decades.

Imposition, Intimidations and Do not leave office at end of term

This is a government that outwardly appears to be free and democratic but whose policies and practices are inwardly limited by fear of violence from a group of military, political, or ecclesiastical elites.

Protected Democracies

Political authoritarianism expressed usually one of these two ways today.

Protected Democracies and Presidentialism

Which countries generally made more economic and political progress after independence? Those mostly led by the conservative factions or those mainly led by liberal elements?

Liberal dominated

After independence, this political group's power base tended to be in the remote rural location or cities far from the political center. Members of this group generally favored a federal system whereby more power would be shared with the provinces or states; wanted to break the close link between church and state; and generally favored a less rigid social structure with more protection of human rights.

Liberals

This was a flat 20% tax on all metals produced in the Spanish colonies.

Quinto Real or Royal Fifth

This was a large and complex set of laws designed initially to enrich the Spanish monarchs to the maximum extent possible.

Mercantile System

This American doctrine was issued by U.S. President James Monroe in 1823, just as many Latin American nation achieved independence. It basically stated the following: The U.S. would not permit renewed European involvement in the western hemisphere. Though meant to help protect the infant nations of Latin America at the time, it has also been used as an excuse to interfere in some of those nations.

Monroe Doctrine

Under this system the Spanish colonists were prohibited from requiring labor or tribute from individual Indians, but were allowed to request group services, supposedly where Indian supervisors would make individual work assignments.

Repartimento System

This word refers to those born in Iberia.

Peninsulares

Through the colonial era friction between these two groups just intensified.

Peninsulares and Creoles

These are the four Viceroyalties the Spanish divided their New World colonies into in the 18th century.

Peru, La Plata, New Grenada and New Spain

This means of authoritarian rule occurs when the executive branch of government holds a disproportionate share of power and is not subject to adequate checks and balances from the legislature and the judiciary.

Presidentialism

As new reserves of these metals were found in the highlands of Mexico and Peru, they became a major focus of the Spanish Crown, which then neglected other areas.

Silver and Gold

This Creole is the most well known revolutionary in the Spanish colonies, especially those in South America.

Simon Bolivar

These were initially only two (later divided into four in the 18th century) of these vast Spanish colonial administrative territories.

Viceroyalties

These are the two vast Viceroyalties that the Spanish divided their New World possessions into in the 16th century (1500s).

Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru

These men served as the highest representatives of the King and the Council and governed with vast authoritarian powers in the territories they ruled.

Viceroys