Immune System MEGA

Three characteristics of the Adaptive immune system

1. Specific: targets particular antigens 2. Systemic: not limited to initial infection site 3. Has a memory: after initial exposure, recognizes and mounts stronger attack on subsequent exposure.

Two Intrinsic Defense Systems

Innate (nonspecific) & Adaptive (specific)

phagocytosis

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

What provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not "self"?

Innate immunity

What is the first line of defense?

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens? antimicrobial proteins complement intact skin and mucous membranes inflammation

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Interferons __?__.

Interfere with viral replication within cells.

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?

Interferon

interfere with viral replication within cells

Interferons ________.

How do interferons protect against infection in healthy cells?

Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins.

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?

Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins.

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except __?__.

Juvenile diabetes

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Kill their target cells by releasing perforins and other cytolytic chemicals

what are the 4 subgroups of T cell clones?

Killer T cells Helper T cells Suppressor T cells Memory T cells

Characterized by high numbers of neutrophils

Leukocytosis :

Where are Kupffer cells located?

Liver

NK cells do what to Cancer Cells and Virus infected Cells

Lyse and Kill

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

MS, Graves, Type I diabetes, SLE

Phagocytic Mobilization involves:

Mainly neutrophil adn macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Phagocyte immobilization

Mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Regulatory T cells

May function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

Memory cells

What do memory cells do?

Mount an immediate response to future exposures of the same antigen

Hyaluronic acid

Mucopolysaccharide with a gel-like consistency that is located in areolar tissue of the dermis, slows migration of microbes that have penetrated the epidermis.

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil

Fever __?__.

Occurs due to the production of chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.

Select the correct statement about antigens. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

Why do vaccines fail to fully establish cellular immunological memory?

Only target one type of help T cell

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

Opsonization

Inflammatory response

Part of the second line of defense

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus.

How many antibody units does IgM consist of?

5

IgG

75-85% antibodies in plasma from secondary and late primary responses and crosses the placental barrier

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis

A

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins

A

Chemotaxis

Process by which inflammatory chemicals attract more neutrophils and other leukocytes to the site of injury.

C3 can be activated without antigen stimulation and produces full complement effect by binding to bacteria or viruses in the presence of what?

Properdin

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses.

Which are the strongest antigens?

Proteins: can have hundreds of chemically different antigenic determinants.

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis

B

Forms antibody producing cells

B cell

Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold

C

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.

C

Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle? Select from letters A-D.

C

Helper T cells co-stimular for

CD8 activation

Helper T Cell

Cells that have teh largest role and most widespread effect on immunity

Defensins

Chemical of the first line of defense. Consists antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth

cell-mediated immunity

Chemicals released by infected tissues can stimulate leukocyte productions: activate T cells, Stimulate B cells, activate macrophages

What are the substances that attract white blood cells to the area in a process called chemotaxis?

Chemotactic factors

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes

D

What cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

Dendritic cells

Name three different APC's. Which is most important for T lymphocyte activation?

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Dendritic cells are most important for T cell activation

Three Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs)

Dendritic cells. Macrophages B lymphocytes

Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues

Diapedesis

Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries? leukocytosis diapedesis chemotaxis margination

Diapedesis

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

Direct cell lysis

What does specific mean?

Directed against particular pathogens and substances

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Do not respond to specific antigens; Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity; Part of the adaptive immune system; theses are B lymphocytes

Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.

False

Exudate

Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies that seeps from blood at leaky capillaries and causes edema.

A class of plasma protein

Gamma globulin:

Interferon (IFN)

Genes that synthesize IFN are activated when a host cell is invaded by a virus; Interferon molecules leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells; Interferon stimulates the neighboring cells to activate genes for an antiviral protein; These proteins nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction in the neighboring cell

AIDS

HIV reverse transcriptase produces frequent transcription errors; high mutation rate and resistance to drugs

Vibrissiae

Hairs in nasal cavity, traps microbes in the nose

What are incomplete antigens called?

Hapten

The primary immune response __?__.

Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

There is no immune response without what type of cell?

Helper T

Name the 2 Types of Immunity the Adaptive Defense has...

Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity

What causes tissue damage?

Hypersensitivities

__________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.

IgG

which immunoglobulin is found in plasma and body fluids?

IgG

antibodies; histamine

Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.

Delayed hypersensitivities __?__.

Include allergic contact dermatitis

Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?

Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.

Hyperemia

Increased blood flow to area producing redness

What is the second line of defense's most important mechanism?

Inflammation

What is the second line of defense?

Inflammation

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

Inflammation ________.

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that __________.

Inflammation is occurring

What is it called when tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury and promote normalcy?

Inflammatory response

What prevents the spread of damaging agents?

Inflammatory response

What sets the stage for repair and how?

Inflammatory response by disposing cell debris and pathogens

________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. - Haptens - Antibodies - Interleukins - Antigens

- Antigens

This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens. - SCID - Allergy - Anaphylaxis - Autoimmune disease - Immunodeficiency

- Autoimmune disease

In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? - Macrophages - B cells - Natural killer cells - Neutrophils

- B cells

What is the second step of T cell activation? - Chemotaxis - Antigen binding - Anergy - Co-stimulation

- Co-stimulation

Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx? - Complement cascade - Saliva and tears - Skin secretions - Mucous membranes

- Complement cascade

A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________. - Allograft - Autograft - Isograft - Xenograft

- Isograft

Which of the following does not apply to the specific defensive system? - It has memory. - It is immediate. - It is specific. - It is systemic.

- It is immediate.

Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? - It triggers fever. - It only occurs in the spleen. - It results in less antibody secretion. - It results in less memory cell circulation. - It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

- It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. - Pepsin - Amylase - Salivase - Trypsin - Lysozyme

- Lysozyme

Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? - Complements - Natural killer cells - Mucous membranes - Macrophages - Antibodies

- Mucous membranes

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? - Pain - Redness - Heat - Opsonization - Swelling

- Opsonization

________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. - Immunological memory - Self-tolerance - Antigenicity - Immunocompetence

- Self-tolerance

In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictive process - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens only go through positive selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative and positive selection. - immature T-lymphocytes go through apoptosis.

- T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection.

All of the following are names of antigen-presenting cells except - macrophages. - B-lymphocytes. - T-lymphocytes. - Langerhan's cells.

- T-lymphocytes.

Which of the following statements is false about natural killer cells? - They attach infected or cancerous cells that lack self-surface receptors. - They are large granular lymphocytes. - They are not specific for each antigen. - They destroy cells by phagocytosis.

- They destroy cells by phagocytosis.

Which of the following statements about infectious granulomas is false? - The tuberculosis bacillus can cause them. - They contain a central region of infected macrophages. - They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen. - They appear as tumor-like growths.

- They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen.

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ? - Spleen - Thymus - Peyer's patch - Lymph node - Tonsil

- Thymus

Humoral immunity is provided by: - complement proteins. - T cells. - interferons. - antibodies.

- antibodies.

MHC II proteins are found on: - red blood cells. - cytotoxic T cells. - antigen-presenting cells. - helper T cells.

- antigen-presenting cells.

The first step in inflammation is: - phagocyte mobilization. - tissue injury. - vasodilation. - the release of pro-inflammatory signals.

- tissue injury.

Formation and Docking of MHC I molecules in a healthy cell

1. MHC class I molecules are synthesized by the RER, during production peptide fragments of the cell(self-antigens) bind with the MHC I molecules. 2.Transport vesicles are produced from the RER that contain MHC I molecules with bound self-antigen, they are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane 3.MHC I molecules with bound self antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane following fusion of the secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Which antibody defense mechanisms inactivate antigens?

1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation

Benefits of inflammation (4)

1. Prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues 2. Removes cell debris and pathogens 3. Recruits adaptive immune system 4. Promotes tissue repair

Four cardinal signs of acute inflammation.

1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain

4 steps of inflammation

1. Release of inflammatory and chemotactic factors 2. Vascular changes including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and display of CAMs 3. Recruitment of immune cells by Margination, Diapedeis, and Chemotaxis 4. Delivery of plasma proteins

regulatory T cells

Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of ___

Inflammation

Tissue response to injury (physical trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals, infections)

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."

Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

Helper T cells

Trigger macrophage to produce respiratory burst, killing pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes

A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.

True

Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood

True

Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.

True

Antibodies can act both intracellularly and extracellulary

True

Antibodies cn act both intracellularly and extracellularly.

True

Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.

True

Fever is thought to be a beneficial response because it makes iron and zinc less available to support bacterial growth.

True

If a person with type A blood is given a unit of type B blood, the type B RBCs are destroyed. T or F

True

It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist

True

It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

True

MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.

True

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies. T or F

True

Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes

True

Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.

True

Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.

True

Some inmmunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime

True

Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.

True

Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens

True

The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

True

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. T or F

True

The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin

True

The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.

True

The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.

True

The immune system is highly adaptive because gene coding for antibodies displays somatic recombination. T or F

True -Through somatic recombination, the humoral immune mechanism may have the capacity to generate over a billion types of antibodies.

Antibodies enhance phagocytosis and inflammatory response. True or False?

True.

Innate immunity is present at birth. True or False?

True.

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor; act as signals that create a greater immune response

What are the four different chemicals that CD4 (t helper) cells secrete and what do they do in general?

humoral: target things outside cell and is antibody mediated; cellular: intracellular and cell mediated

What are the two arms of the adaptive immune response?

neutrophils and monocytes

What are the two major types of phagocytes in the blood?

When are Opsonins used?

When bacteria have an external capsule that conceals their glycoproteins, the immune cells coat the pathogen with opsonins.

histamine (potent inflammatory chemical released by mast cells)

Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

antigenic

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

opsonization

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? booster shot of vaccine infusion of weakened viruses exposure to an antigen passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles and leaves

a residual body

Helper T Cells

a. Mobilize both cellular and humoral defenses. b. Activate CD8 (into cytotoxic T cells) by binding to MHC II presenting cells (APC, dendritic cells) and releasing IL2. c. Activate B cells by binding to them and releasing IL4: B cells then activate and release plasma cells. d. Also: amplify responses of the innate immune system.

IgG

a. Most abundant in the body. b. Main player in primary and secondary responses. c. Fixes and activates complement very fast. d. Protects against viruses, bacteria, toxins. e. Crosses the placenta.

Macrophages

a. Most voracious phagocytes in the body. b. Derive from Monocytes (WBC). c. Develop into Macrophages once they enter the tissues, coming from the blood stream. d. Agranulocytes

Complement proteins are specific to ...

bacteria

5 major categories of Infectious agents

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and muliticellular parasites

Characteristic of antigens

can be self-antigens

Natural Killer (NK) cells

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

T-cells attack *antigens directly* through cell-to-cell contact; what is this immune response called?

cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

CYTOTOXIC

cells are the only T lymphocytes that can directly attack and kill other cells.

Primary immune response

cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen - 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge - Peak levels of plasma antibody are achieved in 10 days - Antibody levels then decline

What is another type of adaptive defense?

cellular or cell-mediated immunity

Inflamation begins with

chemical alarm vasodilation

Inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injured areas

chemotaxis

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.

chemotaxis

chemicals released by injured cells that attach phagocytes to the injured site

chemotaxis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

margination:

clinging of phagocytic cells to the inner walls of the capillaries

Stimulate B cells grow to form a

clone of identical cells bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

D

complement

An example of a inflammatory mediator is

cytokines

What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?

cytotoxic T (TC) cells

Lacrimal fluid

fluid produced by lacrimal glands; contains lysozyme and IgA. washes microbes away from surface of eyes, contains antimicrobial agents.

Class I MHC proteins

found on virtually all body cells

2 types of macrophages

free macrophages fixed macrophages

as humans, we have inherited immunity to certain diseases; also called inborn, innate or species immunity a. genetic immunity b. acquired immunity

genetic immunity

what are two main categories of immunity?

genetic immunity and acquired immunity

The primary immune response ________.

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Plasma cells ________

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

High Fevers are dangerous because...

heat denatures enzymes

Effector response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

if the cytotoxic t cell recognizes the foreign antigen presented by the infected cell(with MHC class I molecules), it destroys the cell by releasing granules containing the cytotoxic chemicals perforin and granzymes which induce apoptosis of abnormal cells.

Hypersensitivities

immune responses to a perceived (otherwise harmless) threat

Autoimmune diseases

immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

ability to resist and overcome injury by pathogens or antigenic substances

immunity

D

injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

Nonspecific defense system

innate

What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?

intact skin and mucous membranes

Interferons ________.

interfere with viral replication within cells

Phagocytosis

internal defense in which macrophages use its cytoplasmic extensions to pull rod-shapped bacteria toward it

Immunocompetence

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except?

juvenile diabetes

Cell lysis

kills bacteria and certain other cell types

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?

lactate pathway

IgM:

large, pentamer shaped antibody

Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?

lectin pathway

Where are naive (unexposed) B and T cells exported to

lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs

Natural Kill NK Cells

lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells

what do tears secrete that discourages growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye?

lysozyme

What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body?

macrophages

enlarged monocytes that eats foreign material; a "big eater"; can be wandering or fixed

macrophages

what helps activate T and B cells?

macrophages

inflammatory response

macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals

Phagocyte mobilization involves

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Regulatory T cells

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions.

Mucosae

mechanical barriers

2 types of acquired immunity

natural artificial

Margination

neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in inflamed area

Margination Phase - 2

neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area

Chemotaxis

neutrophils follow chemical trail inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents - clear area of debris and dead tissue cells

Secondary immune response

occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen

Primary immune response

occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen

Active humoral immunity

occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them

Diapedesis

of neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

opsonization

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? booster shot of vaccine infusion of weakened viruses exposure to an antigen passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

fixed macrophages

permanent residents of some organs; examples: stellate macrophages (liver) and microglia (brain)

Innate immune system defenses include

phagocytosis

Innate immune system defenses include____

phagocytosis

When a lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle it is called a

phagolysosome

Phagocytes form pseudopods that eventually engulf pathogens or debris called

phagosome

Surface barriers

physical barrier to most microorganisms

Most clone cells become

plasma cells

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Exudate

proteins, clotting factors and antibodies

Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances create this

pyrogens

How do NK cells kill the target cells?

releasing cytolytic chemicals

Pryogens

reset body thermostat upward

Stomach Mucosae - Epithelial Chemical Barrier

secrete concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes

Plasma Cells

secrete specific antibody at the rate of 2000 molecules per second

Mucus

secretion containing lysozyme, defensins, and IgA, thick secretion that helps trap microbes; contains antimicrobial substances

Saliva

secretions released into the mouth from salivary glands, contain lysozyme and IgA. helps wash away microbes, contains antimicrobial substances.

IgA

secretory in mucus and other secretions helps prevent entry of pathogens

What marks a cell as "self" as opposed to "nonself"?

self- antigens, particulary MHC proteins, mark a cell as self

Antigenic determinants mobilize

several different lymphocyte populations

Prions

small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tiussue. ex; Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease)

Incomplete antigens

small molecules peptides, nucleotides, hormones

Dermicidin

small proteins produced by the skin, antibacterial agent against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria;antifungal agent

Cytokines

small, soluble proteins produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity. serve as a means of communication between the cells, control the development and behavior of efector cells of immunity, regulate the inflammatory response of the innate immunity, and in some cases, serve as weapons to destroy cells. have a short half-life

Vaccines

spare us the symptoms of the primary response

Clone cells secrete

specific antibodies at the rate of 2000 molecules per second for 4-5 days

Antigen challenge usually occurs in the

spleen or lymph node

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

stimulates leukopoiesis in bone marrow to increase synthesis of a specific type (colony) of leukocytes. comes from T-lymphocytes and monocytes. ex: G-CSF (granulocyte CSF) GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage CSF)

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

strong acid produced within stomach, creates very low pH that destroys many bacteria, bacterial toxins, and other microbes that enter the stomach

Antigen

substance that binds to a component of adaptive immunity(antibody or T-lymphocyte) complete antigens possess 2 important properties: immunogenicity and reactivity

Cilia

sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

Innate (nonspecific)

system responds quickly and consists of two lines of defense

Anaphylactic Shock

systemic response to allergen that directly enters the blood

Fever

systemic response to invading microorganisms

what are some examples of nonspecific first line chemical barriers?

tears saliva perspiration (sweat) stomach acid mucous from respiratory tract

Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells

that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

Onset

the hypothalamus stimulates blood vessels in the dermis of the skin to vasoconstrict to decrease heat loss through the skin, and a person shivers to increase heat production through muscle contraction.

What is/are the specific target(s) of interferons?

the membrane receptors on healthy cells

A vaccine is effective because

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response

Exudate seep into

tissue spaces

Why are children given vaccinations?

to develop antibodies against various diseases

Chemicals in sebum

toxic to bacteria

Mucus (protective mechanism)

traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

type II diabetes

Self-tolerance

unresponsive to self antigens

Urine

urine formed in kidneys is transported out of body through urinary tract, flow of urine flushes microbes

an antigen-bearing substance that has been altered in order to produce active immunity without causing the disease; it is injected into a person in an attempt to stimulate antibody production

vaccine

you can also acquire immunity artificially in two ways; the first is by a ____ (primary response); the second is by injection of ____ ____(secondary response); both provide artificially acquired immunity

vaccine immune globulin

B

vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens

Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?

vaccines

Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity? antivenoms vaccines infection antibodies received in breast milk

vaccines

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

vasoconstriction

The redness and heat of an inflamed are are due to local hyperemia caused by

vasodilation

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by

vasodilation

Interferons are specific to...

viruses

What do free macrophages do?

wander

Keratin is resistant to ...

weak acids and bases bacterial enzymes toxins

interferons and compliment proteins

what are the two main internal antimicrobial proteins?

When is a B cell activated?

when antigens bind to its surface receptors

When are sythnesizing IFN genes activated?

when hosts cells is invaded by virus

red bone marrow; thymus

where do T cell lymphocytes originate? Where do they mature?

Which class of tissue graft is the LEAST likely to be accepted by a patient's body?

xenograft

Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body?

xenograft

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

1 - Microbes adhere to the phagocyte 2 - Pseudopods engulf the particle (antigen) into a phagosome 3 - Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome 4 - Invaders in the phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes 5 - Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis

Protective chemicals secreted by mucous membranes (4)

1. Acid: skin, urine, vaginal and stomach secretions - inhibits bacterial growth/entry. 2. Lysozymes: enzymes found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of eyes. 3. Mucin: protein that in water form thick, sticky substance that traps microorganisms. 4. Defensins: broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides - help control bacterial and fungal colonization.

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

1. Adherence 2. Pseudopods engulf 3. Phagolysosome 4. Destruction of Pathogens 5. Exocytosis

What do NK cells look for on cell surface receptors in order to react?

"Lack of Self"

Cytotoxic T Cells

(Killer, Tc, T8) display CD8 protein, recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC I molecules.

CD4 cells

(T4 cells) are primarily helper T cells (TH)

Helper T Cell

(T4, CD4) Display CD4 protein, recognize foreign fragments associated with MHC II molecules, secrete several cytokines, especially interleukin-2 that is a costimulator of helper T-cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells

CD8 cells

(T8 cells) are cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens

Skin Acidity - Epithelial Chemical Barrier

(pH of 3 to 5) inhibits bacterial growth

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? - A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. - A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.

- A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.

Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs? - NK cells - Antigen presenting cells - All immune cells - Helper T-cells - Plasma cells

- Antigen presenting cells

Which of the following is not an innate defense mechanism of the body? - fever - B lymphocytes - skin - inflammation

- B lymphocytes

Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? - Basophil - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil - Kupffer cell

- Basophil

Which of the following is the hallmark of the humoral immune response? - Antigen presentation - Phagocytosis - Binding of antibody to the antigen. - Cell lysis by T cells - Interferon production

- Binding of antibody to the antigen.

Which is correctly matched? - B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body. - Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells - Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I - Regulatory T cells: make antibodies

- Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

Which cells of the innate immune response are responsible for detecting and destroying parasites? - Natural killer cells - Mast cells - Eosinophils - Neutrophils

- Eosinophils

Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? - Swelling - Redness - Pain - Fever

- Fever

Which of the following is mismatched? - B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies - Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells - Cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses - Regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response

- Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? - Basophils - Killer T-cells - Plasma cells - Helper T-cells - Complement cells

- Helper T-cells

Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)? - IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. - IFNs have antiviral activity. - IFNs activate macrophages. - IFNs have an anticancer role.

- IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

This type of antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, thus invoking inflammation. - IgA - IgG - IgE - IgM - IgD

- IgE

Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells of the presence of a virus? - Complement - Interferon - Interleukin - Pyrogen - Antigen

- Interferon

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? - Natural killer cells - Basophils - Helper T-lymphocytes - Plasma cells - Macrophages

- Natural killer cells

These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever. - Pyrogens - Heparin - Antibodies - Histamine - Keratin

- Pyrogens

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are - T lymphocytes. - B lymphocytes. - NK cells.

- T lymphocytes.

Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response. - T-lymphocytes - antibodies - plasma cells - B-lymphocytes

- T-lymphocytes

A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n) - hapten. - antigen. - antibody. - colony-stimulating factor. - immunoglobulin.

- antigen.

Antigen is a contraction of - antigen etc. - antigenic determinants. - anti-genetic. - antibody genes.

- antigenic determinants.

A vaccination works to establish: - natural passive immunity. - natural active immunity. - artificial passive immunity. - artificial active immunity.

- artificial active immunity.

Which of the following processes is most similar to complement fixation? - chemotaxis - diapedesis - antibody formation - blood clotting

- blood clotting

Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the: - bone marrow. - lymph nodes. - thymus. - spleen.

- bone marrow.

The primary mechanism of antibody action is - phagocytosis. - agglutination. - neutralization. - complement activation. - precipitation.

- complement activation.

The process that begins when a helper T-cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as - T-cell proliferation. - self antigen recognition. - costimulation. - antigen proliferation.

- costimulation.

Which hypersensitivity is caused by T-lymphocytes? - acute - subacute - chronic - delayed

- delayed

Leukotrienes cause - dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area. - neutrophils to migrate to an area of inflammation. - the release of digestive enzymes outside the cell. - apoptosis of cells.

- dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.

Complement proteins work by - creating an impermeable barrier. - phagocytosis of target cells. - forming pores in the membranes of target cells. - producing antibodies. - neutralization of antigens.

- forming pores in the membranes of target cells.

In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability. - neutrophils - platelet derived growth factors - free radicals - histamines

- free radicals

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that - an immune response is underway. - antigens are present. - fever is developing. - inflammation is occurring. - antibodies are phagocytizing target cells.

- inflammation is occurring.

The classical and alternate pathway for complement fixation converge at - production of C-reactive protein. - lysis of the foreign cell. - insertion of the membrane attack complex. - the release of factor B, D, and P.

- insertion of the membrane attack complex.

All of the following are functions of interferon except that - it mobilizes natural killer cells. - it interferes with viral replication in affected cells. - it only occurs naturally. - it is not viral specific.

- it only occurs naturally.

Toll-like receptors are found on - lymphocytes. - mast cells. - macrophages. - neutrophils.

- macrophages.

The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) - basophil. - antigen-presenting cell. - helper T-cell. - plasma cell. - memory cell.

- memory cell.

Interferons can be used to treat all of the following except - cancer. - muscular dystrophy. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.

- muscular dystrophy.

Gene guns are used to shoot - antigens with genes. - genes that prevent hypersensitive reactions into lymphocytes. - naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin. - pathogens in the blood stream.

- naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin.

Which of the following does not originate from a monocyte? - microglia - Kupffer cells - natural killer cells - free macrophages

- natural killer cells

Antibodies are produced in cells called - natural killer cells. - beta cells. - plasma cells. - helper T-cells. - memory cells.

- plasma cells.

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is derived from arachidonic acid? - perforin - bradykinin - prostaglandin - histamine

- prostaglandin

The ability of a phagocyte to adhere to a particular particle depends on its ability to - coat the particle with protein. - recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle. - produce a respiratory rush. - coat the particle with antibodies.

- recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle.

Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response? - release of leukocytosis inducing factor - adhesion of the neutrophils cell adhesion molecules to antigen - positive chemotaxis - diapedesis

- release of leukocytosis inducing factor

All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders EXCEPT - Grave's disease. - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - Myasthenia gravis - sickle cell anemia. - rheumatoid arthritis.

- sickle cell anemia.

"Somatic recombination" refers to - the selection of antigens the body will respond to. - the somatic response to recombinant DNA. - the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent. - the rearrangement of cells in order to produce an immune response.

- the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent.

T-lymphocytes that bind to an antigen before co-stimulation takes place will cause - these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen. - cause less tissue damage than when co-stimulation takes place first. - these lymphocytes to die. - cause plasma cells to produce autoantibodies.

- these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen.

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells - by releasing oxidizing agents. - by phagocytosis. - through injection of tumor necrosis factor. - by secreting antibodies. - through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.

- through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.

Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of - contact with a pathogen. - vaccination. - antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta. - injection of an immune serum. - antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.

- vaccination.

All of the following are examples of characteristics of adaptive defenses EXCEPT - they have memory. - they are systemic. - They are usually initiated in a lymph node. - we are born with them. - they are specific.

- we are born with them.

Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? - zinc - phosphorous - magnesium - copper

- zinc

An antibody molecule consists of what?

-2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains -Each molecule has 2 antigen-binding sites -2 complement-binding sites

Each heavy chain of an antibody molecule consists of what?

-3 constant regions -1 variable region

What are the two classes of lymphocytes of adaptive immunity?

-B lymphocytes (B cells) -T lymphocytes (T cells)

Lymphocytes are densest where they develop where?

-Bone marrow -Thymus gland -Lymph nodes -Spleen

T cells function to produce what?

-Cell-mediated immunity and help to regulate adaptive immunity in general

What are the characteristic signs of inflammation?

-Heat -Redness -Pain -Swelling

What are the two major categories of immune mechanisms?

-Innate immunity -Adaptive immunity

Complement produce a cascade of reactions resulting in what immune responses?

-Lyse cells when activated by either adaptive or innate mechanisms -Opsonization (mark cells for destruction by phagocytes) -variety of other immune responses

Adaptive or acquired immunity; which is resistance developed after birth; has what two types?

-Natural immunity results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens -Artificial immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization

What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.

-Opsonization is the process of making pathogens easier for phagocytes to grab onto and phagocytize by decorating their surface with molecules to which the phagocytes receptors can bind. An example that includes opsonin is the lectin pathway. It is a type of the complement system. Mannan-binding lectin proteins play a major role in activation of this pathway. Opsonin belongs to the same family as C1q, a family called the collectins.

B cells develop in what two stages?

-Pre-B cells develop by a few months of age -The second stage occurs in lymph nodes and spleen—activation of a naïve B cell after it binds a specific antigen

Adaptive immunity occurs in what series of stages?

-Recognition of antigen -Activation of lymphocytes -Effector phase (immune attack) -Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (homeostatic balance) -Memory cells remain for later response if needed

Activation of lymphocytes requires what two stimuli?

-Specific antigen -Activating chemicals

What is the first line of defense against a disease?

-The innate defense system is the first line of defense against disease. The skin and the mucous membranes are part of the innate defense system. As long as the epidermis is unbroken, a formidable physical barrier is presented to most microorganisms

What distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system?

-The innate defenses reduce the workload of the adaptive system by preventing the entry and spread of microorganisms in the body. -Innate is nonspecific, adaptive is specific The innate defense system is always ready to respond immediately, whereas it takes more time to mount the adaptive defense system.

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by

...

Inflammatory response

triggered whenever body tissues are injured or infected

What is the major class of antibody in the mucous membranes and in saliva and tears?

IgA

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?

IgA

which immunoglobulin is found primarily in secretions of exocrine glands such as milk, tears and gastric juice which helps protect against infections

IgA

A person with a deficit of IgA is likely to exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Which of the following correctly explains the role of IgA in this scenario?

IgA, found in the mucus lining of the respiratory tract, helps stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces and entering our body

What antibody has a small amount in blood; and who's precise function unknown?

IgD

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?

IgD

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cells?

IgD

Involved in allergies

IgE

The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is

IgE

What antibody is present in a small amount; and produces harmful effects such as allergies?

IgE

which immunoglobulin are mast cells that attack allergens?

IgE

C

IgE antibodies attach to mast cells in body tissues.

What antibody makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin class can cross the placenta to provide naturally acquired passive immunity to the fetus?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

IgG

list immunoglobulins

IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD

Which of the following antibodies can fix complement?

IgG and IgM

What classes of antibodies consist of only 1 single antibody unit?

IgG, IgE, IgD

5 major classes of immunoglobulins

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

Antibody classes

IgG, igA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant?

IgG: 75-80% of all circulating antibodies.

Which of the following are properly matched? IgG: most abundant antibody IgM: secreted in tears IgA: primary antibody during primary immune response IgE: primary antibody of the secondary immune response

IgG: most abundant antibody

What is the antibody that naïve B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen?

IgM

What is the first antibody released in the primary response and usually indicates infection?

IgM

which immunoglobulin is found in blood plasma; anti A and anti B antibodies associated with RBCs are this this type of antibody

IgM

Five major classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

IgM (pentamer) IgA (dimer) IgD IgG IgE

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?

IgM contains 10 binding sites.

Which of the following are NOT correctly matched? severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): helper T cells are destroyed by a virus multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder

Immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis

Immunological Memory

two immune responses; Primary and Secondary

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease

type 2 diabetes

Cell Mediated Immunity

Immunity that requires cell to cell contact. Carried out by T cells; Only recognize antigen associated with self-protein

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Immunocompetence ________.

Naïve lymphocytes

Immunocompetent mature lymphocytes that have not been exposed to the antigen that they have receptors for.

What are the five classes of antibodies?

Immunoglobulins M, G, A, E, and D

What do memory cells provide?

Immunological memory

T cytotoxic cells

Important in defense against: Cancer cells. Self cells infected with fungi, viruses, protozoans, and bacteria.

antigen

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

Graft rejection may be caused by

using a xenograft

Name the 2 Defense Systems the Immune System Has...

Innate (Nonspecific) Defense Adaptive (Specific) Defense

What are proteins synthesized and released into the circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other, nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state?

Interferon (INF)

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? They __?__

Involve IgE and the release of histamine from Mast cells and Basophils.

Immunocompetence __?__.

Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it.

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts

Isografts are between identical twins

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

Isografts are between identical twins.

Select the correct statement regarding tissue grafts.

Isografts are between identical twins.

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

It is specific for a given organ

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

It is specific for a given organ.

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is specific. It has memory. It is systemic.

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

Which of the following statements does not describe the adaptive immune response?

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

What does adaptive immunity depend upon?

Its cells ability to recognize antigens by binding to them and mounts a specific response

a T cell clone that destroys the antigen (pathogen) through the use of two mechanisms: (1) punching holes in its cell membrane and (2) secreting lymphokines, a substance that enhances phagocytic activity

Killer T cells

Cytotoxic T cell

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

What do injured tissue, phagocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells release?

Kinins, PGs, leuotrienes and complement

cells located in the liver that are fixed to the walls of the large capillaries called sinusoids; as blood flows through the sinusoids, pathogens and other foreign substances are removed and phagocytosed

Kupffer cells

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway

Lactate pathway

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? classical pathway lactate pathway alternative pathway lectin pathway

Lactate pathway

NK Cells are part of what group of cells?

Large Granular Lymphocytes

What are the ultimate targets of all immune responses?

Large, complex molecules not normally found in body

Chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells

Leukocytosis

Edema

Local swelling, usually caused by increased extracellular/interstitial fluid.

the use of dead of attenuated pathogen to stimulate antibody production is called ____ or immunization the solution of dead or attenuated pathogens is the ____ because the use of a vaccine stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies, vaccines induce a ____ immunity, which is artificially acquired

vaccination vaccine active

that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis

Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______.

What are the Primary types of cells for adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes called T cells and B cells

How does a lymphocyte become immunocompetent?

Lymphocytes must be able to recognize their one specific antigen by binding to it.

Natural killer cells

Lymphocytes that are able to kill certain cells by the insertion of granules containing perforin

What does the adaptive immunity use to identify and destroy nonself substances?

Lymphocytes, APCs, specific molecules

Enzymes (surface barrier)

Lysosomes of saliva, respiratory mucous, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms, enzymes in stomach kill microorganisms

Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.

Lysozyme

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

MHC Class II molecules are found only on antigen-presenting cells and T cells that have been activated in the thymus.

All nucleated cells have these

MHC I

Self-antigens

MHC proteins

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called

MONOCLONAL

What describes the qualities of most antigens?

Macroolecules tht are forgeign to the host

Derived from circulating monocytes

Macrophages

Which of the following cells predominate at the site of a chronic infection?

Macrophages

Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?

Macrophages

A common APC

Macrophages:

IgG

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response

Phagocyte mobilization involves __?__.

Mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas.

Protozoan Infections

Malaria, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, tichomoniasis, and african sleeping sickness

Artificially acquired active immunity

vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens

Neutrophils attach to CAMs on the endothelial linings in the injured area

Margination

Where do histamines come from?

Mast cells

Invoke inflammation when IgE cross-links to them

Mast cells:

Regulatory T cells __?__.

May function to prevent autoimmune reactions.

Keratin and Mucosae provide what type of similar barriers

Mechanical

What is the first line of defense?

Mechanical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membrane)

disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.

Where are receptors located on B cells?

Membrane-bound antibodies.

Capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in secondary immune responses

Memory B cells

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

vasodilation

a T cell clone that do not participate in destruction of the antigen; these cells "remember" the initial encounter with the antigen; if the antigen is presented at some future time, these cells quickly reproduce and allow a faster immune response to occur

Memory T cells

This immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen.

Memory cell

Which of the following cells enables a quick and efficient response to a second (or later) exposure to antigen?

Memory cell

Pus

Mixture of dead neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells and living and dead pathogens.

elevated blood glucose

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT _

D

More of same antigen invades body.

Neutrophils (second line)

Most abundant phagocytes but die fighting become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

Nonspecific immunity: second line of defense: - a lymphocyte that acts nonspecifically - effective against many microbes and certain cancer cells

NK cells

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is also a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

NK Cells vs. Cytotoxic T Cells

NK: a. non-specific immunity b. Attack cells that don't have MHCI proteins, or that are coated with antibodies. Cytotoxic T: a. specific immunity. b. Attack cells that present a foreign body on its MHC I protein (endogenous antigens).

PKR blocks ...

viral reproduciton

Pre-B cells are sometimes called what after they complete their first stages of development?

Naive or inactive virgin B cells

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes

Natural killer cells

A small subgroup of lymphocytes that will attack cancerous cells

Natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by __?__.

Natural killer cells

What are the lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses?

Natural killer cells

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells

Apoptosis (self destruction)

Natural killer cells introduce (self destruction) in cancer cells and virus infected cells

__________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk.

Natural passive

What occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial endotoxins

Neutralization

4 defense mechanisms used by antibodies

Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation and complement fixation

Binding of antigen-binding site (Fab region) of an antibody with antigen causes

Neutralization-antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin. Agglutination-Antibody cross-links cells(ex;bacteria), forming a clump Precipitation-antibody cross-links circulating particles(ex;toxins), forming an insoluble antigen-antibody complex

What is the most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; which migrates out of bloodstream during diapedesis; and forms pus?

Neutrophil

Phagocytes; will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours

Neutrophils

Margination

Neutrophils (and other phagocytes) adhere to capillary wall.

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?

Neutrophils and other WBC's migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?

Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.

What is the main event of chemotaxis?

Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.

Which WBCs are called into the inflammation site by Leukocytosis?

Neutrophils: first on the scene Monocytes: become activated into macrophages within 12 hours.

A recent measles outbreak in your community has sparked interest in antibody testing to determine which patients are immune, which are at risk for infection, and which patients actually have measles. Which patient status and lab values are incorrectly matched?

Never immunized and ill with measles for 3 days: IgG +/ IgM -

Does innate immune response have a memory?

No

two classifications of phagocytes

wander and fixed

Cerumen

waxy secretions within external auditory meatus, waterproofs external auditory meatus, may trap microbes in external ear

Lactic acid

weak acid, produced by the vagina, creates a low pH that slows or prevents the growth of microbes

Are Natural Killer Cells phagocytic?

No, they kill by direct contact with target cell inducing it to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

What are the molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as "non-self" to the immune system?

Non-self markers

Urine protective mechanism

Normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth; cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body

Where are mucus-coated hairs located?

Nose

Viruses

Not a cell. DNA or RNA within a capsid protein. Obligate intracellular parasites; must enter cell to replicate

What is systemic mean?

Not restricted to initial infection site

Select the correct statement about antigens

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody

Select the correct statement about antigens.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

What is true about antigens

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

Humoral immune response

when B cells encounters a target antigen

With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?

Opsonins

Opsonins

Opsonins are complement proteins or antibodies that "mark" the pathogen for destructions and makes it easier for phagocytic cells to bind,

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed __?__.

Opsonization

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? tissue repair T cell activation opsonization fever

Opsonization

What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.

Opsonization is the process of making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complement proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins

Defense mechanisms mediated by the complement system

Opsonization, Inflammation, Cytolysis, and Elimination of immune complexes

This process encourages phagocytosis

Opsonization:

Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?

Our genes

Under what circumstances might NK cells kill are our own cells?

Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or are cancerous.

Under what circumstances might NK cells kill our own cells?

Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or when they have become cancerous

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called

PATHOGENS

persons allergive to ____ are at particular risk for anaphylasix

PCN (penicillin)

IFN leave infected cells and enter neighboring cells activating transcription of what gene?

PKR (antiviral protein)

Multicellular parasites infections

Parasitic infection from tapeworms, lung flukes, liver flukes, blood flukes, hookworms, Trichinella, Ascaris, whipworms, and pinworms

Phagocytes

Part of the second line of defense against microorganisms

passive immunity example

Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

What is developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection?

Passive immunity

The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?

Passive immunity, artificially acquired

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

Pathogens in the lumen of the stomach

Chemicals liberated by the inflammatory response increase:

Permeabliity of local capillaries

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Phagocyte mobilization involves _____

Natural Killer Cells are NOT ....

Phagocytes

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes

Which of the following is part of the 2nd line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes

The Inner Defense of the Innate Defense consist of ...

Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Inflammation Antimicrobial Proteins Fever

What grow larger after migrating from bloodstream?

Phagocytic monocytes

Innate immune system defenses include __?__.

Phagocytosis

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

Phagocytosis

innate internal defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

Secrete antibodies

Plasma cells

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Plasma cells ________.

B

Plasma cells produce large amounts of class IgE antibodies against allergen.

Produce immunoglobulins

Plasma cells:

T helper cells

Play a central role in immunity; Act indirectly by controlling the immune functions of other cells: Increased antibody production by B cells; Increased phagocytosis by macrophages; Increased killing of foreign and cancer cells

NK Cells are know as the ______ or _____ of the defensive immune system

Police Pit Bulls

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?

Prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Regulatory T cells

Prevents immune system from harming self

What is the initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days?

Primary response

Margination

Process in which capillary cells secrete adhesion molecules that grab passing neutrophils

Chemotaxis

Process in which infammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to an injured area

Opsonization

Process in which pathogens are coated with antibodies or complement proteins. Enables pathogens to recognize adn attach to pathogen

Inflammation

Process that is triggered when body tissues are injured. Prevents the spread of damaging agents, sents teh stage for repair ands alerts the immune system

Lectin pathway

Produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders, when bound to specific sugar on foreign invaders, it can activate complement

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by __?__.

Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Fever

Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Formation and docking of MHC molecules in an unhealthy cell

Proteins of viral particles are digested by proteasomes into peptide fragments; peptide fragments are taken up into the RER. 1.as MHC I molecules are synthesized by the RER, peptide fragments of the viral particle become attached to MHC I. 2. transport vesicles are produced from the RER that contain MHC class I molecules with viral peptide fragments, they are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane 3. MHC I with bound foreign antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane following fusion of the secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.

The Lectin pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.

Proteins secreted by the liver that bind specifically to sugars like mannose found in bacterial cell walls.

Complement system

Provides major mechanism for destroying foreign substances, enhances inflammation and also directly destroys bacteria enhancing both innate and adaptive defenses

If the lymphocyte is a B cell what does the antigen do?

Provoke humoral response and produces antibodies

These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.

Pyrogens

Events of Fever

Pyrogens are released and circulate in the blood, they target the hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandin E2 which raises the temperature set point of the hypothalamus from its normal 37C. the following stages occur in response: onset, stadium, and defervescence.

Antibody Diversity

Random mixing of gene segments makes unique antibody genes that: - Code for H and L chains - Account for part of the variability in antibodies

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

React nonspecifically and eliminate cancerous and virus-infected cells

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

Reactivity with an antibody

Cytotoxic T Cells

Recognizes cancer cells, cells infected by virus, bacteria, etc,

Antibodies resist disease first by what?

Recognizing foreign or abnormal substances

Where do lymphocytes originate?

Red bone marrow

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of function. inflammatory response typically lasts no longer than 8 to 10 days. if it last longer than 2 weeks-chronic inflammation

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes them?

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the cardinal signs of inflammation. Redness and local heat are both caused by vasodilation of arterioles, which increases the flow of blood to the affected area. The swelling is due to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation, which increase capillary permeability. This increases permeability allows proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, increasing IF osmotic pressure and drawing more fluid out of blood vessels and into, thereby causing swelling. The pain is due to two things the actions of certain chemical mediators on nerve endings, and the swelling, which can compress free nerve endings

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Regulatory T cells ________.

Slows or stops the immune system

Regulatory t cell

Leukocytosis

Releaqse of neutrophils from bone marrow, usualy as a response to tissue injury

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

Replacing injured tissue with connective tissue.

Specific Immunity

Resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by products

Sticky mucous membrane lined with cilia

Respiratory tract:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Resulting from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Interferes with Helper T Cells activity.

Clonal selection of B cells __?__.

Results in the formation of plasma cells.

Contains the antibacterial enzyme called lysozyme

Saliva and tears:

Skin and mucous membrane provide additional immune mechanisms including what?

Sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloride acid in the stomach

Innate Internal Defense act as the ____ line of defense

Second

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigen-receptor complexes occur during which phase of clonal selection?

Second

What is a later encounter with the same antigen that triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies?

Secondary response

natural killer cells (NK cells)

Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response

What marks the antigens for destruction?

Secreted antibodies

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

Select the correct statement about antigens.

What are the molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as "self" to the immune system?

Self markers

What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize?

Self-antigens

What do cytotoxic T cells bind to?

Self-nonself complex

What is the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells?

Self-tolerance

chemotaxis:

white blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage

Select the correct statement about antigens.

Since one antigen may have many antigenic determinants, it may cause more than one type of antibody to be produced.

The Surface Barrier of the Innate Defense consist of ...

Skin Mucous Membrane

Acid mantle of skin protective mechanism

Skin secretions (sweat & sebum)n make epidermal surface acidic, which inhibits bacterial growth, also contains various bactericidal chemicals

First line of defense includes

Skin, Mucous membranes, Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and secretions produced by skin, mucous membranes, and other

Surface Barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense

Exfoliation

Sloughing off of epidermal cells, removes potential pathogens from skin surface.

Regulatory T cell

Slows or stops the immune response

haptens

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________

true

Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime. (T/F)

What is the genetic characteristics of an organism or species defends against pathogens?

Species resistance

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

Specifically for a given organ

Diapedesis

Squeezing of neutrophils between endothelial cells to enter interstitium.

free macrophages ...

wonder throughout

Diseases caused by bacteria

Streptococcal infections, staphylococcal infections, tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, tetanus, lyme disease, salmonella, and anthrax

Pyrogens

Substance secreted by leukocytes that act on the body's thermostat, raising the body temperature

Antigens

Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response; Only certain parts of an entire antigen are immunogenic

What regulatory T cells suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance?

Suppressor T cells

a T cell clone that inhibits the immune response when the antigen has been destroyed; inhibits T and B cell activity

Suppressor T cells

Other types of T cells

Suppressor T cells (TS) Memory T cells

Name the 2 Defenses the Innate Defense has...

Surface Barrier Inner Defense

Keratin in the skin

Surface Barrier, presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms; Is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

Mucosae

Surface Barrier, provide similar mechanical barriers

Innate Immunity First Line of Defence

Surface/mechanical barriers: Skin Mucous membranes

Complement

System of blood proteins that provides a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances. Results in lysis of the invading cell

What occurs from a body-wide inflammatory response?

Systemic inflammation

Cell Mediated Immune Response

T cells

Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of __________.

T cells

What are the lymphocytes that go through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen?

T cells

What attack pathogens more directly and are classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)?

T cells

What is usually needed to help B cells achieve full activation?

T cells

Which cells mature in the thymus?

T cells

Which of the following is (are) NOT a part of the innate immune defenses?

T cells

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease?

T cells

Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease?

T cells

what cells are activated during a delayed-reaction allergy?

T cells

thymus

T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.

They become T helper cells

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

function in the adaptive immune system activation

T helper cells ________.

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are __________.

T lymphocytes

antigen binding and co-stimulation

T-cell activation requires ________.

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation

T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Regulatory T cells

TREG

What type of T cells can destroy all infected or abnormal cells?

Tc

innate external defenses (first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin)

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?

The T cell enters a state of anergy

What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?

The T cell enters a state of anergy.

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency

The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Your clinical instructor wants a brief description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. What would you tell him?

The heat and redness are caused by increased blood flow to the infected areas, and the pain and swelling are caused by excessive leakage of fluid from the capillaries into the infected area.

What distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system?

The innate defense system is always ready to respond immediately, whereas it takes considerable time to mount the adaptive defense system. The innate defenses consist of surface barriers and internal defenses, whereas the adaptive defenses consist of humoral and cellular immunity, which rely on B and T Lymphocytes

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

The primary immune response ______

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

The primary immune response ________.

vasodilation

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ___

vasodilation

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia is caused by what?

Vaccine is affective because

The secondary response of the adaptive imunity is faster and more efficient primary response

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.

The virus that causes HIV-AIDs recognizes CD4 receptors.

Which statement is true about T cells?

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2

Which statement is true about T cells?

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

What are hypersensitivities distinguished by?

Their time course and whether antibodies or T cells are involved

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

They become T helper cells.

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

They become helper T cells

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities

They involve IgE antibodies and release histamine from mass cells and basophils

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?

They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

Cell-mediated Immunity

This is needed since antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens; Two major populations of T cells mediate cellular immunity: - CD4 and CD8

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells __________.

Through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane

T cells achieve self-tolerance in the ____

Thymus

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self"

Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

APC cell encounters antigen which phagocytize the antigen, presents antigen in MHC molecule to a T lymphocyte; lymphocyte with correct receptor will be activated and either proliferate and make many copies or differentiate into memory cells or effecter to T helper cells which activate cytotoxic sections

Trace the pathway of a T cell immune response

inflammation

Triggered whenever body tissues are injured due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, infections by microorgan

A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.

True

A moderate fever is a protective adaptive response. T or F?

True

Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.

True

Antigens can be complete or incomplete.

True

Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

True

Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis

True

Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.

True

Perforins form complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allow the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.

True

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies

True

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

True

Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.

True

The classical complement pathway involves antibodies

True

The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination. This produces the huge variability in antibody types.

True

The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals

True

The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.

True

Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and these other cells to inhibit viral replication.

True

HIV attacks helper T cells by binding into the CD4 proteins. T or F

True -HIV targets CD4 cells via their CD4 surface proteins.

Interferon (IFN)

Two classes: IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are antiviral agents, and IFN-gamma is a pro-inflammatory agent. come from leukocytes and fibroblasts

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

Type II diabetes

Where is cilia located?

Upper respiratory tract

Genetically engineered IFN

Used to treat hepatitis C, genital warts, multiple sclerosis.

Antigen encounter and activation

Usually takes place in spleen or lymph node and when binds will activate and complete its differentiation.

hypervariable regions

V gene segments, mutate and increase antibody variation

What provides antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive?

Vaccines

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Vaccines work by ________.

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes (SCID)

Variety of genetic diseases resulting in marked deficit of B and T cells.

Cytolysis

Various complement components (C5-C9_ trigger direct killing of a target by forming a protein channel in the plasma membrane of a target cell called a membrane attack complex(MAC). The mac protein channel allows an influx of fluid that causes lysis of the cell

All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.

All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by __?__.

Vasodilation

What causes Redness and Heat in inflamed tissue?

Vasodilations and Hyperemia.

How does interferons work?

Viral-infected cells are activated to secrete IFNs, which enter neighboring cells and produce antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction

What does Cytotoxic T cells target?

Virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites, cancer cells, foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)

free macrophages (wandering cells)

Wander through tissue spaces,

How long do antibody levels remain high after peak in secondary immune?

Weeks to months

site on the surface of an antigen where the antibody can bind

What are antigenic determinants?

capable of stimulating the production of antibodies

What are complete antigens?

plasma proteins that cause cascade of effects; activated by antigen/antibody complexes or by antigens on pathogens surface

What are compliment proteins?

small molecule that when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it

What are haptens?

small proteins that when cells recognize they have been infected they secrete these to warn other cells

What are interferons?

protein molecules on surface of cells; they are coded for by genes of the MHC

What are self antigens?

macrophages: patrol tissues and consume debris; neutrophils: first responders to infection or tissue injuries and become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material; eosinophil: recognize and kill parasitic worms; mass cells: bind and ingest a wide range of bacteria

What are the four different types of cells that undergo phagocytosis? explain each

first line: physical and chemical barriers; second line: non-specific immunes response (innate immune); third line: specific adaptive immunity

What are the three lines of defense? Explain the generals of each

memory, CD4, and CD8

What are the three types of T cells?

neutralization (masks dangerous parts), agglutination, precipitation (taking soluble things out of blood)

What are the three ways that antibodies are capable of inactivating pathogens?

regulatory T cells (makes sure immune system doesn't go overboard) and memory T cells (both t helper and cytoxtic)

What are two other types of T cells?

class 1: found on all body cells; class 2: only found on certain cells in immune response

What are two types of MHC?

plasma B cells

What cells make antibodies?

enhance innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly or hindering their ability to reproduce

What do antimicrobial proteins do?

infectious agents and abnormal body cells; amplifies the immune response by activating complement; has memory

What do third line defenses protect from?

lesions in cell membrane causing it to rupture; increased inflammation; optimization (coat bacteria with protein making them more likely to be phagocytize)

What does activation of compliment proteins lead to?

terminated

What happens to T cells that bind to self-antigens?

ability to produce antibodies against antigen

What is active immunity?

engulf antigens and present fragments of antigen for T cells to recognize; dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

What is an antigen presenting cell and what are the major types?

antigen challenge with lymphocyte B cell which provokes humoral immune response and antibodies are produced by plasma cells

What is involved in the humoral immunity response?

B cells are not exposed to antigens; no memory formed

What is passive humoral immunity?

presence of antibodies that were not produced by that person

What is passive immunity?

inside the cell; performed by T cells; T cell antigen receptors bind to antigen-MHC complex on the surface of cell which activates it, T cell enlargers and proliferates to form a clone of cells that proliferate and perform their specific functions

What is the cell mediated immune response?

they cause cell death; attack and kill other cells; use perforin and granzymes; move through body searching for cell displaying antigen for it to destroy

What is the function of a CD8 (cytotoxic) t cell? What do they use to complete this?

directly able to lyse and kill cancer cells and infected cells; secrete proteins and punch holes in infected cells

What is the function of natural killer cells?

antigenic determinant (specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to)

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

bind to about anything; bind to self and all other antigens

What to T cells bind to?

humoral immunity

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

self-antigens

What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize?

Autoimmune disease

When bodies own antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells destroy its own cells.

anytime tissues are injured from intense heat, chemicals or by infection

When does inflammation occur?

Lymphocytes

When immature they are released from bone marrow and are essentially identical; maturity into one of 2 types: B and T depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent; part of the adaptive Immune system

break down of native self proteins; only one

Where do antigens displayed on surface of T cells come from? how many types of antigens can a single T cell recognize?

mast cells

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?

class II MHC proteins ( present antigens that originated from outside the cell (phagocytized extracellular pathogens))

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

CD8 cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

helper T cells: destroy infected body cells

Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?

antibodies and complement proteins

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? interferons T cells natural killer (NK) cells antibodies and complement proteins

dendritic cells

Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition? T lymphocytes NK cells dendritic cells plasma cells

dendritic cells

Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?

interferons

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? complement proteins T lymphocytes interferons phagocytes

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).

a second exposure to an allergen

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

lectin pathway

Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

reactivity with an antibody

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

antigenic

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? antigenic helper regulatory cytotoxic

T cell

Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response

Which of the following is true of antigens?

Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.

Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?

T cells (They are involved in cell-mediated immunity as they defend the body against specific pathogens)

Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease? NK cells phagocytes T cells inflammation

intact skin and mucous membranes

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens? compliment antimicrobial proteins intact skin and mucous membranes inflammation

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is systemic. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is specific. It has memory.

After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?

NK cells are a type of neutrophil

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? NK cells are a type of neutrophil. NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens.

all nucleated cells

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

mucous membranes

Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?

complement proteins

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?

Antigens only come from microbes

Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

Which statement is true about T cells?

Phagocytes (second line of defense)

White blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders

so that they will develop antibodies against various diseases (vaccines "prime" the immune response by providing a first meeting with the antigen without an infection occurring. As a result, antibodies are developed against the disease without the disease occurring)

Why are children given vaccinations?

T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation _____

Are there memory T cells?

Yes

Can B cells be activated without TH?

Yes

Does the adaptive immune system act to immobilize, neutralize or destroy foreign substances?

Yes

Does the adaptive immune system activate complement?

Yes

Does the adaptive immune system amplify inflammatory response?

Yes

Does the adaptive immune system recognize specific foreign substances?

Yes

Does adaptive defenses have memory?

Yes it recognizes previous exposure and mounts a stronger attack

When the white blood cell count is depressed, the classic signs of infection such as redness, local heat, and swelling are not manifested. In this case, should the nurse avoid administering aspirin?

Yes, aspirin should be avoided because aspirin would disguise a fever that would indicate infection.

Naturally acquired Active humoral immunity

You catch bacterial or viral infection (and the related symptoms of the infection) that activate system.

Artificially acquired Active humoral immunity

You receive a vaccine (are immunized) against certain diseases.

Risks of a high fever

a fever is significant when it is above 100F. High fevers (103 in children and slightly lower in an adult) are dangerous becasue of the changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of body proteins. Seizures may occur at sustained body temps above 102F. irreversible brain damage may occur at body temps sustained at greater than 106F, and death is likely to occur when body temp. reaches 109F.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen.

Lymphokines

a substance produced by lymphocytes, such as interferon, that acts upon other cells of the immune system, e.g., by activating macrophages.

IgA

a. "Secretory IgA" b. Found in saliva, sweat, intestinal juice, milk. c. Stops pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells (mucous membranes and skin).

MHC II

a. Activate CD4 cells. b. Found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells that express exogenous antigens. c. Exogenous antigens: antigens that have been engulfed, digested and then the pieces placed on the surface.

MHC I proteins

a. Activate CD8 cells. b. Displayed by all nucleated cells. c. Foreign antigens on MHC are endogenous antigens: fragments of proteins that were synthesized inside the cell. d. Messages: showing what the captured invader looks like' or asking to be killed because it has been invaded or become cancerous.

Cytotoxic T Cells

a. Activated CD 8 cells. b. Only T-cell that can directly attack and kill other cells. c. Main targets: virus, bacterial and parasite infected cells, cancer cells and foreign cells. d. Insert perforins - channels into infected cells, followed by granzymes that trigger apoptosis (cell death).

Passive Humoral Immunity

a. Antibodies obtained from outside source (donor). b. Confers short-term protection. c. Does NOT stimulate long term protection

Plasma Cells (humoral immunity)

a. Antibody-secreting cells of the humoral immune response. b. Originate from activated B cells. c. Can secrete about 2000 antibody molecules per second.

Exogenous antigens

a. Antigens that have been engulfed, digested and then had their pieces placed on the surface. b. Phagocytized extracellular pathogens. c. Usually presented by Antigen-presenting cells (APC).

IgE

a. Binds to mast cells and basophils, acting as receptors. b. Trigger these cells to release histamine and other chemicals of inflammation and allergic reactions. c. Secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae of GI and respiratory tracts, and tonsils.

Defensins

a. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides - help control bacterial and fungal colonization. b. Secreted by skin and mucous membranes.

Cytokines

a. Chemical messengers involved in cellular immunity. b. Can be: interferons or interleukins. c. Hormone/paracrine-like glycoproteins released by a variety of cells.

Complement fixation and activation

a. Chief antibody defense against cellular antigens. b. Causes antigens to lyse. c. Several antibodies binding close together on the same cell triggers fixation and activation of complement proteins, which cause cell to lyse.

Memory B cells (humoral immunity)

a. Clones identical to the parent B cell. b. Reinforce defence for "if and when" a new invasion of the same antigen happens. c. Subsequent exposure will elicit a much faster response form the immune system.

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

a. Complement protein C3b binds to the target cell's surface and inserts a group of complement proteins: MAC. b. MAC forms and stabilizes a hole in the membrane, which allows water to lyse cell.

Vaccines

a. Contain dead or attenuated (living but diluted or weakened) pathogens that are live but genetically engineered so cannot produce cell/tissue damage b. Generally minimal symptoms associated with vaccine but still allows memory cells to be formed. c. May need booster shots to intensify immune response.

Co-stimulatory molecules

a. Cytokines: Interleukins (IL) released by Helper T cells to activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells. b. Activation of B cells: IL 4. c. Activation of T cells: IL 2

Regulatory T Cells

a. Dampen immune response either by direct contact or by releasing inhibitory cytokines b. Important target cells in research - fight cancer, prevent tissue rejection in organ transplant recipients.

Natural Killer Cells

a. Defensive cells that lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. b. Not phagocytic: kill by direct contact with target cell inducing it to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) c. Same method used by cytotoxic T-cells. d. Non-specific. e. Large granular lymphocyte.

Lysozymes

a. Enzymes found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of eyes. b. Destroys bacteria. c. Protein-digesting enzymes in the stomach.

Skin role in immunity

a. Epidermis is thick and keratinized. b. Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases and to bacterial enzymes and toxins.

Primary Immune Response

a. First time exposed to antigens: lag time until B cells divide enough and become plasma cells. b. Takes about 3-6 days c. Peak antibody titer (concentration): about 10 days

IgD

a. Found on B cell surface. b. Functions as B cell antigen receptor.

Endogenous antigens

a. Fragments or proteins that have been synthesized inside the cell. b. Viruses and certain bacteria that infect cells and express some of their proteins on surface; c. Cancer cells that inappropriately express "self-proteins" or "altered self- proteins" not normally seen in that cell type.

Antibodies

a. Gamma immunoglobulins. b. Secreted by activated B cells. c. Forms antibody-antigen complexes.

Neutrophils

a. Granulocytes. b. Most abundant WBC c. Become phagocytic when encounter infectious material in the tissues. d. Granulocytes

Complement Proteins

a. Group of 20 circulating plasma proteins. b. Lyses and kills certain bacteria. c. Enhances effectiveness of innate and adaptive defenses. d. Cascade reaction where one activated complement protein activates many more of the next ones.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

a. Group of cell surface glycoproteins that are "self-antigens" b. Coded by genes: no two people have same MHC (except identical twins)

Artificially acquired Passive humoral immunity

a. Harvested from plasma of donor (human or animal). b. Used to treat antivenum, botulism, rabies, others.

Interferons

a. Help protect cells that have not already been infected by viruses. b. Bind to receptor in unaffected cells, and triggers synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication - block protein synthesis and degrade viral RNA.

INF secreted by lymphocytes

a. IFN gamma (immune interferon). b. Activates macrophages and NK cells.

IL 1

a. IL-1: released by macrophages. b. Stimulates T cells that release IL-2.

Antigenic determinants

a. Immunogenic parts of the antigen. b. Those are the sites where antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind. c. Antigens can have various antigen determinants on their surfaces--some more potent than others in provoking an immune response.

Leukocytosis

a. Increase in white blood cells - especially neutrophils released from bone marrow. b. Injured cells provoke leukocytosis by releasing leukocytosis-inducing factor.

How does Adaptive Immunity develop?

a. It requires a first exposure to develop specific immunity. b. Highly effective after initial exposure c. After learning about the antigen, is capable of amplifying the inflammatory response and responsible for most complement activation.

Cell Mediate Immunity

a. Mediated by T cells. b. Activated when T cell encounters MHCs displayed on the surface of body cells, which indicate the cell has been in contact with an antigen and must be destroyed.

Humoral Immunity

a. Mediated by activation of B cells. b. Activated when matching antigens bind to its surface receptor. c. Endocytosis of the antige-receptor complex triggers production of "clones". d. Clones: plasma cells (effectors), memory cells.

Mucous membranes role in immunity

a. Mucus-coated hairs in nose: trap inhaled particles. b. Ciliated mucosa of respiratory tract: trap and sweep particles toward mouth. c. Secrete a variety of protective chemicals.

Active Humoral Immunity

a. Own system activated by antigens resulting in antibody formation. b. Can be Naturally or Artificially acquired.

Phagocytosis

a. Phagocytic cells recognize and bind to "non-self" glycoproteins on bacteria, viruses, and fungi. b. Inside the cell, the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, to be digested and killed.

Toll-like Receptors

a. Present in Macrophages. b. Recognize a particular class of attacking microbe, for example, Salmonella or Tuberculosis bacteria. c. Release cytokines once activated.

Mucin

a. Protein that in water forms thick, sticky substance that traps microorganisms. b. Lines digestive and respiratory passage ways.

Histamine

a. Released by Mast Cells and Basophils. b. Promotes vasodilation of local arterioles. c. Increases permeability of capillaries: promoting formation of the exudate.

Activation of T Cells

a. Requires "presentation" of antigen by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on surface of cells. b. Also, requires binding of Co-stimulatory molecules. c. Without this double-recognition, T cells don't respond.

Secondary Immune Response

a. Subsequent exposure to same antigen. b. Presence of memory cells allows production of antibodies within hours. c. Reaches peak antibody titer that is much higher and faster within days. d. Peak can remain high for weeks to months.

Antigens

a. Substances identified as "non-self" by the body. b. Can mobilize adaptive defences. c. Ultimate target of all adaptive immune responses.

What causes Pain in inflamed tissue?

a. Swelling presses on local nerve endings, causing pain. b. Bacterial toxins and sensitizing agents (prostaglandins and kinins).

Fever

a. Systemic response to invading microorganisms producing abnormally high body temperature. b. Initiated by Pyrogens.

What happens to the antibodies released by the plasma cells?

a. The antibodies will have the same antigen-binding properties as the receptor molecules from the parent B cell. b. They will circulate in the blood and lymph. c. There, they will bind to free antigens and mark them for destruction.

Antibody Variable and Constant regions

a. Variable region: contains binding site for specific antigen - found at the ends of both the light and heavy chains. b. Constant region: same setup for all antibodies of the same class.

Hypersensitivities

a. When immune system damages tissue as it fights off perceived threat. b. Usually resulting from allergens such as peanuts and pollen. c. IgE antibodies involved in immune response. d. Excessive histamine release and smooth muscle contraction.

Antibody Structure

a. Y-shaped monomer b. 2 identical heavy chains c. Flexible hinge region d. 2 identical light chains attached to the outer side of each of the Y arms of the heavy chains.

nonspecific immunity has 2 lines of defense. select all the mechanisms in the 1st line of defense from the following: a. chemical barriers b. inflammation c. mechanical barriers d. NK cells e. reflex f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis

a. chemical barriers c. mechanical barriers e. reflex

What is the second step of T cell activation? a. co-stimulation b. anergy c. antigen binding d. chemotaxis

a. co-stimulation

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? a. fever b. swelling c. redness d. pain

a. fever

IgM

a. first immunoglobulin to be secreted by plasma cells in primary response. b. Exists in monomer (B cell membrane) and pentamer form (circulating). c. Potent agglutinating agent: multiple binding sites.

The first step in inflammation is __________. a. the release of inflammatory chemicals b. swelling c. phagocyte mobilization d. vasodilation

a. the release of inflammatory chemicals

Reactivity of antigens

ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them

Immunogenicity of antigens

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production

Immunocompetence

able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen (mature lymphocytes)

unlike genetic immunity, ____ immunity is received during a person's lifetime; includes natural or artificial immunity

acquired

Pyrogens

act on body's thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temperature, increase metabolic rate, which increase rate of repair

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

activating cytokines

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after which of these events?

activation

2 types of natural immunity

active passive

response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogen

active humoral immunity: artificial immunity?

you are exposed to the antigen and in turn produce antibodies against the antigen ex: exposure to a virus what kind of natural acquired immunity is this?

active immunity (as child, you had chickenpox; your body responded to this specific pathogen by developing antibodies; after the first exposure, you never became ill with chickenpox again bc your immune system had a ready supply of antibodies and memory cells with which to respond quickly to the second invasion of the chickenpox virus; this type of naturally acquired immunity is called ACTIVE immunity

IgE

active in some allergies and parasitic infections cause mast cells and basophils to release histamine

Specific defense system

adaptive

Immune response

adaptive defense system

B

agglutination

Which of the following mechanisms of antibody action occur when red blood cells clump due to a transfusion of mismatched blood?

agglutination

antigen and antibody interaction is called ____

agglutination

foreign substances or antigen that stimulates an allergic reaction

allergens

Allergens differ from antigens because

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Allergens differ from antigens because:

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Allergens differ from antigens because______

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

allergic contact dermatitis

The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is

allergy

immediate hypersensitivity:

allergy

Adaptive immunity

also known as acquired immunity, Delayed response to specific antigens to which we are exposed during our lifetime. T-lymphocytes, cell-mediated immunity. B-lymphocytes-humoral immunity, which also includes Plasma cells that synthesize and release antibodies.

Fungal Diseases

also known as mycoses, in healthy individuals in the U.S. are usually limited to superficial infections of the skin, scalp, and nails such as ringworm, diaper rash, jock itch, athletes foot. infections of mucosal linings-vaginal yeast infections or internal fungal infections-histoplasmosis, which affects respiratory system.

Innate immunity

also known as non-specific immunity, we are born with theses defenses. Immediate response to a wide array of substances. Skin and mucosal membranes-prevent entry. Nonspecific internal defenses include the following: cells such as macrophages, NK cells. Chemicals such as interferon and complement. Physiologic responses such as inflammation and fever.

Fever

an abnormal elevation of body temperature (pyrexia) of atleast 1C from the typically accepted body temp. of 37C. It results from the release of pyrogens such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, toxins produced by infectious agents, or in response to trauma, drug reactions, and brain tumors

immunogen

an antigen that induces an immune response and its ability to cause an immune response is termed its immunogenicity.

Inflammation

an immediate, local, nonspecific event that occurs in vascularized tissue against a great variety of injury-causing stimuli.

Antibody

an immunoglobulin protein produced against a particular antigen. antibodies do not destroy pathogens directly but facilitate the destruction by other immune cells.

leukocytosis :

an increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation

during inflammation, if the irritant is a pathogen, what is this called?

an infection

when systemic effects become severe, causing a massive vasodilation which causes a sharp drop in blood pressure and severe constriction of the respiratory passes (bronchoconstriction), making breathing extremely difficult; what this this severe form of immediate hypersensitivity reaction called?

anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

Active humoral immunity the body makes

antibodies

All of the following are considered innate body defenses EXCEPT

antibodies

Passive humoral immunity the body receives

antibodies

Proinflammatory signals include all of the following, EXCEPT __________.

antibodies

Proteins secreted by plasma cells

antibodies

What is NOT an innate body defense?

antibodies

substances secreted by B cells that react with antigens; also called immunoglobulins

antibodies

B cells engage AMI; when activated, they produce a clone of cells that secrete ____ a macrophage engulfs an antigen and pushes it to the surface, presenting it to the B cell and Helper T cell the presented antigens bind to the B cell and Helper T cell; the activated Helper T cell secretes a ____ that stimulates the B cell to reproduce, resulting in clones two subgroups of B cell cones are?

antibodies lymphokine plasma cells and memory B cells

Naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

antibodies delivered to a fetus via the placenta or to infant through milk

Immunoglobulins

antibodies gamma globulin portion of blood

Naturally acquired passive immunity

antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant in her milk

C

antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant in her milk

What happens when B cells encounter target antigen?

antibodies specific for that particular are then produced

Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.

antibodies, histamine

IgE:

antibody that mediates some allergies

the level of antibodies in your blood

antibody titer

B-cells attach antigens indirectly through the secretion of antibodies; what is this immune response called?

antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

antigen

a substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies; generally large molecules that are mostly proteins, but a few are polysaccharides; found on the surface of many substances such as pathogens, RBCs, pollens, foods, toxins and cancer cells

antigen

T-cell activation requires

antigen binding and co-stimulation

T-cell activation requires ________.

antigen binding and co-stimulation

Two step process of T cell activation

antigen binding and co-stimulation

What activates CD8 cells?

antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins

Which of the following activate CD8 cells?

antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins

IgD :

antigen receptor found on B cells

Adaptive (Specific) Immune System

antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory; It has two separate but overlapping arms: - Humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity - Cellular, or cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

antigenic

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

antigenic

Where do antibodies and lymphocytes receptors bind to?

antigenic determinants

1st and 2nd line of defense defend against

antigens

What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?

antigens

Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?

antigens only come from microbes

Antigens contain

antigentic determinants

Innate - Second line of defense

antimicrobial proteins, Natural killer cells, phagocytes, and other cells; Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body; Inflammation is its most important mechanism

Second line of defense in innate defense system

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells inhibit spread of invaders

what is given to help lower temperature during a fever?

antipyretics

Which of the following exemplifies passive immunity?

antitoxin

____ contain antibodies that neutralize the toxins secreted by the pathogens but have no effect on the pathogens themselves ex: tetanus, diphtheria, botulism

antitoxins

APC

any immune cell that functions specifically to communicate the presence of an antigen to both helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. DEndritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes function as APCs. have MHC I and MHC II

Failure of developing T cells to recognize self MHC during positive selection results in _______________________

apoptosis

XENOGRAFTS

are grafts taken from another animal species.

Kinins

are produced from kininogens, which are inactive plasma proteins produced by the liver and locally by numerous other cells. Kinins, including bradykinin, have similar effects to histamine-increase capillary permeability and production of CAMs. Kinins also stimulate pain receptors and are the most significant stimulus for causing the pain associated with inflammation.

Cytokines

are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells attract other leukocytes into the area.

ALLERGIES

are the most common type of immediate hypersensitivity.

Cytotoxic T cells

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

Cytotoxic T cells

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells.

Vaccines provide what type of immunity?

artificially acquired active immunity

IgD

attached to the surface of B cells functions as a B cell receptor

When are haptens immunogenic?

attaches to body proteins

Interferons IFNs and complement proteins

attack microorganisms directly and hinder microorganisms ability to reproduce

2 ways Antimicrobial Proteins enhance Innate Defense

attacking microorganisms directly hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce

Third line of defense

attacks particular foreign substances

What do autoimmune disease produce?

autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells that destroy body tissues

when the immune system goes awry and attacks itself, this is called an ____ disease; can also create ____ reactions

autoimmune allergic

rheumatoid arthritis:

autoimmune disorder

immunity against one's own tissue diseases that develop in response to self-attack are called

autoimmunity autoimmune disorders

In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? a. macrophages b. B cells c. neutrophils d. natural killer cells

b. B cells

MHC II proteins are found on __________. a. cytotoxic T cells b. antigen-presenting cells c. helper T cells d. red blood cells

b. antigen-presenting cells

nonspecific immunity has 2 lines of defense. select all the mechanisms in the 2nd line of defense from the following: a. chemical barriers b. inflammation c. mechanical barriers d. NK cells e. reflex f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis

b. inflammation d. NK cells f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis

CD4 cells

become helper T cells TH when activated

Neutrophils

become phagocytic when encountering infectious material

Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells ____________________the immune system is activated

before

Gamma delta T cells

bind with MHC I type antigens found typically on tumor cells

Opsonization

binding of a complement to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis, the binding protein is called an opsonin, the binding of complement makes it more likely that a substance is identified and engulfed by phagocytic cells

Coughing and sneezing

blasts of expired air, mechanical elimination of microbes or other foreign substances from the respiratory tracts

Where do secreted antibodies circulate?

blood or lymph

IgE

blood. produced during allergic reactions or as a result of a parasitic infection; activation of mast cells and basophils. half-life is 2 days. causes release of products from basophils and mast cells; attracts eosinophils.

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

bone marrow

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

bone marrow

Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the __________.

bone marrow

lymphocytes, such as B and T cells, come from stem cells in ____ ____

bone marrow

Basophils and Mast cells

both are proinflammatory chemical secreting cells. substances secreted by these cells increase fluid movement from the blood to an injured tissue, also serve as chemotactic chemicals (chemicals that attract immune cells as part of the inflammatory response). they also release granules containing histamine-increases vasodilation and capillary permeability, heparin-anticoagulant, and eicosanoids-increase inflammation.

Inflammation____

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?

by being able to recognize their one specific antigen

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? a. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. b. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. c. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. d. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies as a primary immune response. End of Question 11

c. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.

Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)? a. IFNs have an anticancer role. b. IFNs activate macrophages. c. IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. d. IFNs have antiviral activity

c. IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

__________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. a. Immunological memory b. Antigenicity c. Self-tolerance d. Immunocompetence

c. Self-tolerance

Humoral immunity is provided by __________. a. T cells b. interferons c. antibodies d. complement proteins

c. antibodies

A vaccination works to establish __________. a. natural passive immunity b. artificial passive immunity c. artificial active immunity d. natural active immunity

c. artificial active immunity

Which of the following is mismatched? a. regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response b. B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies c. helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells d. cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses

c. helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Cytotoxic T cells

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

Natural killer ( NK) cells

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Plasma Cells

can switch H chains, making two or more classes with the same V region

T cells

cell-mediated immunity

NK

cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before he immune system is activated.

Antigenic determinants

certain parts of an entire antigen that are immunogenic

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called____________

chemotaxis

A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body are referred to as

complement

Which mechanism of antibody action results in cell lysis?

complement fixation and activation

Inflammation

complement increases the inflammatory response through the activation of mast cells and basophils and by attracting neutrophils and macrophages.

a type of protective protein that circulates in the blood in their inactive form; when activated by a *bacterium*, they swarm over it, punching holes in its cellular membrane; this allows for fluid and electrolytes to flow into the bacterium, causing it to burst and die

complement proteins

Antimicrobial proteins

components of the innate immune system that function against microbes. ex; interferons and complement

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?

composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains

AIDS:

condition in which T helper cells are destroyed by a virus

Immunodeficiencies

congenital and acquired conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes or complement to behave abnormally

Adaptive (specific) defense system

consists of the third line of defense; mounts attack against particular foreign substances; Takes longer to react than the innate system; Works in conjunction with the innate system

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?

constant (C) region

Systemic histamine release can cause

constriction of bronchioles, sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from the blood stream, hypotensive shock and death

what is the skin response from T cell activity?

contact dermatitis

Saliva & Lacrimal Fluid - Epithelial Chemical Barrier

contain lysozyme

Sebum - Epithelial Chemical Barrier

contains chemicals toxic to bacteria

Respiratory Tract Mucosae

contains mucus-coated hairs in the nose trap inhaled particles; Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is ciliated

Constant Region

contains the Fc region, which is the portion of the antibody that determines the biological functions of the antibody.

Memory cells and effector T cells circulate

continuously in the blood and lymph and secondary lymphoid organs

what are 4 examples of nonspecific first line reflexes?

coughing sneezing vomiting diarrhea

Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Antibody functions include all of the following except

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

____ is a commonly used immunosuppressant that inhibits the secretion of certain lymphokines, which in turn, diminishes the immune attack against the donated organ; may not always be successful

cyclosporine

Interleukin(IL)

cytokine that regulates immune cells. comes from T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and other various cells. ex:IL-1 and IL-2

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

cytokines

Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the ________________ are released and unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids

cytokines

Suppressor factors are _________________ that suppress the immune system

cytokines

Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell?

cytotoxic T cell

effector cells of adaptive immunity

cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell

What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?

cytotoxic T cells

CD8 cells become

cytotoxic T cells TC that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens

Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an allograft?

cytotoxin T (TC) cell

What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?

cytotoxin T (TC) cells

Which is correctly matched? a. helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells b. B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body c. regulatory T cells: make antibodies d. cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

d. cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

T cells cause what type of hypersensitivity?

delayed

what kind of allergic reaction usually *takes 48 hours to occur*; its cause is *due to repeated exposure of the skin to chemicals or irritants* (household detergents, poison ivy, poison oak, cosmetics or soaps) it *activates T cells, which eventually accumulate in the skin*; local tissue response to T cell activity causes skin eruptions and other signs of inflammation

delayed-reaction allergy

what are two types of allergic reactions?

delayed-reaction allergy immediate-reaction allergy

Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?

dendritic cells

Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

dendritic cells

antigen presenting cells

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

Natural Killer cells

destroy a wide variety of unwanted cells, including virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, tumor cells, and cells of transplanted tissue. patrol the body in an effort to detect unhealthy cells-immune surveillance. they make physical contact with unhealthy cells and destroy them by releasing perforin-forms a transmembrane pore, and granzymes-enter the cell through the hole initiating apoptosis.

Function of complement

destroys foreign substances, kills bacteria and certain other cell types, enhances both nonspecific and specific defenses

The type of antigen

determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

Inflammatory mediators cause ________

dialtion which causes hyperemia

Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls during what process?

diapedesis

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called

diapedesis

What characterizes flattening of neutrophils to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls?

diapedesis

Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?

diapedesis

neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through tiny gaps between endothelial cells of capillary walls and enter the tissue spaces at the site of infection; what is this process of squeezing through tiny gaps called?

diapedesis

Antigenic determinants form

different kinds of antibodies against it

Activated lymphocytes proliferate and then

differentiate into effector cells and memory cells

Hyperemia

dilation of arterioles

IgA:

dimeric antibody found in body secretions

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

direct cell lysis

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by

disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by_______

disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

disulfide

The antibody molecule is held together by

disulfide bonds

The antibody molecule is held together by ___________

disulfide bonds

Antibody Targets

do not destroy antigen; they inactivate and tag it for destruction; All form an antigen-antibody (immune) complex; Defensive mechanisms used are neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation

Antigen-presenting cells APCs

do not respond to specific antigens and play essential roles in immunity

immune globulin differs from a vaccine; immune globulin is obtained from a ____ (human or animal) and contains antibodies (immune globulins) the antibodies are formed in the donor in response to a specific antigen; these preformed antibodies are taken from the donor and injected into a ____, thereby conveying ____ immunity

donor recipient passive

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?

during leukocytosis

fixed macrophages in the lungs that phagocytize inhaled solid particles

dust cells

Exudate cause local...

edema

Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?

edema (swelling)

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

elevated blood glucose

APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells)

engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition

Secretion of potent chemicals in NK cells

enhances the inflammatory response

Fungi

eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane. This group includes molds, yeasts, and multicellular fungi that produce spores. Proteolytic enzymes released from fungi induce inflammation that causes redness and swelling of infected area.

Protozoans

eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall. Intracellular and extracellular parasites that interfere with normal cellular functions.

First line of defense in innate defense system

external body membranes (skin and mucosae)

Pyrogens induce __________.

fever

an abnormal elevation in body temperature

fever

IgM

first antibody released and potent agglutinating agent

Antigen challenge

first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte

fixed macrophages

fixed location (ex. Kupffer cells (liver) and microglia (brain))

What are microglia and Kupffer cells?

fixed macrophages

Exudate

fluid containing protein, clotting factors, and antibodies

Complete targets of antigens

foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

IgA

found in external secretions(skin, mucuc, saliva, tears, breastmilk, and colostrum). actions are neutralization, agglutination(great potential). half life is 5.5 days. it is associated with mucosal membranes and helps protect against local respiratory GI infections

Class II MHC proteins

found on certain cells in the immune response

Leukocytosis

from injured cells release of neutrophils from bone marrow

Autografts

from one body site to another in the same person (organ transplant)

Helper T cells

function in the adaptive immune system activation

Helper T cells ________.

function in the adaptive immune system activation

T helper cells_____

function in the adaptive immune system activation

How are self-antigens coded for?

genes and are unique to an individual

severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID):

genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells

An autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function is _______________________

glomerulonephritis

Small molecules that bind with self proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

haptens

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

haptens

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.

haptens

Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called

haptens

The primary immune response

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

The primary immune response ________ occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response occurs when memory cells are stimulated is another name for immunological memory has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

defensins (in neutrophils)

help by piercing membrane of pathogen

The cell type most often invaded by HIV is

helper T cell

Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response in that it helps activate both humoral and cellular immune responses?

helper T cell

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

helper T cell

Antigens bound to MHC II activate __________.

helper T cells

HIV attacks which T cell? thereby producing severe impairment of the immune system

helper T cells

cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except

helper T cells

Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched? B cells: produce free antibodies helper T cells: destroy infected cells cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells macrophages: antigen-presenting cells

helper T cells: destroy infected cells

Effector response of Helper T cells

helper t cells activate cytotoxic t cells through the release of cytokines and they also enhance formation and activity of cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages and NK cells.

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is released by mast cells?

histamine

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?

histamine

when tissues are injured or irritated, injured cells release ____ and other chemicals. these chemicals cause the blood vessels in the injured tissue to ____ the dilated blood vessels bring more blood to the area; the increased blood flow causes ____ and heat; the histamine causes blood vessel walls to leak fluid and dissolved substances into tissue spaces, causing ____ fluid and irritating chemicals accumulating at the injured site also stimulate ____ receptors, therefore the person experiences pain

histamine dilate redness swelling pain

antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) is known as ____ immunity because the antibodies are carried by the blood and other tissue fluid

humoral

B cells

humoral immunity

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in

humoral immunity, immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune disorders

One type of adaptive defense

humoral or antibody-mediated immunity

An _____________________ is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.

hybridoma

Inflammatory chemicals cause

hyperemia and edema

Antibodies cause what type of hypersensitivity?

immediate and subacute

Which of the following are mismatched?

immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis

what kind of allergic response occurs rapidly in response to its stimulus; involves IgE and IgE antibodies allergens apt to this type of allergic response are: pollens such as ragweed, insect venom, drugs (PCN) and peanuts

immediate-reaction allergy (immediate hypersensitivity reaction)

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells check cells of the body for identity flags to see if they look they way they are supposed to. What is this process called?

immune surveillance

Normal Flora

in skin and mucous membranes. Commensal flora, including nonpathogenic bacteria, helps prevent growth of pathogenic microbes.

Delayed hypersensitivies

include allergic contact dermatitis

Delayed hypersensitivities

include allergic contact dermatitis

Delayed hypersensitivities ________.

include allergic contact dermatitis

Edema

increased permeability of local capillaries, leakage of exudate

A

infection; contact with pathogen

Naturally acquired active immunity

infection; contact with pathogen

Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?

inflammation

refers to the responses the body makes when confirmed by an irritant; characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain

inflammation

Chemotaxis

inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site

Chemotaxis Phase - 4

inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site

Macrophages trigger the immune response & release ________

inflammatory mediators

Skin acidity

inhibits bacterial growth

Benefits of Fever

inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, promotes interferon activity, increases activity of adaptive immunity, and accelerates tissue repair. it has also been shown that a fever increases CAMss on the endothelium of capillaries in the lymph nodes, resulting in additional immune cells migrating out of the blood and into the lymphatic tissue.

Artificially acquired passive immunity

injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

Artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

injection of serum such as gamma globulin; protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body

Interferons

interfere with viral replication within cells.

Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell?

interferon

complement fixation promotes all the following except

interferon release

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?

interferons

a group of proteins secreted by cells that are infected by a *virus*; they prevent viral replication

interferons

2 types of protective proteins

interferons complement proteins

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?

interferons (IFNs)

antimicrobial proteins

interferons and complement proteins

T cells provide defense against

intracellular antigens

A(n) hybridomas

is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.

SEPTIC

is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.

Adaptive (Specific) Immune System

is a functional system that: - Recognizes specific foreign substances - Acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

is an autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function.

Immunocompetence ________.

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Immunocompetence_____

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________.

isograft

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?

it is specific for a given organ

An advantage to adaptive immunity is

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except

juvenile diabetes

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.

juvenile diabetes

Clotting proteins

lead to formation of a clot that walls off microbes and prevents them from spreading into blood and other tissues. However, some bacterial species can dissolve clots

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow, in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?

leukocytosis

4 main phases of phagocytic mobilization

leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

Steps for phagocyte mobilization

leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

Epithelial and CT

lining of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogential tracts. provides a chemical, physical, and biological barrier of body structures exposed to the external environment

Variable region of antibody

located at the ends of the arms, contain the antigen-binding site, which attach to a specific antigenic determinant of an antigen.

APCs (dendritic cells) migrate to

lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues to present their antigens to T cells

Secondary lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen etc.

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Phagocyte mobilization involves_____

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

MHC stands for

major histocompatibility complex

releases histamine

mast cell, basophil

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?

mast cells

Regulatory T cells

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Regulatory T cells ________.

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Cytokines

mediate cell development, differentiation and responses in the immune system (interleukins and interferons)

Epithelial Chemical Barriers

membranes produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms

the purpose of vaccination is to provide an initial exposure and stimulate the formation of ____ cells (the primary response) the purpose of a booster shot is to stimulate the ____ response by administering another dose of the vaccine

memory secondary

a B cell clone that do not participate in the attack; they remember the specific antigen during future encounters and allow a quicker response to the invading antigen

memory B cells

The clone cells that don't become plasma cells become

memory cells

Internal defenses

microorganisms invade deeper tissues

Bacteria

microscopic, single-celled organisms 1 to 2 micrometers in size that are enclosed by a cell wall. they are prokaryotic cells. Intracellular and extracellular parasites, some produce enzymes and toxins.

Chemotaxis

migration of cells along a chemical gradient. chemicals released from damaged or dead cells diffuse outward and create a chemical gradient that attracts immune cells. recruited cells also participate in inflammatory response by releasing specific cytokines, GM-CSF-stimulate leukopoeisis. macrophages may also release pyrogens, such as interleukin-1, that induce a fever.

Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called antibodies.

monoclonal

Acute Hypersensitivity

more commonly referred to as an allergy, it is an overreaction of the immune system to a non-infectious substance, or allergen.

IgG:

most abundant class of antibodies

Clone Cells

most become antibody-secreting plasma cells

What do haptens cause the immune system to do?

mount a harmful attack

Adaptive - Third line of defense

mounts attack against particular foreign substances; humoral immunity (B-cells) and Cellular immunity (T cells)

Functions of exudate

moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels and delivers clotting proteins

Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?

mucous membranes

What are B and T cells called that have not yet been exposed to an antigen?

naive

releases perforins

natural killer cell, cytotoxic T cell

Cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus- infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ____________________

natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by

natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

natural killer cells

Which of the following do NOT serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

natural killer cells

interferons help boost the immune system by activating two cells, what are they?

natural killer cells macrophages

lymphocytes

natural killer cells,cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and helper T cells

What is the specific target of interferons?

nearby healthy cells

Effects of Inflammation

net movement of fluid from the blood through the injured or infected area to the lymph. Increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and then enter the interstitial space of the tissue, this material is known as exudate-which delivers cells and substances needed to eliminate the injurious agent and promote healing. inflammatory response typically slows down and tissue healing begins within 72 hours.

A

neutralization

Which mechanism occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?

neutralization

Phagocyte

neutrophil, macrophage

which two phagocytes are motile, meaning they are able to wander around the body through blood and tissue fluid to do their job?

neutrophils monocytes

Cells of innate immunity

neutrophils and macrophages, basophils and mast cells, NK cells, and eosinophils

Leukocytosis is when ...

neutrophils are released from the bone marrow

Leukocytosis Phase - 1

neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to chemicals released by injured cells

Neutrophils and Macrophages

neutrophils are the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood and the first to arrive during inflammatory response. Macrophages are cells that reside in tissues throughout the body, they arrive later after the inflammatory response begins and stay longer than neutrophils. neutrophils and macrophages function to engulf unwanted substances such as infectious agents and cellular debris through phagocytosis. a lysosome forms with a phagosome to create a phagolysosome which destroys the infectious agent and the residue is then exocytosed.

Margination is when ...

neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in injured area

Diapedesis Phase - 3

neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis

Diapedesis is when ...

neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis

3 types of phagocytes

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

the increased blood flow to a site of inflammation carries an increased number of phagocytes (____ and ____) in a severe infection, the area becomes filled with dead leukocytes, pathogens, injured cells and tissue fluid; this thick, yellowish accumulation of dead material is called ____ because of leaky blood vessels, fluid collect in the tissue spaces; this tissue fluid contains blood-clotting factors such as ____, a protein present in plasma fibrinogen created ____ threads with tissue spaces later, ____ cells form connective tissue to contain or restrict the area of inflammation, preventing the spread throughout the body

neutrophils; monocytes pus fibrinogen fibrin

T lymphocytes

non-antibody-producing cells that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity; mature in the thymus

Are NK cells specific or non-specific?

non-specific

Multicellular Parasites

nonmicroscopic organisms that reside within a host from which they take nourishment. Eukaryotic

immunity that protects the body against many substances or foreign agents

nonspecific immunity

IgM

normally a pentamer found mostly in blood. actions are neutralization, agglutination(great potential), complement binding (great potential). Half-life is 5 days. first produced antibody, only antibody produced in fetus; component of breastmilk

Defervescence

occurs when the temperature returns to to its normal set point. this happens when the hypothalamus is no longer stimulated by pyrogens, prostaglandin release decreases, and the temperature set point reverts to its normal value. the hypothalamus stimulates the mechanisms to release heat from the body, including vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin and sweating.

HCL and protein-digestive enzymes

of stomach mucosae

Complement System

one of the most important antimicrobial groups of substances of innate immunity, composed of atleast 30 plasma proteins that make up approx. 10% of serum in blood. These proteins are collectively referred to as complement. the liver continuously synthesizes and releases inactive complement proteins into the blood, once in the blood they are activated by an enzyme cascade.

Which of the following T cells would survive education in the thymus?

one that recognizes MHC but not self-antigen

Phagocytes are unable to adhere to bacteria that have external capsules concealing their membrane carbohydrates. Our immune system gets around this problem by coating such pathogens with

opsonins

With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?

opsonins

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed

opsonization

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

opsonization

when a recipient's immune system recognizes a donated organ as foreign and mounts an immune attack against it, what is this called?

organ rejection

Isografts

organ transplant between identical twins

Allografts

organ transplant between individual who are not identical twins

Xenografts

organ transplant from another animal species

Formation of T-lymphocytes

originate in RBM, migrate to the thymus galnd and mature, in the thymus they also learn to recognize self-antigens

B lymphocytes

oversee humoral immunity; mature in the bone marrow

Local edema presses on nerve endings causing ....

pain

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

a natural immunity obtained from a mother; the mother developed these antibodies in response to pathogens that she encountered throughout her lifetime which are passed on to the baby; this immunity is short-lived; can be extended from the mother's milk to the baby

passive immunity

How would you classify the antivenom used to treat poisonous snake bites?

passive immunity, artificially acquired

Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?

passive, artificial immunity

cell-mediated immunity: T cell function: the antigen, on the surface of ____, is phagocytosed by a macrophage the macrophage digests the antigen and pushes the antigen to its ____, wearing it like a badge the macrophage's ability to push the antigen to the surface is called ____ ____ T cells that have ____ sites bind to the antigen and become activated; this process is called T cell ____ the activated T cells divide ____, resulting in large numbers of T cells this group of T cells is called a ____, a group of identical cells formed from the same parent cell

pathogen surface antigen presentation receptor activation repeatedly clone

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called

pathogens

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

pathogens in the CNS

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

pathogens in the lumen of the stomach

Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (TC) cells use to destroy a target--that is, to deliver a lethal hit?

perforation of the membrane

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

phagocytes

diapedesis:

phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium

Macrophages

phagocytic cells

Macrophage

phagocytic cells that develop from monocytes

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

phagocytosis

eating of pathogens or cellar debris

phagocytosis

a B cell clone that produces large quantities of antibodies that travel through the blood to the antigens (pathogens)

plasma cells

Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n)

plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface

Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______.

plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface

Examples of haptens

poison ivy, animal dander, detergents and cosmetics

Incomplete targets of antigens

poison ivy, cosmetics

C

precipitation

Macrophages

predominate at the sites of chronic infections.

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

IgG

primary locations are body fluids including blood, lymph, CSF, serous fluid and peritoneal fluid. Actions include neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, complement activation, opsonization, natural killer cell activation. Half-life is 23 days. It is used for passive immunity, it crosses the placenta and its a component of breast milk.

which response is activated when we are initially exposed to an antigen, thus causing B cells to produce plasma and memory cells; the plasma cells secrete antibodies against this antigen

primary response

Vaccines work by ________.

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Margination

process by which CAM's on leukocytes adhere to CAM's on the endothelial cells of the capillaries within the injured tissue. The result is similar to cellular "velcro". Neutrophils are generally first to arrive amd are short-lived, followed later by the longer-lived macrophages.

Diapedesis

process by which cells exit the blood by squeezing out between vessel wall cells, usually in the postcapillary venules, and then migrate to the site of infection

What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?

processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Fever

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Fever ________.

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors AZT

protease inhibitors, new fusion inhibitors that block HIVs entry to helper T cells

Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid

protective chemicals

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses.

Memory T cells

provide a no-delay response to any future exposure to the same antigen, differentiate into cytotoxic T cells, destroying the pathogen

Epidermis:dermis

provides a physical, chemical, and biological barrier for body surface

Keratin

provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes

a branch of science where our immune system is affected by endocrine and nervous systems

psychoneuroimmunology

another word for fever

pyrexia

Which type of chemical induces fever?

pyrogens

as phagocytes perform their duty, they release fever-producing substances called ____ which stimulate the hypothalamus in the brain to reset the body's temperature, producing a fever

pyrogens

Secondary immune response

re-exposure to the same antigen - Sensitized memory cells respond within hours - Antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels than in the primary response - Antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

reactivity with an antibody

B cells mature in the

red bone marrow

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

redness heat swelling pain

what are classic signs of inflammation?

redness heat swelling pain

The 4 Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes impaired function

COMPLEMENT

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.

Defecation and vomiting

removal of waste from digestive tract, eliminate microbes before they can be absorbed into the blood.

Clotting proteins

repair and isolate the area

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

replaces injured tissues with connective tissues

Immunity

resistance to disease

Keratin

resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

Three most important cell types in adaptive immunity

1. B cells (lymphocyte) 2. T cells (lymphocyte) 3. Antigen-presenting cells

Two major populations of T cells

1. CD 4: Helper T cell and Regulatory T cell. 2. CD 8: Cytotoxic T cell - Both groups come from memory T cells.

Antibody Structure

responding to different antigens have different V regions but the C region is the same for all in a given class

The inflammation

response is triggered whenever body tissues are injured; Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues; Disposes of cell debris and pathogens; Sets the stage for repair processes

Naturally acquired

response to a bacterial or viral infection

Artificially acquired

response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Artificially acquired active humoral immunity

response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

Naturally acquired active humoral immunity

response to bacterial or viral infection

Helper T cells activation of CD8 - Cytotoxic T cells

1. Helper T binds to dendritic (APC) cell. 2. Helper T stimlates dendritc cell to express co-stimulatory molecules. 3. Helper T also produces IL2, which causes CD8 cell to proliferate and differentiate into Cytotoxic T.

Helper T cells activation of B cells

1. Helper T binds to self-nonself complexes of B cell, which is displaying an antigen on the membrane's MHCII. 2. Helper T releases IL 4 as co-stimulatory signals to complete the activation of the B cell. 3. B cell goes on to create clones (plasma and memory cells).

Inflammatory chemicals released by injured or stressed cells. (5)

1. Histamine 2. Bradykinin (activated plasma protein) 3. Prostaglandins 4. Complement (group of 20 activated plasma proteins) 5. Cytokines (proteins released by cells).

Two types of Adaptive Immunity

1. Humoral Immunity: circulating antibodies 2. Cell-mediated immunity: lymphocytes

Clonal selection of B cells

results in the formation of plasma cells

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

results in the formation of plasma cells

when the immune system is challenged for a second time by the same antigen, the immune system responds quickly and produces a larger number of antibodies; what is this response called?

secondary response

Eosinophils

secrete toxic contents of their granules onto parasitic worms

Sebaceous(oil) gland secretions

secretions that contain lactic acid and fatty acids, creates a low pH (3-5) that interferes with the growth of microbes.

Nasal secretions

secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and IgA, contains antimicrobial substances

Sweat gland secretions

secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and dermicidin, helps wash away microbes: contains antibacterial and antifungal substances

Protein molecules that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others

self-antigens

What types of antigen do mature T cells normally not recognize?

self-antigens

Two characteristics learned by Lymphocytes during maturation

1. Immunocompetence: ability to recognize one specific antigen by presence of unique receptor on each cell. 2. Self-tolerance: unresponsiveness to "self-antigens" so does not attack body's own cells.

Two characteristics of Antigens

1. Immunogenicity: ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate. 2. Reactivity: ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.

Two divisions of the Immune System

1. Innate (non-specific) 2. Adaptive (specific)

2 types of antimicrobial proteins

1. Interferons (IFN) 2. Complement proteins

Name the three characteristics of adaptive immunity.

1. It is specific. It recognizes and is directed against particular pathogens or foreign substances that initiate the immune response. 2. It is systemic. Immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site. 3. It has "memory." After an initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on the previously encountered pathogens.

Four steps of phagocyte mobilization.

1. Leukocytosis 2. Margination 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis

Four defensive mechanisms of Antibodies

1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation 4. Complement Fixation and Activation

Two types of Phagocytes in the Immune System

1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages

Five steps of lymphocyte (b and T) development

1. Originate in bone marrow. 2. Mature by acquiring immunocompetence and self-tolerance in the bone marrow (B) and thymus (T). 3. Still naive, B and T cells migrate from their maturation sites to secondary lymphoid organs; also circulate through blood and lymph. 4. Eventually, lymphocytes have an encounter with an antigen and becomes activated. 5. Activated lymphocytes proliferate into effector cells (fight infection) and memory cells (ready for a second encounter with the same antigen).

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes them?

1. Pain - actions of chemical mediators (kinins and prostaglandins) on the nerve endings, and the swelling which can compress nerve endings. 2. Redness - (hyperemia) vasodilation of arterioles which increase blood flow to the affected area. 3. Heat - (hyperemia) vasodilation of arterioles which increase blood flow to the affected area. 4. Swelling - release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that increase capillary permeability

Innate Immunity Second Line of Defence (5)

1. Phagocytes 2. Natural Killer Cells 3. Inflammation 4. Antimicrobial proteins 5. Fever

3 major phases of an allergic reaction

1. Sensitization Phase-initial exposure to allergen, IgE antibodies bind to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells 2. Activation Phase-reexposure to same allergen, allergen binds to the IgE antibodies 3.Effector Phase-exocytosis of contents of granules(histamine and heparin) release and formation of molecules from plasma membrane (eicosanoids) Increased inflammatory response can lead to allergic rhinitis, hives, allergic asthma, and anaphylactic shock

Cytotoxic T Cells attack on invader cells.

1. Tc identifies foreign antigenn on MHC I proteins and binds tightly to the target cell. 2. Tc releases Perforin and Granzyme molecules by exocytosis. 3. Perforins insert into target cell membrane and form pores. 4. Granzymes enter target cell through pores and activates apoptosis. 5. Tc detaches and goes on to find other defective cells.

Interferons (IFN)

serves as a non-specific defense mechanism against the spread of any viral infection. A virus-infected cell helps prevent further spread of the virus by releasing IFN. after its release, IFN has 2 primary actions; IFN binds to receptors of neighboring cells, preventing them from becoming infected and triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral RNA or DNA, which inhibits synthesis of viral protein. IFN stimulates NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells.

what are two benefits of having a fever?

1. stimulates phagocytosis 2. decreases ability of certain pathogens to multiply

Formation and docking of MHC II molecules in an APC

1.MHC II molecules are synthesized by the RER of the APC. 2. MHC II are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. 3.during the process of phagocytosis and destruction of an exogenous antigen, vesicles containing digested peptide fragments merge with vesicle containing MHC II, the foreign antigen binds with MHC II within the vesicle 4.MHC II molecules and foreign antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane

what are two things that accompany fever?

shivering and sweating

When do antibody levels peak in secondary immune response?

2-3 days

Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized

A

Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using a xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation

A

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement

A

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy

A

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.

A

Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.

A

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium

A

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B) histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement

A

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process

A

Which letter represents the adhesion of the phagocyte to the pathogen? Select from letters A-D.

A

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.

A

________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins

A

natural killer cells

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes _______

What is the difference between a complete antigen and a hapten?

A complete antigen has both immunogenicity and reactivity, whereas a hapten has reactivity but not immunogenicity

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.

What is the difference between flu vaccine and polio vaccine?

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective, but a polio vaccine is only needed once

natural killer cells (NK cells)

A lymphocyte able to kill certain cells by insertion of granules containing perforin

A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. What is the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F?

A mild or moderate fever is an adaptive response that seems to benefit the body. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply. During fever, the liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc that bacteria need to multiply

Innate

A nonspecific defense system which includes first and second lines of defense

Antigen

A particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true? A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response. A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response. A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.

A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells

Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response.

A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.

Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?

A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.

Macromolecules

A quality of most antigens that are foreign to the host

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

A second exposure to an allergen.

Phagocyte

A term that refers to white blood cells that have the ability to "EAT" pathogens

Helper T Cells

A type of cells that have the largest role and most widespread effect on the immunity

Innate - First line of defense

skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?

skin and mucous membranes

what are two examples of nonspecific first line mechanical barriers?

skin and mucous membranes

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response

A vaccine is effective because ________.

NK cells are made up of

small distinct group of large granular lymphocytes

Opsonization is a function of complement. It refers to __?__

A. Binding to and making materials "tasty" to phagocytes. B. Coating bacteria to allow recognition and destruction by phagocytes. C. Combining with mannose-binding lectins to alert phagocytes to the presence of bacteria. Correct D. All the above.

Diapedesis

Ability of neutrophils to flatten and squeeze between capillary cells to leave the blood stream

Helper T-cell

Absence results in no immune response

Protective Chemicals Produced by the Skin & Mucous Membranes are ...

Acid Enzymes (ex. Lysozyme) Mucin Defensisns (Antimicrobial Peptide) Sebum

Covers the skin and limits bacterial growth

Acid mantle:

phagolysosome

Acidified, lysosomal enzymes digest particles

acid (surface barrier)

Acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth, called acid mantle

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Acquired deficiency due to cancer of B cells.

Cytotoxic T cells __?__.

Activate the adaptive immune system

cytotoxic T cells

Activated CD8 T cells become __________.

cytokines

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

Activated lymphocytes proliferate into: Effector cells (fight infection; bigger number) Memory cells (ready for a second encounter with the same antigen; fewer cells created).

2 of the major means of complement activation

Activation occurs following entry of a pathogen into the body. classical pathway-complement protein binds to an antibody that has previously attached to a foreign substance. alternative pathway-surface polysaccharides of certain bacterial and fungal cell walls bind directly with a complement protein. antibody is required only in classical pathway

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

across gut or produced yourself; response to viral or bacterial infection

Active humoral immunity: natural immunity?

What is when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive?

Active immunity

Defensins

small proteins, create pores in the plasma membrane of microbes, compromising their integrity

Natural and artificial immunity may be what?

Active or passive

Third line of defense is part of which defense system?

Adaptive

Which defense system takes longer to react?

Adaptive

What acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents?

Adaptive immunity

What is part of the third line of defense consisting of lymphocytes?

Adaptive immunity

What is specific immunity that is targeting of specific antigens?

Adaptive immunity

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

Which of the following is a false or incorrect statement?

After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where they encounter antigens.

Precipitation

Agglutination of soluble antigen molecules, causing them to precipitate and wait for phagocytosis.

Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.

All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.

It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Allergens differ from antigens because ______

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

Allergic contact dermatitis

Formation of complement cascade by innate immunity is called what?

Alternative pathway

Complement proteins does what to all aspects of the inflammatory response?

Amplifies

Select the correct statement about complement.

An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second and subsequent exposure to an antigen

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ______

Adaptive

specific defense system which includes the third line of defense

immunity that protects the body against one substance or foreign agent

specific immunity

Edema

An increase in tissue fluids causing local swelling, usually due to tissue damage

Lysosyme

Antibacterial enzyme, attacks the cell wall of some bacterial (gram positive bacteria)

What are proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell?

Antibodies

Antigenic Determinants

Antibodies and activated lymphocytes bind to these; Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous ________that: - Mobilize several different lymphocyte populations - Form different kinds of antibodies against it

The classical pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.

Antibodies binding to the target cell which then triggers the complement cascade.

classical pathway of complement system

Antibodies first bind to invading organisms and then bind to complement components activating them, when activated, a cascade is triggered

Naturally acquired Passive humoral immunity

Antibodies made by mother that through the placenta to fetus, or through milk to sucking newborn.

true

Antibodies mostly act against extracellular targets in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity. (T/F)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

specific type of antibody present in areas exposed to the environment, binds with a specific foreign substance (antigen)

immunoglobulin

Antibodies produced by plasma B cells are also called

blood and exocrine secretions (tears, saliva, milk); binds to bacteria/virus and prevents binding to host cell, binds and inactivates toxins

Antibodies, explain location and function: IgA

surface B cells; same thing as B cell receptor

Antibodies, explain location and function: IgD

intestinal tract; degranulation of mast cells and basophils, mediates inflammatory response, allergic hypersensitivity, tags worms for eosinophil

Antibodies, explain location and function: IgE

blood; binds to viruses and prevents attachment to host, neutralizes toxins, agglutination of bacteria, tag for NK cells, activate complement

Antibodies, explain location and function: IgG

Blood and tissue fluid; first antibody secreted, agglutination of bacteria, ABO mismatch reaction, complement activation

Antibodies, explain location and function: IgM

Neutralization

Antibody blocks specific sites on viruses and bacterial exotoxins, stopping them from binding to tissue cells.

What happens when the levels of plasma antibodies peak in primary immune response?

Antibody levels decline

A "nonself" substance that can provoke an immune response is called a(n) __________.

Antigen

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

Antigen

T cell activation requires __?__.

Antigen binding and co-stimulation

T-cell activation requires ________.

Antigen binding and co-stimulation

E

Antigen combines with IgE attached to mast cells (and basophils), triggering degranulation and the release of histamine.

What activates CD8 cells?

Antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins

A

Antigen invades body.

Reactivity

Antigen's ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.

Immunogenicity

Antigen's ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate.

What are phagocytes that ingest foreign particles, isolate protein segments (peptides), and display them as antigens on their surfaces to trigger an immune response when recognized by a specific (adaptive) immune cell?

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Helper T cells

stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Which of these is not a type of T cell?

Antigenic

__________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.

Antigens

Which of the following is true of antigens?

Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

Antigens only come from microbes

Which of the following statements does not describe antigens?

Antigens only come from microbes.

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?

Antigens only come from microbes.

Antigens

substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response

What is the first line of defense against disease?

surface barriers (skin and mucous membranes)

Positive selection of T-lympocytes

survival dependent upon ability to bind to MHC molecule. tested by seeing if their TCR can bind with MHC molecules on the surface of thymus epithelial cells, if not they are eliminated

Negative selection of T-lymphocytes

survival dependent upon not recognizing self-antigen. tested by thymic dendritic cells, presenting both class I and II molecules-those that bind are destroyed. only 2% of cells survive selection process in the thymus.

Eosinophils

target parasites. mechanism of destruction include degranulation and release of enzymes and other substances that are lethal to the parasite. they can also release proteins that form a transmembrane pore. also participate in the immune response associated with allergy and asthma, and engage in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Are a small, distinct group of large granular lymphocytes

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? NK cells __?__.

Are a type of neutrophil.

Antimicrobial proteins

Attack microbes directly or hinder their ability to reproduce.

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disease; Attacks synapses between nerves and muscles.

Grave's Disease

Autoimmune disease; Attacks the Thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive thyroxine.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Autoimmune disease; Attacks whole system, but specially targets kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.

5) Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes

B

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis

B

Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response

B

Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells

B

Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen

B

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.

B

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis

B

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC

B

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies

B

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens

B

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen

B

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory

B

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.

B

Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.

B

immediate hypersensitivity reaction: step 1: an allergen activates a ____ cell step 2: the activated B cell forms a clone of antibody secreting ____ cells step 3: plasma cells secrete large amounts of ____ antibodies against the specific allergen step 4: the IgE antibodies bind to the ____ cells in body tissues step 5: more of the allergen invades the body mast cells release large amounts of ____, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause systemic effects

B plasma IgE mast histamine

nonspecific immunity contains the 1st and 2nd line of defense. specific immunity makes up our 3rd line of defense. what two cells are involved in this 3rd line of defense?

B & T cells

Most antigens require TH co-stimulation to activate

B cells

What cell is an antigen-presenting cell?

B cells

lymphocytes that mature and differentiate in the fetal liver and bone marrow

B cells

Two types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system

B cells and T cells

What work together in a coordinated system of adaptive immunity?

B cells and T cells

Active Humoral Immunity

B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

Adaptive immunity involves what two classes of lymphocytes?

B cells—antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity T cells—cell-mediated (cellular) immunity

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are

B lymphocytes

what are 3 cells that are associated with specific immunity?

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes macrophages

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

bone marrow

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the....

Which of the following cells is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of antibodies?

B or Plasma cell

What is antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity); that produce antibodies that attack pathogens?

B-cell mechanisms

IgD

B-lymphocyte receptor, BCR. half life is 2.8 days. it identifies when immature B-lymphocytes may be ready for activation.

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT

B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? A. complements B. mucous membranes C. natural killer cells D. macrophages E. antibodies

B. mucous membranes

When is innate immune response present from?

Birth

Where do activated Tc cells circulate?

Blood and lymph and lymphoid organs

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the __?__.

Bone marrow

inflammation

Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis

C

Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication

C

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte

C

Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells

C

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells

C

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine

C

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing

C

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens.

C

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.

C

Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? A. eosinophil B. macrophage C. NK cells D. neutrophil E. Kupffer cell

C. NK cells

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

Lymphocytes have protein markers on their surfaces that are named using what?

CD system

What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?

CD4 Cell

another name for helper T cells

CD4 T cells (because of a surface protein called CD4; the CD4 T cell is a marker for immune function and the progression of HIV infection is monitored by CD4 T cell count; decreases as HIV infection progresses)

What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?

CD4 cell

What type of cell is a precursor to the cytotoxic T cell?

CD8 cell

Toll-like receptors (TLR) trigger the release of

CYTOKINES to attract white blood cells to the scene.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

Can kill cancer ce3llsbefore the imune system is activated

Natural Killer (NK) cells __?__.

Can kill cancer cells before the immune system is otherwise activated.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells

Natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity

natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.

cytotoxic t cells

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

Pyrogens

Chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that act on the neurons in the hypothalamus, causing fever.

The process by which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury

Chemotaxis

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called __?__.

Chemotaxis

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called?

Chemotaxis

What is the chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant?

Chemotaxis

__________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization.

Chemotaxis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events is phagocytosis?

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing.

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

Class 2 MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens

CD8

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?

Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

antigen presenting cells

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

results in the formation of plasma cells

Clonal selection of B cells ______

What is the importance of edema in the inflammatory response?

Clotting fibers from exudate form gel-like fibrin mesh that provides framework for permanent repair and isolates injured area preventing bacteria from spreading.

Agglutination

Clumping of antigens together, stopping them from moving and gathering them for phagocytosis.

Abscess

Collagen surrounding sac of pus

Diseases caused by viruses

Common cold, influenza, polio, mumps, measles, hepatitis, rubella, chickenpox, herpes, and HIV

What is a component of blood plasma that consists of about 20 protein compounds?

Complement

What is a group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses?

Complement

alternative pathway (innate system)

Complement cascade is activated spontaneously when certain complement factors bind directly to foreign invader (lack of inhibitors on microorganisms surface allows process to proceed)

Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?

Complement fixation and activation

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies

Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.

Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.

Exposed Fc portion following antigen binding by antibody promotes

Complement fixation-Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins; complement is activated Opsonization-Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis Activation of NK cells-Fc region of antibody binds to a NK cell, triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals

Elimination of immune complexes

Complement links immune(antigen-antibody) complexes to erythrocytes so they may be transported to the liver and spleen. RBCs are stripped of these complexes by macrophages in these organs and the rbcs continue circulating in the blood.

Most important antimicrobial proteins.

Complement proteins Interferons

opsonization

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.

What are complete antigens called?

Complete antigens

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? They are __?__.

Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains

Immunodeficiency

Congenital or acquired condition that impairs production or function of immune cells.

Stadium

the period of time where the elevated temperature is maintained, the metabolic rate increases to promote physiologic processes involved in eliminating the harmful substance, the liver and spleen bind zinc and iron to slow microbial reproduction.

Complement system

Consists of over 20 blood proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?

Constant region

Antibody functions include all of the following except __?__.

Cross-linking cell-bound antigens on RBCs when blood types are properly matched.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Cytokine that destroys tumor cells and may have other functions as well. comes from T-lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells

Activated T cells and macrophages release __?__ to mobilize immune cells and attract othe leukocytes into the area.

Cytokines

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.

Cytokines

Activated T cells and macrophages release what to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area?

Cytokines

Activated T cells and macrophages release______________________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area

Cytokines

What are the several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses?

Cytokines

Complement kills foreign cells by what?

Cytolysis or Apoptosis

phagosome

Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle

Attack and lyse cells that are not "self"

Cytotoxic T cells

What T cells release lymphotoxin to kill cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

__________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus- infected cells.

Cytotoxic T cells

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Cytotoxic T cells ________.

true

Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell. (T/F)

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the

Cytotoxic cells

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

D

Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation

D

Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis

D

Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

D

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

D

Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

D

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

D

The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

D

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the CNS

D

Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.

D

Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites. B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.

D

Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.

D

Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis

D

________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. A) The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes

D

Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?

the thymus

Most effective antigen presenter

Dendritic Cells

What type of macrophage with long branches or extensions that are in contact with external environment (skin and mucous membranes)?

Dendritic cell (DC)

Major types of antigen-presenting cells

Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells

Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because

the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens

Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.

the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens

Macrophage (type of phagocyte)

Develop from monocytes, and are chief phagocytic cells, most robust

What event signals that a B or T cell has achieved immunocompetence?

Development of immunocompetence of a B or T cell is signaled by the appearance on its surface of specific and unique receptors for an antigen. In the case of a B cell, this receptor is a membrane-bound antibody

What is the process by which immune cells squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel?

Diapedesis

What do inflammatory chemicals provoke at the inflammation site?

Dilate local arterioles, and increase leakiness of capillaries, attract leukocytes to damaged area.

What do Cytotoxic T cells do TC?

Directly attack and kill other cells

Pathogens

Disease causing microorganisms

The antibody molecule is held together by __?__ bonds.

Disulfide

B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? A. It results in less memory cell circulation. B. It occurs only in the spleen. C. It results in less antibody secretion. D. It triggers fever. E. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

E. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? A. plasma cells B. complement cells C. basophils D. killer T cells E. helper T cells

E. helper T cells

What happens to Plasma cells after they secrete antibodies?

Each plasma cell functions at a very high rate, secreting about 2000 antibodies per second, for about 4-5 days. Then, the cell dies.

Caused by excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen

Edema

Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?

Edema (swelling)

Memory Cell

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

memory cell

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

Antimicrobial Proteins

Enhance the innate defenses by: - Attacking microorganisms directly - Hindering microorganisms' ability to reproduce One of the most important is Interferon.

How is anaphylactic shock treated?

Epinephrine

What are the primary cells for innate immunity?

Epithelial barrier cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells

What bind to an antibody molecules antigen binding sites which forms a antigen-antibody complex?

Epitopes

Indigestible and residual waste

Exocytosed from phagocyte

How does the vesicle get removed in phagocytosis?

Exocytosis

B cell binds to antigen on bacterium and T helper cell releases cytokines which activates the B cell; proliferation occurs and the B cells can become plasma cells or memory B cells

Explain B cell activation

macrophage digests bacteria and displays bacterial antigens next the MHC molecule; T cells with correct receptor bind to bacterial antigen and MHC which activates the T cell

Explain T cell activation after macrophage ingests bacterium

systemic response to invader; WBC and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogen (fever inducer) which causes body temp to increase which denatures enzymes

Explain fever

lymphocytes, APCs and specific molecules to identify and destroy non-self substances

Explain the adaptive immune response:

physical and chemical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, tears, lyzozymes

Explain the first line of defense:

phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever

Explain the major parts of the second line of defense:

inflammatory chemicals (histamines) cause vasodilation of surrounding BV to increase blood flow to injured areas; BV permeability increase and allows fluid containing clotting factors, antibodies, and WBC (neutrophils, macrophages) to move from bloodstream to inflamed site

Explain the process of inflammation:

display peptides; made in rough ER and contain a cup that is inserted into the cell membrane; when they are infected they display the viral components in it which signals to a WBC of the infection

Explain what a MHC protein is

Seeps from the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies

Exudate

What causes Swelling in inflamed tissue?

Exudate formation causes swelling.

A graft from a monkey to a human is an example of an allograft.

FALSE, XENOGRAFT

A given pathogen will provoke either a cell- mediated response or an antibody- mediated response but not both

False

Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.

False

After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur

False

B cells must accomplish double recognition: they must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

False

Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

False

Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to to be activated

False

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the cross-linking of antibodies to mast cells or basophils. T or F

False

Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.

False

Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur

False

Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.

False

In a case of immediate hypersensitivity, the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.

False

It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

False

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates.

False

Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.

False

Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

False

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.

False

Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus.

False

In addition to cell lysis, complement activation may invoke neutralization, precipitation, and inflammation. T or F

False - Complement proteins enhance inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and can cause cell lysis, but do not play a role in neutralization or precipitation.

Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to form antibodies and killing compounds. T or F

False - Immunocompetence refers to a lymphocyte's ability to recognize its one specific antigen.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released by helper T cells to stimulate bound T cells. T or F

False -IL-1 is released by an APC.

T cells represent a small portion of the lymphocytes in the circulatory system. T or F

False -T cells account for 75% of the bloodborne lymphocytes.

Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes to foreign red blood cells.

False, antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.

False, single antigenic

Interferons

Family of immune proteins that allow cells to "WARN" neighboring cells of viral infections

Surface Barriers act as the ____ line of defense

First

IgM

First to peak during a primary immune response

T cells achieve self-tolerance in the

thymus

T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.

thymus

T cells mature in the

thymus

Complement proteins work by __________.

Forming pores in the membranes of target cells

B Cells

Forms antibody producing cells

B cell

Forms antibody producing cells

B-Cells

Forms antibody producing cells

during fetal development, stem cells in bone marrow produce lymphocytes; the blood carries lymphocytes through the body; about half of the lymphocytes travel to the ____ ____, where they mature and differentiate into T cells, making up 70-80% of the blood's lymphocytes

thymus gland

Dendritic Cells

Found in skin and can wander to secondary lymph organs. Most effective antigen presenter.

Acid

Found in skin, urine, vaginal and stomach secretions - inhibits bacterial growth/entry.

Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic Mobilization

Four main phases: Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis

What do secreted antibodies bind to?

Free antigens

a response where the donated organ rejects the host (recipient); this response usually occurs in immunodeficient patients and is caused in part by transplanted T cells

GVHD (graft versus host disease)

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

Haptens

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called __?__.

Haptens

A 36-year-old man enters the hospital in an extremely debilitated condition. He has purple-brown skin lesions (a symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma) and a persistent cough. A physical examination reveals swollen lymph nodes, and laboratory tests find a very low lymphocyte count. Information taken during the personal history reveals that he has multiple sex partners with whom he frequently engages in unprotected sex. What is likely to be the man's problem and what is his prognosis?

He is probably suffering from AIDS. His outlook is poor once the disease has progressed to this advanced stage. There is no cure, and drug therapy has had limited short-term success.

Helper T cells do what?

Help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation, activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells

Absence results in no immune response

Helper T cell

Missing which of the following cells will result in essentially no cellular immune response?

Helper T cell

Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?

Helper T cell

CD 4

Helper T cell Regulatory T cell

Bind to antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation

Helper T cells

__________ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses.

Helper T cells

a T cell clone that also secretes lymphokine which stimulates T and B cells to enhance the immune response

Helper T cells

What regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes?

Helper T cells (TH cells)

function in the adaptive immune system activation

Helper T cells ________.

Which immune cells are destroyed by the AIDS virus?

Helper T cells.

Coordinate humoral and cellular immune responses

Helper T cells:

what cells have the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity

Helper T-Cells

Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?

Helps T cell

Fever (antimicrobial protein)

High body temp, systemic response to invading microorganisms, leukocytes and macrophages secrete pyrogens

How does fever protect the body from pathogens?

High body temperature inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes.

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells? histamine kinins prostaglandins complement

Histamine

F

Histamine causes blood cells to dilate and become leaky.

Inflammation mediators include what?

Histamine, kinans, prostaglandins, and related compounds

What are the inflammatory mediators?

Histamines, blood proteins, kinins prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes and complement

How long do sensory memory cells take to response during secondary immune response?

Hours

recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?

Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self"

tolerance is developed during fetal life.

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area

Hyperemia

Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)?

IFNs help the body combat viral infections.

a vaccine can also be made from the toxin secreted by a pathogen; the toxin is altered to reduce its harmfulness, but it can still act as an antigen to induce immunity; this alteration is called ____, which is also an active immunity that is artificially acquired

toxoid

Mucus

traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems

Mucus - Epithelial Chemical Barrier

traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems

cell-mediated immunity

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

Cilia

Extensions of plasma membranes, sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed

When can a lymphocyte be activated?

When a lymphocytes antigen receptors bind its antigen

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?

Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT ____

How is AIDS treated?

Antiviral drugs

Vaccines provide what type of immunity?

Artificial immunity

This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens.

Autoimmune disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disease; Attacks joints.

Glomerulonephritis

Autoimmune disease; Attacks kidney's filtration membrane, impairing renal function.

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune disease; Attacks pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin.

Benefits from inflammation

Prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, sets stage for repair

Antibodies are capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by which type of cells?

B

The Alternate pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.

Spontaneous activation as a result of the target cell not expressing inhibiting or regulatory proteins on their surface.

Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another

B

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

Bone marrow

Where are microglia located?

Brain

Inflammation

Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Mucin (surface)

Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract, trapping organisms

15) ________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells

C

Produces HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria

Stomach mucosa:

virus enters cell, interferon gene switches on producing interferon which binds to other cells and turns on genes for antiviral proteins blocking viral reproduction

Explain the process of interferons

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes

C

What chemical is released by macrophages when a TLR becomes activated?

Cytokines.

When are the peak levels of plasma antibody reached in primary immune response?

10 days

Leukocytosis is what phase in Phagocytic Mobilization ?

1st phase

Helper T-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection

1st stimulation: CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APC; TCR interacts with antigen within MHC II molecule 2nd stimulation: Helper T-lymphocyte releases IL-2, which stimulates the helper T-lymphocyte activated helper t cell proliferates and differentitates to form a clone of activated and memory helper t cells

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection

1st stimulation: CD8 binds with MHC I molecule of infected cell;TCR interacts with antigen within MHC I molecule. 2nd stimulation:IL-2 released from activated helper t cell stimulates the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte activated cytotoxic t cell proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of activated and memory cytotoxic t cells

B-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection

1st stimulation:Free antigen binds to BCR, B_lymphocyte engulfs and presents antigen to activated helper T-lymphocyte 2nd stimulation:IL-4 released from activated helper T-lymphocyte stimulates B-lymphocyte activated b cell proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes. plasma cells produce antibodies

How many antibody units does IgA consist of?

2

How many pathways can complement be activated by?

2

Complement

20 blood proteins that circulate in an inactive form

Margination is what phase in Phagocytic Mobilization ?

2nd Phase

How long is the lag period of primary immune response?

3-6 days

Diapedesis is what phases in Phagocytic Mobilization?

3rd Phases

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

CD 8

Cytotoxic T cell

What amplifies the inflammatory response?

Complement

First line of defense against invading organisms

Skin: