IHUM 202 Final Exam

Architectural innovations using cast iron and steel: Eiffel Tower, Crystal Palace, Wainwright Building

-industrialization introduces cast iron, first material to allow the erection of tall buildings with slender walls, freed interiors from columns and thick walls -Paxton's Crystal Palace: 1851 Great Exhibition in London's Hyde Park featured this iron building made by Joseph Paxton, constructed from prefabricated parts that were cast at a factory, assembled on site, could easily be moved from site to site, huge-plate glass walls bore no weight, was later destroyed by a fire -Eiffel Tower: constructed by Gustave Eiffel for the city's 1889 world fair, iron trusses were prefabricated and assembled on site, minimal function is explained by its original purpose: built as a gateway to the international exposition, not intended to be a permanent fixture in Paris -Wainwright Building: erected in St. Louis Missouri, example of steel-cage construction, weight of building is borne by its structural core and not its walls, this allowed for expansive use of glass, called a curtain wall, architect was Louis Sullivan, windows are separated by ornamented horizontal bands, decorated cornice crowns the structure

Henrik Ibsen

A major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the godfather" of modern drama and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. frequently explored taboo topics like STIs, incest, insanity, became a key figure in development of drama, wrote the play A Doll's House- deals with issue of women's rights, Nora borrows money from her friend Krogstad to pay for her husband Helmer's medical treatment, doesn't pay him back, so Krogstad writes to Helmer and tells him what happened, Helmer is horrified that his wife did that, they pay him back and Helmer forgives her, but Nora has new insight into her relationship with her husband and she leaves him- she realizes that their relationship is superficial, do not talk about serious things, and that he could not rise to the challenge and prove his love to her when he learned about what happened

Jackson Pollock

Abstract Expressionist art went to school in NY, paintings energetically drip and splashes cross huge canvases, controlled by primitive impulses and unconscious ideas, coined action painting, he symbolized American fearlessness and freedom, the drippings on paintings were controlled, not just thrown about willy nilly · One: Number 31: unified field, paint creates dynamic webs, creates illusion of infinite depth

drama (Albee, Beckett)

Albee: American playwright, The Zoo Story, The Sandbox, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, drama at the time avoided a traditional sequential plot and sought to create an experience for the audience · Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?: the story finds the technicolor royalty of ancient Egypt and Rome in a black-and-white, claustrophobic New England town, George is a burned-out history professor and his wife Martha derides him for not being the department chair after many years of working there Samuel Beckett: wrote Waiting for Godot, 2 characters, Vladimir and Estragon, at a crossroads where they wait for Godot, their waiting is interrupted by antic encounters with 2 other characters, language is laced with biblical allusions and religious puns, no clear plot

Edward Hopper

American figurative artist realist painter who depicted commonplace subjects but made them into a metaphor for rootlessness and loneliness · Nighthawks: set in an American city in late 1930s or 40s, subject is commonplace, somewhat eerie, warm patch of artificial light seems precious and precarious- as if night and its troubled symbols are about to break in on lives

Emile Zola

An influential French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. had the capacity to bring symbols of modernity to life, works are emotional, first novel was Therese Raquin, he wrote a cycle of 20 novels intended to scientifically explore the effects of nature and nurture on one family, wrote another cycle of novels that attack the Roman Catholic Church, famous open letter of 1898 accused the French government of being anti-Semitic, wrote The Ladies' Delight in 1883- same name as a department store in Paris, the owner of the store had helped rip up the old Paris and shepherd in the new- book talks about how modern merchandising relies on the exploitation of women's appetites

Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter, Analytic Cubism, Synthetic Cubism, collage, steel frame construction, dissonance, "emancipation of dissonance," atonal, Sprechstimme

Die Brucke: German for "the bridge", was a German expressionist group of artists, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was a founding member Der Blaue Reiter: German expressionist group, means The Blue Rider, Wassily Kandinsky was a member Analytic Cubism: coined by critic, referring to dominance of geometrical forms, does not describe the intensity with which cubist artists analyzed their subject matter, ignores their most significant contribution of rendering subjects from multiple different views to recreate the way we actually see something in real life, reached its peak with Picasso's Aficionado (numerous planes intersect at the center of the canvas to form a triangular human figure, few concrete signs of its substance, basically dissolves into background, monochromatic palette) Synthetic Cubism: they began to add characters cut from newspapers and magazines and other pieces of paper and paste them onto the canvas called papier colle (collage), seen in Georges Braque's La Pipe- pieces of paper function as shifting planes that hover around label and define the bottle and glass, focus is on the form of the object Dissonance: lack of harmony among musical notes Emancipation of dissonance: a goal that composers set forth, meant that dissonance was freed from the resolution of consonance, set forth by Arnold Schoenberg Sprechstimme: when a singer speaks words at specific pitches, used by Arnold Schoenberg in Pierrot Lunaire

Piet Mondrian

Dutch painter, concentrated on elements and principles of art, reduces vocabulary of forms and his palette, he believed these limitations produced a more comprehensible art form, respect integrity of 2-D surfaces · Composition II, with Red, Blue, Black, and Yellow: limited color palette, not derived from objects, figures, or scenes in the real world

Edvard Munch

Expressionism Norwegian, studied in Paris, initially did impressionist work, then abandoned it for a. more somber style that reflected anguished preoccupation with fear and death · The Scream: portrayal of pain and isolation (one of his central themes), figure in black walks across a bridge, hands cupped over ears as if to buffer sound of his own screaming, intensity and horror that pervades the piece speaks to his view of humanity as consumed with an increasingly dehumanized society

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Expressionism expressionist, also has a mood of isolation and anxiety, one of the founding members of the German expressionist group Die Brucke (the Bridge), symbolized the artists' desire to connect the revolutionary and fermenting elements that rejected academic and other fashionable art forms · Street, Dresden: bright, bold colors, people on the crowded street do not interact but seem lost in their own thoughts, rushing around, each alone and carrying the weight of their emotional lives

Kathe Kollwitz

Expressionism expressionist, sought universal symbols for inhumanity, injustice, and humankind's self-destruction · The Outbreak: one of a series of 7 prints representing 16th century Peasants' War, shows Black Anna, a woman who led the laborers in their struggle against their oppressors, incites and angry group of peasants to action, work stands as an inspiration to all those who strive for freedom against the odds

Wassily Kandinsky

Expressionism member of German expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), works focused on contrasts between combinations of abstract forms and pure colors, described as abstract, used color, line, and shape as subjects, were rendered with spontaneity born of psychological process of free association · Improvisation 28: bold colors, lines, and shapes tear dramatically across the canvas in no preconceived fashion, elements flow freely reflected the free flow of unconscious thought

Henri Matisse: Harmony in Red (The Red Room)

Fauvism

Henri Matisse

Fauvism bold colors, loose brushwork reminiscent of impressionism, uses color as a structural element in his Fauvist paintings, post-Fauvist works use color in variety of ways like structurally, decoratively, sensually, expressively · Harmony in Red: vibrant palette, curvilinear shapes create gay mood, vines create an enticing surface pattern, contest between flatness and three dimensions, combines frontal and bird's eye views, his foremost concern was to create a pleasing pattern

Jean-Paul Sartre

French writer and philosopher who was existentialist, atheist, believed if there was no God, then there is no blueprint for what a person should do, no ultimate significance to the universe, thought existentialism was an attempt to help people understand their place in the world

Pablo Picasso Abstract Works

Guernica, depicts the German Nazi and Italian fascist air forces bombing the Spanish city of Guernica because they had sided against the country's right-wing Nationalist forces, work became a symbol for the dark side of technological advances- the potential for human destruction, a deeply moving anti-war artwork

Duke Ellington

Harlem Renaissance gained fame at the Cotton Club in Harlem in the 20s, first black bandleader in America, someone brought a microphone into Cotton Club and played him on the radio making him quite famous, made a movie about him and presented him as a serious composer · is in "Take the 'A' Train" which became his signature piece, showcases his skills as an arranger and bandleader, introduction on the piano and drums, then is in an ABBA form, then AABA, then a lively call and response sequence that executes a modulation (a shift to a new key), then repeats the AABA form, Ella Fitzgerald sings vocals · another popular work was "Mood Indigo" · wrote symphonies after WW2, Black, Brown, and Beige, and Shakespearean Suite, Nutcracker Suite, Peer Gynt Suite, and his ballet The River

Scott Joplin

Harlem Renaissance king of ragtime, introduced the "Harlem stride" piano style, characterized by widespread alternating octaves and chords in the left hand and fast-paced work in the right hand, composed "Maple Leaf Rag" that has jaunting, forward-driving rhythm, contrast between piano's high and low registers, it packs 4 distinct sections, each repeated at least once, just before his death he recorded his hits on a piano roll, when the piano roll is inserted into a mechanized apparatus the piano plays itself

Aaron Douglas

Harlem Renaissance leading role in Harlem Renaissance art, works depicted the cultural history of African Americans, aimed to cultivate black pride, painted Noah's Ark- translates the biblical story into a work that speaks to African American sensibilities, is partially abstracted with repeated geometric shapes, animals enter the ark in pairs as African men ready the ark and direct the action also painted Aspirations which symbolizes the triumphs and tragedies of black life, has the 5-pointed star with symbolizes Texas and also the North Star that guided slaves to freedom

Louis Armstrong

Harlem Renaissance most prominent exponent of New Orleans jazz, begins "West End Blues" with an expressive trumpet solo by Armstrong, then goes into 12-bar blues form that goes for the rest of the song- which is where a fixed series of chords 12 bars in length is restated continuously, also has scatting in it which is singing improvised syllables that have no literal meaning

Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance poetry and fiction, themes of African American experiences- ancestral roots in Africa, quest for dignity in culture of racism, role of religion, wrote "I Too, Sing America" is an answer to Walt Whitman's poem "I Hear America Singing", which presents a harmonious and idealized view of America, he invented "jazz poetry"- a literary art form, utilized improvisation, he wrote "The Weary Blues" that illustrates his affinity for jazz

Ella Fitzgerald

Harlem Renaissance scats in the song "Blue Skies" sings in Duke Ellington's song "Take the A Train"

Additional terms: ragtime, jazz, Harlem Stride piano, scatting, Cotton Club, montage, montage of collisions, "Degenerate Art" exhibit, Beat writers, Essentialism vs. Existentialism, teleology, the absurd, authenticity, action painting

Harlem stride piano: introduced by Scott Joplin, characterized by widespread alternating octaves and chords in the left hand and fast-paced work in the right hand montage of collisions: Two events are collided to enforce a concept feeling or idea Degenerate Art exhibit: an art exhibition organized by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi Party in Munich Beat writers: a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-war era (1950s) teleology: the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise. action painting: used in abstract expressionism, used by Jackson Pollock, the picture is the main event where the painter acts, artist is controlled by primitive impulses and unconscious ideas

Claude Debussy

Impressionist-influenced style music abandoned the concept of development of themes seen in classical sonata form and romantic symphonic structure, aimed for a constantly changing flow of sound, his music evoked atmosphere of nature instead of human emotions, is the sound of impressionist painting- works evoked sense of shifting light or rippling water · La Mer, orchestral work, called it a symphonic sketch, 3 movements. Continual ebb and flow of the music suggest the mood of a seascape · Piano pieces show sensitivity to range of sound effects that instruments can achieve, have descriptive titles- Footsteps in the Snow, The Girl with the Flaxen Hair, Claire de Lune- tranquil calm conveys the beauty of a moonlit night · Wrote piano piece "Reverie" which is subtle and finesse, but wanders from melody to melody and key to key, never resting in one place for long

Franz Kafka

Literary modernist Czech writer, was an obscure clerk for an insurance company, didn't publish anything during his life, wanted his works to be destroyed after he died, Kafkaesque experience is where a person feels trapped by forced that seem ridiculous, threatening, and incomprehensible · The Trial: Josef K. is arrested for an unnamed crime, he is executed in vacant lot by 2 seedy functionaries of the court · The Castle: a and surveyor named K. is hired by lord of a castle, he tried to approach castle but can't and can't find the lord who hired him

W.B. Yeats

Literary modernist Irish poet · "The Second Coming": moved by unrest in Ireland (Easter Rising of 1916) and growing militarism in Europe, wrote a beautiful and prophetic poem about modern times, is not about second coming of Christ, sums up catastrophe of Great War, the center is in jeopardy, sense of anarchy, those who mean well are plagued with hesitations while those who mean the worst are passionate

Gertrude Stein

Literary modernist born in US, moved to Paris, known for radical linguistic experimentation, had a notion of time as a series of discrete moments rather than a linear progression, language charged through repetition · "If I Told Him: A Completed Portrait of Picasso": features repetitions, disorder of words and phrases, challenges relationship between meanings of words and their form

James Joyce

Literary modernist wrote Dubliners and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man before the war (both short stories), published Ulysses after the war, published Finnegans Wake before his death, blended myth and personal story, fascinated with stream of consciousness · Ulysses: final chapter chronicles the thoughts of the concert singer Molly Bloom, begins and ends with word "yes", Joyce said "yes" was the female word, final chapter is "Penelope" referring to Molly, is about stream of consciousness (as if lying on couch of psychoanalyst saying every uncensored thought that came to mind)

Frida Kahlo

Mexican painter; international popularity with self-portraits; was married to Diego Rivera; influenced by Rivera, shared his Communist views Andre Breton (founder of surrealism) went to Mexico and lived with Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo for 2 years, he tried to get Kahlo to join the surrealist movement, but she rejected, she says she painted her own reality, surrealist aspects in her art are undeniable, painted a lot of self-portraits · The Two Fridas: two women holding hands, both Frida, depicts a split into 2 identities, one Frida in a white lace dress with European embroidery, the other Frida in a traditional Tehuna dress, the hearts of both are exposed and connected, European Frida cut her artery and its bleeding on her skirt, Tehuna Frida holds a portrait of Rivera

music (Boulez, Cage, Glass)

Pierre Boulez: structuralism, Piano Sonata No. 2, he built music around predetermined mathematical principles John Cage: leading composer of aleatoric music, said music should reflect the chaos in the world around us and not seek to impose order in it, music can be played by any or no instrument, every performance will be unique, work called 4'33- moves the focus off of the artist and onto the art and its interaction with the audience Phillip Glass: influenced by non-Western music, studied Indian and African music, many of his compositions are based on combinations of rhythmic structures derived from classical Indian music, interested in apparent motionlessness and endless duration during which dreams are dreamed and significant matters understood, produced Einstein on the Beach, Satagraha, and Akhanten, string quartet Company draws inspiration from standard Western string quartet, Indian music and philosophy, and a novella by Samuel Beckett called Company

Modern to Postmodern shift in works of visual art (Pollock, Wiley, Sherman, Kruger, Hirst, Turrell), drama (Albee, Beckett), music (Boulez, Cage, Glass), and architecture (Wright, van der Rohe, Johnson, Graves, Gehry)

Pollock: modernishm, works were profound and had a difficult core of truth Kehinde Wylie: redid Gericault's "officer of the Hussans", Jacques Louis David's "Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps", his revisions are provocative and open-ended, is he asking questions about who gets painted in "official portraits"?, he expresses ambivalent feelings about poses of masculinity/power/violence, creates questions about minorities- also redid "Mary Little", refer back to Manet's "Olympia" that uses African Americans as background/props Cindy Sherman: did photography, did a famous set of untitled film stills, poses herself in the images- looks very different in all of them, evokes classical movies/people (Marilyn Monroe), she disrupts the "male gaze", questioning men seeing women as an object of desire Barbara Kruger: conceptual artist, prioritizes the idea of the work over the object, emphasizing artist's thinking, much of her work is political, relating to feminism and power · Graphic text on walls and ceilings of the Guild Hall in East Hampton, called Money Makes Money and a Rich Man's Jokes are Always Funny and You Want It: visual relates to billboards, magazines, and commercial advertising that saturate our culture, it compels us to think about the impersonal information in our system and the degree to which we are affected by the subliminal messages Damien Hirst: English artist · The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living: picture of a real shark that was caught and killed and suspended in a tank of formaldehyde, forces us to confront our beliefs with death James Turrell: American artist, works specifically with light and space art and installations (created art spaces that audiences are invited to inhabit and investigate), Turrell manipulates light to create a specific sense of space or ambia

Robert Rauschenberg

Pop Artist American pop artist, introduced a construction referred as combine paintings- stuffed animals, bottles, articles of clothing, furniture, and scraps of photographs are attached to the canvas · Bed: paint-splashed quilt and pillow, the content is supportive of the work · Monogram: a stuffed goat with a tire wrapped around its middle is mounted on a horizontal base that consists of scraps of photos and prints

Richard Hamilton

Pop Artist British, 1950s · Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?: tiny collage, functions as time capsule for 1950s, advances of technology led many to buy pieces of the American dream (TVs, comic books, tape recorders)

Claes Oldenburg

Pop Artist Swedish American artist, known for oversized sculptures in public places, scale of sculptures is responsible for their impact, 45 foot tall Clothespin, 19 foot tall Typewriter Eraser · Soft Toilet: also did a soft bathtub, objects we know to be hard, cold, unmovable, and he makes them soft with a silky natural fiber

Jasper Johns

Pop Artist appeared on art scene simultaneously with Robert, works portray familiar objects integrated into a unified field by thick gestural brushwork · Three Flags: painted with encaustic (a combo of liquid wax and pigment) and newspaper on 3 canvases of increasing size, distinct surface texture, viewer takes a new look at a very familiar object

Andy Warhol

Pop Artist people said his work was bland and boring, created underground movies (Blue Movie) that portrayed sleep and explicit eroticism, reproduced multiple photos of disasters in newspapers in the 60s, executed a series of portraits of public figures like Marilyn Monroe and Jackie Kennedy in the 60s, did portraits of political leaders in the 70s · Marilyn Diptych: synthetic polymer paint, repeated image of Marilyn Monroe, yellow/purple on one side and black/white on other side

Assemblage Sculpture of Louise Nevelson

Russian-born American sculptor, made wood assemblages of recognizable found objects, integrating them in novel combinations that take on meanings of their own · Royal Tide IV: a compartmentalized assemblage of rough-cut geometric shapes and lathed wooden pieces, had posts, finials, barred staves, and chair slats, have a unifying coat of paint over them, brings a sense of shared cultural past

Auguste Rodin: The Burghers of Calais

Transitional Fin de Siècle Sculpture

Auguste Rodin: The Kiss

Transitional Fin de Siècle Sculpture

Contextual background information about World War I and the Influenza Pandemic

WW1 1914-1918: use of technology (artillery, poison gas, tanks, airplanes) made slaughter possible on an unimaginable scale, trench warfare took its toll -immediate cause was assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, but was from tension that had been building for years and solidified when Otto von Bismarck's unified Germany -Britain, France, Italy, and Russia formed alliances to balance the strength of Germany and Austria-Hungary -US got involved to make the world safe for democracy -1914 war broke out between Serbia and Austro-Hungary, other countries in Europe took sides, initially US stood back, but then in 1915 German U-boat sank the Lusitania, killing 128 Americans, then several German attacks on American merchant ships, then an intercepted German plan to draw Mexico into a fight against the US drew US troops into the war in 1917 -aftermath of war: Europe demanded high reparations from Germany, Germany was in economic despair for more than a decade, later rise of totalitarianism (Lenin's Russia, Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy) flu epidemic happened on top of war (Spanish flu), killed about as many soldiers as the war did

The shift in turn-of-the-century art from naturalism to expressionism and abstraction

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, art became heavily influenced by the desire to abstract life and escape the horrific possibilities of the human condition. Artists began to question and play around with themes of reality, perspective, space, and time. Led to Fauvism, which emphasized spontaneity, used very bright colors Expressionism: purpose to express inner emotions, anxieties, anger, etc, sometimes used to create social change -more exposure to art in other cultures influenced them -response to intellectual climate, writings of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

architecture (Wright, van der Rohe, Johnson, Graves, Gehry)

Wright: modern architect US architect, championed an architecture that produced buildings designed for their specific function, thought the building should be placed with a sensitivity to what the building should say, designed homes, college campuses, industrial buildings, churches · Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum: in New York, made of reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete) and outer surface is finished with sprayed concrete, eliminates as many internal corners and angles as possible Ludwig Bies Van Der Rohe and Philip Johnson: designed the Seagram Building and the US headquarters for the Canadian distiller, stark grid windows, sharp-edged columns Michael Graves: postmodern architect, built the Humana building, looks to Ancient Egypt, tall, tightly arranged pillars and a grid of square windows, overall impressionism recalls the great pylons of Egyptian temples, office building is set behind the entry in such a way that it looks like the block-seated body position in ancient statues Frank Gehry: deconstructivist architect, · designed the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, billowing, curvilinear shapes are reminiscent of ships, geometric shapes free-floating collide · designed Ray and Maria State Center at MIT: feature fragmentation and sculptural shapes, collision of forms, is a green building (built with principles of conservation)

Mona Caird

a feminist who wrote of women's lives and position in Victoria society wrote The Daughters of Danaus- a young woman's aspirations to pursue a career in music comes into conflict with her responsibilities to her family wrote an essay "Marriage" about the role and destiny of women, asking if marriage hinders a woman's development

Helen Frankenthaler

abstract expressionist explored connection between color and surface, she pooled and spread expanses of diluted paint on unprimed canvas in her "soak stain" technique, causing her color to seep into the fibers of the canvas · The Bay: the canvas and the image are literally one, green background with big blue blob

Mark Rothko

abstract expressionist, focused on creating fields of color rather than quality of brushstroke, he painted lone figures in urban settings in the 30s and biomorphic surrealistic canvases in the 40s, then he began to do the large, floating, hazy-edged color fields for which he is renowned, color fields were the form of rectangles floating above one another in an atmosphere defined by subtle variations in tone and brushwork · Magenta, Black, Green on Orange: large scale canvas, absorbs the viewer in color, blurred edges of the rectangles have a vibratory effect on the eyes

Lee Krasner

abstract expressionist, born to a Russian-Jewish family in NY, married to Jackson Pollock, had a burning desire to be a painter, experimented with allover composition like her husband, but her work exhibited more control, helped manage his career while they were married · Easter Lilies: jagged shapes and bold black lines against muddy greens and ochers render the composition dysphoric, in the midst of the harsh is white lilies that offer hope · Untitled: vertically oriented work with tightly painted crescents of black and white and flecks of vibrant color, belonged to a series called Little images, possibly the beginning of feminist commentary from Krasner, nature was not the source of inspiration for the artists, more focus on myth or deep personal realm

Constantin Brancusi

abstract sculptor born in Romania, studied in Paris, work was indebted to Rodin at that time, but he began to explore a radically new direction · Bird in Space: reaches for essence of the subject by offering the simplest contour that would fire recognition in the spectator

Joan Miro

an automatist surrealist, sought to eliminate all thought from the mind and then trace their brushed across the canvas, once it was outlined a conscious period of work followed where the artist intentionally worked on the piece · Painting: meandering lines join or intersect to form the contours of clusters of organic figures, some have nondescript backgrounds, others have bold bright colored backgrounds

Willem de Kooning

born in Holland, immigrated to US, was abstract expressionist, compositions consist of clash of organic shapes and harsh, jagged lines · Best known for series of paintings of women, most of them have overpowering abstract women whose faces resolve into skull-like masks, painted Two Women's Torsos-very curvy women swell from a sea of spontaneous brushstrokes, among the more suggestive from the series

Additional terms: Conceptual Art, Light and Space Art, Installation Art, screenprinting, combine painting, Theater of the Absurd, structuralism in music, aleatoric music, minimalism in music, Bauhaus, International Architecture, Organic Architecture, Deconstructivist Architecture

conceptual art: art in which the idea or concept presented by the artist is considered more important than its appearance or execution. screenprinting: a printing technique where a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate combine painting: done by Robert Rauschensberg, he puts lots of random objects on the canvas Theater of the Absurd: drama using the abandonment of conventional dramatic form to portray the futility of human struggle in a senseless world aleatoric music: music that has an element of chance in it, each playing is different International architecture: modern, machine age, defined by its iconic steel, glass, and concrete forms Organic Architecture: a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world. Deconstructivist: the whole is less important than the parts, buildings are meant to be seen in bits and pieces, deny the idea that form should follow function

Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

cubism

Pablo Picasso: Gertrude Stein

cubism

Pablo Picasso: The Old Guitarist

cubism

Pablo Picasso

cubism born in Spain, went to Paris and lived there, first major artistic phase is called Blue Period- works are characterized by blue tonality, distortion of human body, next phase is Rose Period- lighter palette, subjects were drawn from circus life and in tones of pink · The Old Guitarist: from blue period, haunting image, white-haired, contorted man sits hunched over a guitar, eyes are sunken, bony frame, in an unfurnished and barren room, monochromatic blue palette creates somber mood · Gertrude Stein: between Blue Period and his innovation of Cubism, she was an expatriate American living in Paris, an important writer and supporter of new movements in arts, she wears brown coat and skirt, her face is more like an African mask than an accurate portrait, her attire is reduced to abstract forms · Les Demoiselles d'Avignon: made in Rose Period, depicts 5 women from Barcelona' red-light district, they line up for selection by a possible suitor, faces of 3 of them are primitive masks, faces of the other 2 are radically simplified, was basis for Analytic Cubism, cofounded with Georges Braque

Georges Braque

cubism (analytic) worked with Picasso, works were very similar, he was the first to insert words and numbers using trompe l'oeil effects in portions of his analytic cubist compositions

Additional terms: Joyce's ideas of "epiphany" and "stream of consciousness," Kafkaesque, nonobjective art, Armory Show, psychoanalysis, the unconscious, manifest vs. latent meaning, Illusionistic Surrealism, Automatist Surrealism, De Stijl, figurative art, Bauhaus

epiphany: a character has an epiphany when they experience a sudden insight or realization that changes their understanding Kafkaesque: Kafkaesque experience is where a person feels trapped by forced that seem ridiculous, threatening, and incomprehensible Armory Show presents the world's leading international galleries showcasing works from both modern masters and cutting-edge contemporary artists illusionistic surrealism showed irrational content, juxtapositions, and metamorphoses of the dream state in an illusionistic manner, automatist surrealism used to divulge mysteries of the unconscious thought De Stijl: art that is pure abstraction, nonobjective art, makes no reference to visible reality

Albert Camus

existentialist writer, depicts heroes who fought the ultimate absurdity of the world with lucidity and dedication, wrote The Stranger, The Plague, and The Fall

Jack Kerouac

existentialist writer, wrote On the Road, followed in tradition of Homer's The Odyssey, it illuminates the inner geography of the mind and the peoples of the land it navigates, is a landmark of the Beat Generation

Edvard Munch: The Scream

expressionism

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Street, Dresden

expressionism

Käthe Kollwitz: The Outbreak

expressionism

Max Beckmann: The Dream

expressionism

Vassily Kandinsky: Improvisation 28

expressionism

Grant Wood

figurative American artist -Grant Wood: proponent of Midwestern Regionalism style, · American Gothic: weatherworn faces, postcard-perfect surroundings, suggests duality of rural life in modern US- hardship and serenity, repetition of pitchfork pattern in the man's shirt, upper-story window of house, and plant on the porch, he is tied to his environment

Georgia O'Keeffe

figurative painter captured many different subjects by simplifying their forms, began to paint enlarged flower pictures after marrying Stieglitz · White Iris: magnified and abstracted the details of the botanical subject, large canvas filled with fragment of the intersection of the petals, flowers have a yearning, reaching, organic quality, botany seems to function as a metaphor for zoology- her plants are animistic, folds of petals are frequently reminiscent of parts of the female body

Georges Bizet

late romantic music French composer, best known work was Carmen, story of a soldier in Seville, (Don Jose) who is seduced by a gypsy (carmen) who works for a tobacco factory, she leads him into a life of crime, which leaves him deeply conflicted, Carmen tires of him and leaves him for someone else, Don Jose cannot accept that he has been a temporary plaything and kills Carmen --Carmen is a criminal but is always honest with Don Jose, she sings an aria about how she may love a man today, but what about tomorrow? --Carmen's "Habanera" was a Cuban dance genre with African roots, rhythms used in the conga and tango, Carmen's famous aria is "Habanera" about how love is a gypsy child that doesn't follow the rules

Piotr Ilych Tchaikovsky

late romantic music late-Romantic composer, composed Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, The Nutcracker Suite is a group of 8 numbers chosen by Tchaikovsky for an orchestral performance before the ballet's premier, about a young girl's journey into a fantasy land, he was one of the first musicians to make his personal emotions the basis for a symphony · Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, known as the "Pathetique", impulsive passion, confidence, eagerness of activity, followed by love and disappointments, then collapse and death, written the year he died, think he died from suicide related to a scandalous love affair

Frank Lloyd Wright

modern architect naturalistic style, modern, concrete, cut stone, natural stone, machine-planed surfaces · Kaufmann House: also known as Fallingwater, cantilevered decks of reinforced concrete rushing outward into the surrounding landscape from the building's central core, naturalistic style incorporates the building with its site, small waterfall seems to originate beneath the broad white planes of a deck

Walter Gropius

modern architect organized the Bauhaus- a school founded on the desire to integrate craft, art, industrial design, and architecture -taught art, graphics, typography, domestic and industrial design, didn't teach architecture until later- then designed factories, apartment complexes, furniture, house-hold items -interim director of school (Meyer) was a communist and the school was closed in 1933 and judged as a front for communist activities -his works emphasized simplicity, rationality, and functionality, laid foundation for modern architecture, a major voice in American building, characteristic unity of glass, steel framing, and clean lines · Bauhaus school: in Germany, school consisted of 3 arms radiating from a central hub, each arm was bent into an L shape and each served its own purpose

Arnold Schönberg

modern music wrote atonal music, which avoided traditional chords and harmonies, music has a mood of instability, which lends to the same kind of morbid themes seen in expressionist paintings · Pierrot Lunaire: a setting of 21 poems for a woman's voice and small instrumental group, poems describe the bizarre experiences of the hero, about a dejected mime going mad, Pierrot, mood is grotesque and sometimes demonic, singer speaks words at specific pitches (called Sprechstimme), first poem is called Mondestrunken (moondrunk) in which the poet, drunk with wine and moonlight, seeks inspiration in the beauty of the night, the moon is the topic is several later pieces, like number 7 "The Sick Moon" · Freedom atonality permitted later became a liability and he replaced it with a system of composition as rigid as earlier music, his famous 12 tone technique uses the 12 notes of the chromatic scale to serve as basis for a movement or entire work, used in his unfinished opera Moses and Aaron and the Violin Concerto of 1934

Igor Stravinsky

modern music: reject the concept of fixed harmonic center · Wrote The Rite of Spring, describes a Russian springtime ritual culminating in the sacrifice of a chosen human victim, his rhythm was constantly changing, complex, and violent, convey a sense of barbaric frenzy, opens quietly then outbreaks, excitement is created by repeating the same rhythm obsessively, brass instruments create ominous tone, mood grows quitter for a while, then he builds tension and brings it all to a fever pitch · Has dissonance (harmonies that are jarring), has irregular rhythms, notes that sound unpleasant together · He later adopts technique of serialism, but still retained his music personality

The Dadaist movement and the works of Duchamp

nihilistic, anti-art movement, challenges the validity of culture and institution -rose during WW1, was in response to absurdity of war and insanity of a world that gave rise to it -thought that art needed to be destroyed, but in order to do that, they needed to create art, which led to their demise in 1922 -nonsense name for their movement describes their view that art is meaningless, absurd -Marcel Duchamp: offered for exhibition a urinal that was turned on its back and titled "Fountain", work L.H.O.O.Q. where he defaces a print of the Mona Lisa with a mustache and goatee, painted Nude Descending a Staircase which is a machine-tooled figure walking down a flight of stairs (this was part. Cubist and part Futurist, before he really became a Dadaist) -Dada provided basis for a movement called Surrealism that began in 1920s

Max Beckmann

painter, response to WW1 German expressionist painter, art commented bitterly on the bureaucracy and military with ghastly visions of human torture, group called themselves the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) , Beckmann served as medic in the war, saw so much loss of life and it paintings reflected that cruelty · The Dream: dread in every corner, amputated and bandaged hands of man in red stripes, blinded street musician, maimed harlequin, may be a dark comedy or maybe human puppets locked in a manipulated world

Freud's concept of the three-part psyche (id, ego, superego)

psychoanalytic theory, deep in the unconscious mind (id) were chaotic emotional forces of life and love and death and violence, these forces are kept in check by the ego (more conscious self) and the superego (formally trained control and social reinforcements) -id is unconscious thinking, present from birth, instinctive and primitive behaviors, ensures that infants needs are met, requires immediate satisfaction, has more opportunity to manifest itself in our dreams -ego ensures id is expressed in a manner that is acceptable in the real world, helps us deal with reality, strives to satisfy the id's desires in appropriate way -superego begins to emerge at age 5, provides guidelines for making judgments, holds the moral standards and ideals we acquire from our parents and society, made of the conscious (info about things viewed as bad) and ego ideal (rules and standards the ego aspires to) -all 3 interact, do not have clear boundaries, we strive to keep them all balanced -sexual desires are generated by the id, they are suppressed by the ego and superego, believed that repressed sexual desires are at the center of manifestations of anxiety, neuroses, and other psychological disorders -artists of surrealism (established under French poet Andre Breton) were interested in Freud's theories about dream world of unconscious and his therapy technique of free association (spontaneous, unrestrained associations of ideas and feelings repressed by people who experienced trauma) -they wanted to express the true function of thought in their art, thought dictated in the absence of control/ reason

Constructed Sculpture of Calder

sculptor, made mobiles that move with the currents of air, viewers enjoy their simple shapes, pure colors, and predictable seriation in size · The Star: one of his mobiles, composed of petal-like pieces of different sizes and colors that are cantilevered from metal rods in such a way that they can rotate horizontally in the breeze

Maya Ying Lin

site-specific art Chinese-American site-specific artist, won a contest to create the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall, 2 200-foot-long black granite walls that form a V, lists 58,000 names, have to descend gradually down to read them and then gradually back up, which is symbolic of the US's involvement in Vietnam, her work is antiheroic and antitriumphal

Robert Smithson

site-specific art created land art, where large amounts of land or earth are shaped into sculptural forms · Spiral Jetty: composed of basalt and earth bulldozed into a spiral formation in the Great Salt Lake, spiral shape was inspired by a whirlpool, it comes and goes depending on water levels in the lake

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

site-specific art · The Gates, Central Park, New York City: vinyl gates, each hung with a panel of deep saffron-colored nylon fabric, was there for 16 days, obscured and framed the park

Anslem Kiefer

socially conscious German painter and sculptor, wracked with feelings of horror and guilt concerning the Holocaust, his paintings are highly intellectual, obscure, and idiosyncratic · Dein Goldenes Haar Magarthe: title refers to the poem "Death Fugue" by Holocaust survivor which describes a German woman named Magarthe who had golden hair, he uses straw to suggest her hair, thick black paint suggests her counterpart Shulamith who was a dark-haired Jewish woman, German tank between them, isolated against wasteland of its creation

Judy Chicago

socially conscious Midwestern artist, initiated feminist studio art course at a college, did artwork and created exhibits with other artists that called attention to women's experiences, their anger toward injustice, their wants, their needs · The Dinner Party: dissolves lines between life and death and place and time, multimedia work, honored and immortalized history's most notable women, around a triangular dinner party, guest of honor each have a place setting designed for their personalities and accomplishments

Shirin Neshat

socially conscious photographer and video artist, came to US from Iran as a teen, concerned about life for Iranian women who had limited opportunities · Allegiance with Wakefulness: black and white print and ink, the artist's feet are inscribed with militant messages written in Farsi, is one of a series called Women of Allah, where she juxtaposes guns or flowers with vulnerable faces and hands

Jonathan Larson

socially conscious wrote music and lyrics for Rent, a rock musical in 1996, based on Puccini's opera La Boheme in 1896, Puccini told the story of starving artists in Paris, one artist's girlfriend died of TB (epidemic at the time), Rent has the analogy in struggling artist community in NYC and the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the time- lead character is infected and his girlfriend commits suicide after finding out she is infected, first major work in American theater to show LGBTQ, song at the center of the message is "Seasons of Love"

Galt MacDermot

socially conscious wrote music for Hair: The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical, tells the story of a group of long-haired hippies, featured sex, drugs, and rock and roll, intended to cast light on the big divide between pro and anti-war factions within the US

Faith Ringgold

socially conscious born in New York City Harlem, painted murals of civil rights movement in 60s, then took to feminist themes, mother was a fashion designer, so she turned to sewing and related techniques to produce soft sculptures, known for narrative quilts · Tar Beach: narrative quilt, tells the story of life and dreams on a car-covered rooftop, painted patchwork quilt that stiches together the artist's memories of family, friends, and feelings while growing up

Lin-Manuel Miranda

socially conscious wrote In the Heights, a musical set in Latina neighborhood in NYC, musical tells us that there are many more stories to be told and voices to hear, song "96,000" which refers to characters imagining what they would do with $96,000 from winning the lottery

the Guerilla Girls

socially conscious artist an anonymous group of women artists that banded together to combat the backlash that was happening against inclusion of women artists, they appeared in public with gorilla masks, mounted posters on buildings in Manhattan's SoHo district · Poster: When racism and sexism are no longer fashionable, what will your art collection be worth: sardonically notes the "advantages" of being a woman artist in an art world that despite liberating trends continues to be dominated by men

Robert Mapplethorpe

socially conscious artist photographer that created black and white images of people struggling in a world that was hostile toward their sexual identity, shot pictures of artists, musicians, women's bodybuilding champions, pornographic film stars · Ken Moody and Robert Sherman: picture of a black and white gay couple, the couple is different but very much together, men are shown raw and basic

Rodgers and Hammerstein

socially conscious musician Rodgers music and Hammerstein lyrics, wrote South Pacific, premiered in 1949, based on the novel Tales of the South Pacific, focuses on a love affair between an American nurse and a French plantation owner who is a widower and father of 2 mixed-race children, subject is contemporary racial views and prejudice, also a secondary story line between an island girl and American lieutenant · Musical number "You've Got to be Carefully Taught" American lieutenant tells the Frenchman that children are taught by adults to "hate and fear"

Gwendolyn Brooks

socially conscious poet African American poet, writer of Harlem Renaissance, life in inner-city Chicago and racial prejudice is reflected in her works, famous poem called "We Real Cool" · "The Last Quatrain of the Ballad of Emmett Till", also wrote "A Bronzeville Mother Loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile a Mississippi Mother Burns Bacon" both about Emmett Till

Anne Sexton

socially conscious poet feminist poet, her work is described as confessional, reveals intimate details of her life, wrote about her mental illness and her relationship problems · Poem "In Celebration of My Uterus": raises the physical, psychological, and female identity issues attached to her hysterectomy, is a rallying cry for all women to follow her celebration of the woman I am · "Said the Poet to the Analyst" is a personal, confessional poem, dense with meaning

Sergei Eisenstein

socially conscious works Soviet filmmaker, dedicated supporter of Russian Revolution, believed that film was a weapon to win over the proletariat, he was conscious of needs of working class · did Strike (1925) · last works were Ivan the Terrible Part 1 (1944) and Part 2 (1946)- was inspired by a study of EL Greco's paintings · did Alexander Nevsky (1938) which had a musical score by Sergei Prokofiev · most influential film was Battleship Potemkin- story of 1905 naval mutiny on the battleship Potemkin and the subsequent riot in Odessa that was crushed by the tsarist police- the communists viewed this incident as a foreshadowing of the October Revolution of 1917 that brought the Bolsheviks to power, the one scene where the crowd cheers on mutineers on a flight of stairs in Odessa is a classic sequence where Einstein uses montage ( sharp juxtaposition of shots by film cutting and editing)

Dorothea Lange

socially conscious works photographer portrayed lifestyles of migrant farmworkers and sharecropped, did Migrant Mother- 32 year old woman who is out of work but cannot move on because they sold the tires of the car to purchase food for her 7 children, lines on forehead, subjects fill the print forcing us to control them

Margaret Burke-White

socially conscious works photographer during the 2nd world war, traveled abroad during the war and became a famous female war photojournalist, went to a Nazi concentration camp of Buchenwald just in time for its liberation, photograph called The Living Dead of Buchenwald, April 1945

Leni Riefenstahl

socially conscious works popular film actor and director in Nazi Germany · her first great film was a documentary of the 1934 Nazi Congress in Nuremburg, called Triumph of the Will, it was designed to glorify the Nazi Party, showed the party as highly stylized and celebrated their virtues of discipline, order, and might · her other great film was made at the Berlin Olympics in 1936, called Olympia, it pays tribute to the Olympic spirit of ancient Greece, it records the homage to Hitler and the Nazi Party, shows most of the major athletic competitions, the film shows athletes as superior beings who are heroic

Salvador Dali

surrealist artist from Spain · The Persistence of Memory: dreamlike imagery, trompe l'oeil technique, barren landscape of incongruous forms, time has expired, watch crawls like insects, juxtaposition of unrelated items, haunting sense of reality threatens line between perception and imagination

Auguste Rodin

transition to modern sculpture works represent the human figure, realism that was startlingly intense, used soft materials to carve so he could achieve highly textured surfaces · Burghers of Calais: shows event in which 6 prominent citizens of Calais offered their lives to the English to save their townspeople, they each look a different direction and show different emotions, each have nooses around their necks and coarse robes · The Kiss: marble statue, originally named Francesca da Rimini after the women in Dante's Inferno, she married her lover, her husband's younger brother, their lips do not actually touch, suggesting that they were interrupted

Gustav Mahler

transitional style music his music was heavily influenced by his life and his emotions, , his symphonies are filled with his anxieties, triumphs, hopes, and fears, and also illuminates the problems in our age, music was filled with popular, banal tunes with abrupt changes of mood, symphonies contain just about every human emotion · Symphony No. 1 in D, third movement is a funeral march, has a wry, ironic tone, movement opens with mournful sound of bass playing "Frere Jacques", then taken up by rest of orchestra, then sudden bursts of sad nostalgia and violent aggression, mood changes to one of genuine tenderness, then returns to bizarre and unsettling · Symphony No. 1 in D, darkened the children's song "Frere Jacques", had common folk tunes folded into the symphony, sudden switches between moods and keys, incorporation of Jewish Klezmer band music, was not what people expected in a serious composition, last movement in the work bursts out at you which is a shock after the lulling "Frere Jacques" in the 3rd movement · Last works were The Song of the Earth and Symphony No. 9 (written while he had heart disease) express the beauty of the world with sorrow and resignation, final movement of Symphony No. 9 is an eloquent statement of courage in the face of dissolution, movement gradually fades away and sinks into silence

Isaac Rosenberg

writer, response to WW1 English poet, enlisted in army and was killed in action · "Dead Man's Dump": captures despair of humanity, metal, poison gas, and earth intertwined in madness

Rupert Brooke

writer, response to WW1 English poet, known for sonnets and his work as a travel journalist, died of blood poisoning on a boat during the war · "The Soldier": remembered for patriotism, sense of peace, talks about dying for country

Kate Chopin

wrote The Awakening, denounced as immoral when first published, principal theme is the oppressed role women are forced to play in the family, Edna has a meaningless relationship with her husband and tedious daily life, her only escape is to yield to her sexual drives and find freedom by throwing herself into a passionate love affair wrote short stories that examine the prison that marriage often seems to represent, wrote "The Story of an Hour"- Mrs. Mallard learns her husband has been killed in an accident, cries at first, then goes into her room and rejoices because she is free, she is hoping for a long life when they day before she had been hoping for a short one, turns out her husband was not in the accident and is alive but she dies from heart disease, from "joy that kills"