ICS Final Exam

All of the following statements are correct about subsistence types, EXCEPT

Each society practices only one of the four subsistence types.

Compared to those of other species, the physical differences between human males and females are quite large.

False

Cross-cultural research indicates that men are generally sexually stimulated visually and women by words or affection.

False

Sex is a social category that is unrelated to issues of equality.

False

The notion that women are more emotional and, thus less likely to use reason in decision-making is a cultural notion that has not historically impacted the ability of women to serve freely in the political and economic spheres of U. S. society.

False

Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of an immediate return system?

Foraging for plant foods in a forest

The four modes of subsistence recognized by anthropologists are

Foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture

What is the distinction between "front spaces" and "back spaces" in terms of social impressions?

Front spaces are designed to control others' impressions, while back spaces are private zones where social actors can do away with pretense.

____________ describes what it means to live as a person with a sex identity in a particular culture.

Gender

____________ is a set of expectations regarding proper behavior and appearance for a particular gender.

Gender Role

____________ is the process of learning how to act according to the gender norms of a society.

Gender Socialization

____________ is a position a person can occupy in the social order that is directly related to maleness or femaleness

Gender Status

______________ power is the most powerful force for social control.

Hegemonic

______________ power refers to the dominance of ideas or culture, such that the status quo is maintained.

Hegemonic

Which statement best represents the practice of horticulture?

Horticulturalists move their gardens periodically, use simple tools, and largely consume their own crops.

____________ refers to people whose bodies have variations of sex characteristics, around 1 percent of most populations.

Intersex

_________ refers to ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations.

Magic

Who wrote the 1949 book Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World?

Margaret Mead

What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?

Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence.

______________ power involves the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others.

Persuasive

The study of the human power dynamics within ecosystems, such as how governments and corporations establish systems that constrain local behavior, is referred to as

Political Ecology.

Which of the following practices would be considered a ritual, as the chapter in Perspectives defines it?

Praying towards Mecca five times a day

Rites of affliction are:

Rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem

According to Durkheim, __________ objects or ideas are set apart from the ordinary, while __________ objects or ideas are ordinary and may be treated with disregard or contempt.

Sacred, profane

____________ is a cultural category that refers to genitial, genetic, and/or reproductive functions of the body.

Sex

___________ refers to the biological binary of male and female as physical conditions.

Sexual Dimorphism

__________ is the intentional sense of having a sexual desire around which social identity is built.

Sexual Identity

____________ refers to the erotic domain of life: sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Sexuality

What theory would be best applied to the study of how social media posts affect our sense of self?

Social comparison theory

What does the Perspectives textbook argue about the stability of states?

States tend toward instability, evidenced by the fact that very few states in history have lasted up to 1,000 years.

What is purdah?

The seclusion of women from public view in some Islamic countries

In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?

The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.

Which of the following is a summary of traditional Navajo cosmology?

The world has fourteen levels, or "platters," that were created from the lowest level to the top, where humans emerged.

Which of the following statements acts as a linguistic framing device?

"A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..."

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between agricultural food production and feeding the world's population?

There is enough food produced to feed everyone on the planet, only it is unevenly distributed, and some regions face shortages and hunger.

Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?

There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property.

What was the primary motivation for warfare in early agricultural states?

To increase surpluses of food and other agricultural products

From an anthropological perspective, what does it mean when someone uses the term to "throw like a girl?"

To throw in a way that evokes gender stereotypes based on patterned cultural conceptions of behavior

Which of the following modes of production is based on farmers or herders producing for themselves and their families, but also giving a portion of their goods or labor to their leaders?

Tributary production

Anthropologists draw important distinctions between terms such as "sex" and "gender."

True

Culture plays a powerful role in determining whether sexual or gender differences are perceived as good, bad, important, or irrelevant.

True

Gerald Murray's Haitian reforestation project succeeded because his project gave Haitian farmers control of when to sell their fast growing trees as a cash crop for charcoal, lumber, and firewood.

True

When evaluating the behavior of others, when do we conclude that someone is unsuccessful or a "fake?"

When there is a mismatch between our expectation and the person's execution of the role

_________ is a mystical evil done by a person without her or his awareness.

Witchcraft

The series of steps a food product takes from the field to the store is called

a commodity chain

A ballet folklorico show in Mxico, performed for an audience, is an example of

a cultural performance

An event that has a limited time span, and organized program of activity, a performer (or set of performers), an audience, and a place and occasion may be defined as

a cultural performance.

A gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or to the groom's family at the time of the marriage is referred to as

a dowry.

All of the following are hallmarks of agriculture EXCEPT

a food system geared toward producing subsistence for families rather than for surplus

A ritual moving a person from one social role to another and carried out in three phases - separation, liminality, and incorporation - is known as

a rite of passage.

In Hawaiian kinship terminology, there are

a smaller number of kinship terms, grouping you (Ego), your brothers and sisters, and your cousins together under the term "child."

Adoption in some Pacific Island societies is

a way to honor relatives and create two nurturing sets of parents

The Western idealized notion that indigenous people are simple and ecologically-minded stewards of their natural environment is the idea of the

"noble savage."

The practice of moving gardens to new areas, cutting down fast-growing trees, burning the undergrowth, and planting crops is called

"slash and burn."

What are the characteristics of a bounded "performance," such as a play or concert?

*All of the answer choices are correcT* - Marked off from everyday activities - Analyzable as a moment of heightened reflexivity - Occurring only once "in the moment" in that particular form, with those particular players

Which of the following offices can be found representing leadership in a state society?

*All of the answer choices are correct* - A military dictator - An assembly - An empress

Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways?

*All of the answer choices are correct* - Hereditary succession - Consent of those individuals who are governed - Supernatural beliefs

How might performance produce social reality?

*All of the answer choices are correct* - Incorporating famous quotes or memes into one's own vocabulary - A religious or civil officiant proclaiming that two people are wed during a wedding ceremony - A political protest song that moves people to action

What is the most accurate relationship between subsistence activities and other aspects of society?

*All of the answer choices are correct* - Subsistence activities play a role in religious belief systems, such as what rituals are performed to ensure a steady food supply. - Subsistence activities and economics are tightly interwoven through production and exchange of food items. - Subsistence activities are linked to kinship, because family members play an essential role in providing food for the household.

How do foraging societies accommodate any potential conflict between women's work and their pregnancies/childbirth?

*All of the answer choices are correct* - They space out their pregnancies using natural means. - They use reciprocity to exchange favors and goods - Women routinely take their infants and children with them to forage or perform necessary tasks.

According to the Perspectives textbook, which of the following is true about an "audience?"

*All of the answer choices are correct* - Each member of an audience receives a performance according to their own lives and experience. - They temporarily suspend the normal rules of turn taking within the limitations of the performance event. - The audience helps to construct the meaning of a performance.

Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists?

*All of the answer choices are correct.* - Many societies do not make a distinction between beliefs or practices that are spiritual and other habits that are part of daily life - Concepts like "Heaven," "Hell," or even "prayer" do not exist in many societies. - Some societies do not see a distinction between the natural and supernatural worlds since their spirits inhabit the same physical world as humans and are much like people.

Why did cultural anthropologists after WWI avoid the study of media?

*Both answer choices are correct.* - they wanted to distance their scientific field from "mere" journalism. -They wanted to distinguish cultural anthropology from the emerging field of cultural studies in the US and Britain.

The production of maps by Indigenous communities has served to

*all of the answer choices are correct* - demarcate the land that is used for subsistence practices. - keep developers from assuming the land is unused and open for taking. - prove Indigenous use, and therefore ownership, of the land.

The 2014 AAA Global Climate Change Task Force report highlighted

*all of the answer choices are correct* - the drivers of climate change. - how global solutions focus on top-down management strategies that do not take into account existing social issues of inequity. - how the impacts of climate change will disproportionately affect groups who have contributed least to the accumulation of greenhouse gases.

In a patrilineal system,

*all of the answer choices are correct* - your mother's brothers may not be counted as relatives. - your mother's brothers and father's brothers will likely have different terms to identify them. - your father's brothers are part of your lineage.

The main objective(s) of the Kayapo leaders who produced media through the Kayapo Video Project was to

*all of the answer choices are correct* - create a repository of cultural knowledge against losses from death and acculturation. - document aspects of their culture for use in education. - reach out to non-Kayapo to present their culture and way of life in a form that others can understand, respect, and support.

General purpose money is

*all of the answer choices are correct.* - a tool for storing wealth. - a medium of exchange for all kinds of goods and services. - a way to assign interchangeable values.

Bruno Latour made the argument that the discipline of anthropology is uniquely qualified to provide insight into key components of current environmental crises by

*all of the answer choices are correct.* - bridging the natural and social sciences. - studying contradictions between cultural universals and particularities. - determining the reasons behind the choices human groups make.

Marriages integrate family groups in tribal societies by

*all of the answer choices are correct.* - discharging kin-based obligations - creating allies among different families. - marrying cousins to one another.

Pastoralists raise animals in order to

*all of the answer choices are correct.* - use the fur and wool of animals for warmth and clothing. - utilize the food products of the animal. - use animal dung for fuel for their cooking fires.

Foraging societies are characterized by

. collective ownership of the primary means of production and lower rates of social domination.

How do anthropologists understand the difference between cultural performance and performing culture?

A cultural performance is a bounded performance (such as a concert or ritual), while performing culture refers to ways our everyday practices can be studied as performances.

Which of the following sentences are performative, and not only descriptive?

A police officer says, "You are under arrest."

According to our text, what is the correct relationship between a state and a nation?

A state is a coercive political institution; a nation is an ethnic population.

People who are disconnected from the production of their food (that is, who do not know where their daily food comes from or how it was produced) are most likely to be in which kind of society?

Agriculture

Media anthropologists study media by

All of the answer choices are correct. - locating their studies within a particular community, whether geographic or virtual. - studying the people who study media, such as advertising researchers. - choosing a category or type of media, such as mobile phones, radio, or television.

_________ is the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in plants, animals, elements of nature, or even all of creation.

Animism

The period (epoch) in geological time in which the effects of human activities have altered the fundamental geochemical cycles of the earth is referred to the

Anthropocene.

Which of the following best describes the idea of "gender performativity?"

As people do things in patterned ways over time that are understood to signify "male" or "female," a larger social construct of gender is created.

What are the four distinct phases of a social drama, and in what order do they occur?

Breach, crisis, redress, and reintegration or schism

Which mode of production has these three central features: private property is owned by a business class; workers sell their labor power to survive; and surpluses of wealth are produced?

Capitalist production

Which of the three modes of production is the most recent?

Capitalist production

______________ power refers to the use or threat of force to make people or groups do things because they feel they have no choice.

Coercive

Societies with tributary production generally share which of the following features?

Communities of kin own and work the land; tribute collected is used by the ruling class.

The cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies such as irrigation, draft animals, mechanization, and chemical inputs such as fertilizers is known as

agriculture

The Nura Gili Indigenous Programs Unit at the University of New South Wales has designed software that

allows aboriginal and indigenous communities to share their vast cultural knowledge about astronomy.

After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would

alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village.

In the anthropological study of religion, a revitalization ritual is

an attempt to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty, through a supernatural intervention.

In the study of religion, a cosmology may be defined as

an explanation for the origin or history of the world

What is a fetish?

an object that has mysterious power

The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of

animatism.

The ability to induce or cause the behavior of others to change due to a social or political position is called

authority.

The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on

baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop."

When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows

balanced reciprocity.

A society that is nomadic and small in size, lacks formal leadership, and generally forages for their living is likely a

band society

The four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are

band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.

Requiring students to say the "Pledge of Allegiance" in United States classrooms illustrates how civil rituals can

become part of the way a government asserts power over its citizens.

In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of

bilateral descent

The most common form of descent pattern practiced in the United States is referred to as

bilateral.

Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children?

bridewealth

The term that anthropologists use to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population is

carrying capacity.

A society characterized by a permanent political office that belongs to the leader, a redistributive economy, social and political bonds made through marriages and secret societies is most likely a

chiefdom.

Relationships formed through blood connections are called __________, while those formed through marriage are called __________.

consanguineal, affinal.

Environmental anthropologists today argue that the concept of "wilderness" - excluding humans and human activities from nature - is problematic because

conservation efforts should accept that human activities are a part of the natural world, and provide guidelines for how to best engage with nature.

The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called

consumption.

The values and beliefs of communities, states, and/or societies that make the imagining of a particular type of network possible is referred to in the text as

cultural infrastructure.

Which of the following modes of production is characterized by subsistence food-getting, egalitarianism, and labor organized on the basis of kinship relations?

domestic production

Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?

dowry

The best horticultural crops are

easy to grow, store, and distribute

A society in which few differences exist between members in terms of wealth, status, and power is referred to as a

egalitarian system.

Participant-driven research

enables individuals to actively shape the direction of the research through the conscious creation of media

A woman who wears a dress, makeup, and high-heeled shoes to work in North America is

enacting a performance of culture.

The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called

endogamy.

Media anthropologists working in collaborative and participatory media methods have contributed to the development of new approaches to ethnography due to their focus on

ethics, power, and fairness of the process and product.

The study of traditional uses of plants for food, construction, dyes, crafts, and medicine is called

ethnobotany.

The study of the use and knowledge of plants, animals, and ecosystems by traditional societies is called

ethnoecology

When archaeologists explored the collapse of the Maya city of Copan from an environmental perspective, they found

evidence that deforestation coupled with an expanding population led to the city's decline

The cultural rule that emphasizes the need to marry outside of one's own cultural group is called

exogamy

A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an

extended family

The cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating are known as

foodways.

A mode of subsistence defined by it reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment is called

foraging

At the level of the state, the law becomes increasingly

formal

Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates

generalized reciprocity

Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a

group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support

Foragers have a broad spectrum diet, that is, they

have a diet based on a wide range of food resources

All of the following describe the Big Man of New Guinea, EXCEPT

he has the power to coerce others

Religious beliefs are an important element of social control because they

help to define acceptable behaviors as well as punishments for misbehavior.

People whose gardens supply the majority of their food are called

horticulturalists

Doing digital ethnography with online communities in which participants are protected by anonymity raises the question of

how to balance the participants' need for anonymity while doing research with integrity.

When researching the American lawn, Julie Sharp found that the strongest indicator of whether a household's lawn was intensively managed with toxic chemicals was

how well the household members knew the names of their neighbors.

The Perspectives textbook author argues that it's important to take the local beliefs and practices of people into consideration when engaging in conservation projects because

ideas about environmentalism and conservation are views developed in Western nations that need to be adapted to a local context.

The breach phase of a social drama occurs when

individual(s) break a norm or rule that is important to the social group

The material technological networks that allow for the exchange of goods, ideas, waste, people, power, and finance over space is called

infrastructure.

Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups

is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity.

The word used to describe culturally-recognized ties between members of a family is

kinship

The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called

legitimacy.

In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as

lineage

Bilateral cross-cousin marriage refers to marriage of a

man to the daughter of his father's sister and his mother's brother.

The mode of exchange that is characterized by regulation by supply and demand and transactions that are often impersonal (with strangers) but may be personal (with acquaintances or family members) is

market exchange.

Communication that is sent from one person to many people, that privileges the sender and/or owner of the technology that transmits the media is referred to as

mass communication

The concept that emphasizes the ways in which human social and cultural practices are influenced by basic subsistence needs is referred to as

materialism

The residence pattern in which a couple resides with the wife's mother's family after marriage is called

matrilocal.

Anthropologists have shown that when creators share a piece of media, the way that consumers receive that piece of media

may be interpreted in different ways than the creators intended.

The ideas or values that accompany the exchange of information is how media anthropologists define

meaning

The apparatuses that bring networks of technology into existence is a type of media infrastructure referred to in the text as

mechanical infrastructure.

Any set of technologies that connect multiple people at one time to shared content is called

media

The term used to refer to the study of how images, speech, people, and things become socially significant as they are communicated, especially focusing on the physical human senses, is the anthropology of

mediation

Religions that worship a single supreme God are called __________, while those that worship multiple gods are called __________.

monotheistic, polytheistic

A person's attempt to take advantage of another person economically is called

negative reciprocity.

Economic anthropologists have studied the results of Westernization around the world, and found that increasing numbers of McDonalds (or other Western commodities) have

not Westernized people in the ways originally feared, and in some cases have caused a resurgence of local identities.

A family of parents in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children is called a/an

nuclear family

In a pastoralist society, wealth and status are measured by the

number of animals a person owns

The 2014 AAA Global Climate Change Task Force concluded that many of the most innovative and creative approaches to addressing and mitigating the effects of climate change are

occurring at the local and regional levels.

The family in which a person is raised is their family of __________, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of __________.

orientation, procreation

The term shaman is used to refer specifically to a/an _____________ who carries out religious rituals to communicate with the supernatural realm.

part-time religious practitioner.

Rituals are inherently performative because

participating in a ritual makes and marks a social change.

A subsistence system that relies on herds of domesticated livestock is called

pastoralism

Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side. This form of descent is referred to as

patrilineal

The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called

patrilocal.

Reverse dominance occurs when

people reject any attempts of an individual to exercise power.

The method that puts cameras into the hands of local participants so they can make their own representations of their lives is called

photovoice.

Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of a delayed return system?

planting seeds

The study of the means of control in societies is the subject of

political anthropology.

The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called

political economy

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is

polyandry.

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is

polygyny.

The ability to induce behavior of others in specified ways by means of coercion or use or threat of physical force is called

power

A __________ derives their authority from the scripture and occupational position in a formally organized religious institution, while a __________ derives their authority from their direct connection to the divine and ability to convince others through charisma.

priest, prophet

Anthropologists refer to full-time religious practitioners as

priests

The term indigenous media refers to media

produced by and for indigenous communities often outside of the mainstream commercial market

Anthropologists focus on three phases of economic production, which are

production, exchange, and consumption.

A person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate supernatural messages to others is called a

prophet.

Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called

raids.

Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations, are called

ranked societies

William Balee's work in the Amazonian rainforest revealed that

rather than being constrained by the environment, Indigenous peoples had adapted the environment to their needs, modifying an estimated 12 percent of the Amazon.

The collection of taxes by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of

redistribution

The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is

redistribution.

The work of both Turner (among the Kayapo) and Ginsburg (in Australia) can be seen as an argument to

reject the view that using new technologies to capture indigenous stories or concerns is a form of Western-based imperialism.

According to Clifford Geertz, ___________ is "a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men [and women] by formulated conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."

religion

Informal disputes in band societies may involve

ridicule and mediation

The Nagol land diving ceremony is a dangerous ritual that is meant to create a sense of communitas or unity. Therefore, it can be described as a

rite of intensification.

A set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status is called a/an

role

Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called

serial monogamy.

Individuals who seek to use magic for their own purposes are referred to generally by anthropologists as

sorcerers

_________ is mystical evil done by a person who intended for it to happen.

sorcery

A society characterized by a centralized government that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, a large diverse population, social stratification, and complex economies is called a

state

Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an

status

A society in which elites, who are a numerical minority, control the strategic resources that sustain life is referred to as a

stratified society.

A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called

structural violence.

Clifford Geertz emphasized studying the _________ dimensions of religion.

symbolic

According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?

taking a difficult exam for graduate school

An example of a successful extractive reserve in the rainforest is

tapping rubber from trees in protected areas.

Roy Rappaport's research among the Tsembaga of Highland New Guinea focused on the relationship between the numbers of pigs in a village and the timing of pig-slaughter rituals in order to show

that slaughtering the pigs was a way to keep the available resources in equilibrium

Of the following, social scientists interested in eco-justice might choose to focus on

the dangerous and unhealthy conditions in which electronics recyclers work in West Africa

Marvin Harris argues that Hindu religious taboos against eating beef developed due to

the economic and ecological importance of cows to subsistence in India.

One drawback of studying sensory approaches to ethnography is that

the gap can be great between what people experience and what they can describe in language.

Media practices are

the habits or behaviors of the people who produce, interact with, and consume media.

Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through

the mother's line only.

A subsistence system is

the set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food.

In subsistence studies, the term domestic economy refers to

the work associated with obtaining food for a family or household.

The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that

their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously.

The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because

there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity.

All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT

they are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men.

Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are

tribes

In Slavonia, where the Perspectives author conducted research, agricultural households were

very large, up to 100 members who had specializations such as sewing or caring for horses.

In calling religion "the opium of the people," Karl Marx meant that religion

was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience.

Sustainable development can be defined as

ways that environmental resources can be preserved while utilizing those resources for industry.

All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors of the Perspectives textbook call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT

women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary.