Identity Development Models
Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model
Atkinson, Morten, & Sue Stage 1: Conformity Stage 2: Dissonance Stage 3: Resistance & Immersion Stage 4: Introspection Stage 5: Integrative Awareness
Black Racial Identity Development Model
Cross Pre-Encounter Encounter Immersion-Emersion Internalization
Black Racial Identity Development: Stage 2
Encounter: Greater awareness and interest in developing Black identity Generally prefer therapist of same race
Black Racial Identity Development: Stage 3
Immersion-Emersion: Race has high salience 2 sub-stages - Immersion /intense Black involvement(idealize Black culture, rage toward Whites, guilt/anxiety about prior lack of knowledge) - Emersion /anti-White (emotions subside, reject all aspects of White culture, internalize Black identity)
Black Racial Identity Development: Stage 4
Internalization: Race has high salience 3 Identities - pro-Black, Afrocentric, non-racist - Biculturalist (Black + 1) - Multiculturalist (Black + >1) work to eradicate racism; may exhibit healthy cultural paranoia
Black Racial Identity Development: Stage 1
Pre-Encounter: Race has low salience 2 Sub-stages - Assimilation (adoption of mainstream identity) - anti-Black (accept negative beliefs, low self-esteem) Generally prefer White therapist
Racial/cultural identity development model: Stage 1
Stage 1: Conformity - accept dominant culture, devalue own. May prefer dominant culture therapist.
Racial/cultural identity development model: Stage 2
Stage 2: Dissonance - Confusion/Conflict - why devalue mine? May see problems as related to identity issues and prefer a minority culture therapist.
Racial/cultural identity development model: Stage 3
Stage 3: Resistance & Immersion - Reject dominant culture, appreciative attitudes toward self and own culture. May see problems as related to oppression and prefer therapist from own culture.
Racial/cultural identity development model: Stage 4
Stage 4: Introspection - Uncertainty about rigidity of Stage 3, conflict between loyalty/responsibility toward own group & individual autonomy. May prefer therapist from own culture but be open to any with similar worldview.
Racial/cultural identity development model: Stage 5
Stage 5: Integrative Awareness - Self-fulfillment related to cultural identity, desire to eliminate all forms of oppression. Multicultural perspective - evaluate all before accept/reject. Prefer therapist with similar attitudes/beliefs rather than focus on race/ethnicity/culture