Immune System MEGA
Three characteristics of the Adaptive immune system
1. Specific: targets particular antigens 2. Systemic: not limited to initial infection site 3. Has a memory: after initial exposure, recognizes and mounts stronger attack on subsequent exposure.
Two Intrinsic Defense Systems
Innate (nonspecific) & Adaptive (specific)
phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
What provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not "self"?
Innate immunity
What is the first line of defense?
Intact skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens? antimicrobial proteins complement intact skin and mucous membranes inflammation
Intact skin and mucous membranes
Interferons __?__.
Interfere with viral replication within cells.
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
Interferon
interfere with viral replication within cells
Interferons ________.
How do interferons protect against infection in healthy cells?
Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins.
How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?
Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins.
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except __?__.
Juvenile diabetes
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Kill their target cells by releasing perforins and other cytolytic chemicals
what are the 4 subgroups of T cell clones?
Killer T cells Helper T cells Suppressor T cells Memory T cells
Characterized by high numbers of neutrophils
Leukocytosis :
Where are Kupffer cells located?
Liver
NK cells do what to Cancer Cells and Virus infected Cells
Lyse and Kill
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?
MS, Graves, Type I diabetes, SLE
Phagocytic Mobilization involves:
Mainly neutrophil adn macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte immobilization
Mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Regulatory T cells
May function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen
Memory cells
What do memory cells do?
Mount an immediate response to future exposures of the same antigen
Hyaluronic acid
Mucopolysaccharide with a gel-like consistency that is located in areolar tissue of the dermis, slows migration of microbes that have penetrated the epidermis.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil
Fever __?__.
Occurs due to the production of chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.
Select the correct statement about antigens. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Why do vaccines fail to fully establish cellular immunological memory?
Only target one type of help T cell
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
Opsonization
Inflammatory response
Part of the second line of defense
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus.
How many antibody units does IgM consist of?
5
IgG
75-85% antibodies in plasma from secondary and late primary responses and crosses the placental barrier
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
A
Chemotaxis
Process by which inflammatory chemicals attract more neutrophils and other leukocytes to the site of injury.
C3 can be activated without antigen stimulation and produces full complement effect by binding to bacteria or viruses in the presence of what?
Properdin
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses.
Which are the strongest antigens?
Proteins: can have hundreds of chemically different antigenic determinants.
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B
Forms antibody producing cells
B cell
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C
Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle? Select from letters A-D.
C
Helper T cells co-stimular for
CD8 activation
Helper T Cell
Cells that have teh largest role and most widespread effect on immunity
Defensins
Chemical of the first line of defense. Consists antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth
cell-mediated immunity
Chemicals released by infected tissues can stimulate leukocyte productions: activate T cells, Stimulate B cells, activate macrophages
What are the substances that attract white blood cells to the area in a process called chemotaxis?
Chemotactic factors
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
D
What cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
Dendritic cells
Name three different APC's. Which is most important for T lymphocyte activation?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Dendritic cells are most important for T cell activation
Three Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs)
Dendritic cells. Macrophages B lymphocytes
Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into the tissues
Diapedesis
Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries? leukocytosis diapedesis chemotaxis margination
Diapedesis
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
Direct cell lysis
What does specific mean?
Directed against particular pathogens and substances
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Do not respond to specific antigens; Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity; Part of the adaptive immune system; theses are B lymphocytes
Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.
False
Exudate
Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies that seeps from blood at leaky capillaries and causes edema.
A class of plasma protein
Gamma globulin:
Interferon (IFN)
Genes that synthesize IFN are activated when a host cell is invaded by a virus; Interferon molecules leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells; Interferon stimulates the neighboring cells to activate genes for an antiviral protein; These proteins nonspecifically blocks viral reproduction in the neighboring cell
AIDS
HIV reverse transcriptase produces frequent transcription errors; high mutation rate and resistance to drugs
Vibrissiae
Hairs in nasal cavity, traps microbes in the nose
What are incomplete antigens called?
Hapten
The primary immune response __?__.
Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
There is no immune response without what type of cell?
Helper T
Name the 2 Types of Immunity the Adaptive Defense has...
Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity
What causes tissue damage?
Hypersensitivities
__________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.
IgG
which immunoglobulin is found in plasma and body fluids?
IgG
antibodies; histamine
Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.
Delayed hypersensitivities __?__.
Include allergic contact dermatitis
Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow to area producing redness
What is the second line of defense's most important mechanism?
Inflammation
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammation
brings more leukocytes to the site of infection
Inflammation ________.
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that __________.
Inflammation is occurring
What is it called when tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury and promote normalcy?
Inflammatory response
What prevents the spread of damaging agents?
Inflammatory response
What sets the stage for repair and how?
Inflammatory response by disposing cell debris and pathogens
________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. - Haptens - Antibodies - Interleukins - Antigens
- Antigens
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens. - SCID - Allergy - Anaphylaxis - Autoimmune disease - Immunodeficiency
- Autoimmune disease
In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? - Macrophages - B cells - Natural killer cells - Neutrophils
- B cells
What is the second step of T cell activation? - Chemotaxis - Antigen binding - Anergy - Co-stimulation
- Co-stimulation
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx? - Complement cascade - Saliva and tears - Skin secretions - Mucous membranes
- Complement cascade
A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________. - Allograft - Autograft - Isograft - Xenograft
- Isograft
Which of the following does not apply to the specific defensive system? - It has memory. - It is immediate. - It is specific. - It is systemic.
- It is immediate.
Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? - It triggers fever. - It only occurs in the spleen. - It results in less antibody secretion. - It results in less memory cell circulation. - It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
- It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. - Pepsin - Amylase - Salivase - Trypsin - Lysozyme
- Lysozyme
Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? - Complements - Natural killer cells - Mucous membranes - Macrophages - Antibodies
- Mucous membranes
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? - Pain - Redness - Heat - Opsonization - Swelling
- Opsonization
________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. - Immunological memory - Self-tolerance - Antigenicity - Immunocompetence
- Self-tolerance
In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictive process - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens only go through positive selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative and positive selection. - immature T-lymphocytes go through apoptosis.
- T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection.
All of the following are names of antigen-presenting cells except - macrophages. - B-lymphocytes. - T-lymphocytes. - Langerhan's cells.
- T-lymphocytes.
Which of the following statements is false about natural killer cells? - They attach infected or cancerous cells that lack self-surface receptors. - They are large granular lymphocytes. - They are not specific for each antigen. - They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
- They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
Which of the following statements about infectious granulomas is false? - The tuberculosis bacillus can cause them. - They contain a central region of infected macrophages. - They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen. - They appear as tumor-like growths.
- They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ? - Spleen - Thymus - Peyer's patch - Lymph node - Tonsil
- Thymus
Humoral immunity is provided by: - complement proteins. - T cells. - interferons. - antibodies.
- antibodies.
MHC II proteins are found on: - red blood cells. - cytotoxic T cells. - antigen-presenting cells. - helper T cells.
- antigen-presenting cells.
The first step in inflammation is: - phagocyte mobilization. - tissue injury. - vasodilation. - the release of pro-inflammatory signals.
- tissue injury.
Formation and Docking of MHC I molecules in a healthy cell
1. MHC class I molecules are synthesized by the RER, during production peptide fragments of the cell(self-antigens) bind with the MHC I molecules. 2.Transport vesicles are produced from the RER that contain MHC I molecules with bound self-antigen, they are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane 3.MHC I molecules with bound self antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane following fusion of the secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Which antibody defense mechanisms inactivate antigens?
1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation
Benefits of inflammation (4)
1. Prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues 2. Removes cell debris and pathogens 3. Recruits adaptive immune system 4. Promotes tissue repair
Four cardinal signs of acute inflammation.
1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain
4 steps of inflammation
1. Release of inflammatory and chemotactic factors 2. Vascular changes including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and display of CAMs 3. Recruitment of immune cells by Margination, Diapedeis, and Chemotaxis 4. Delivery of plasma proteins
regulatory T cells
Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of ___
Inflammation
Tissue response to injury (physical trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals, infections)
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Helper T cells
Trigger macrophage to produce respiratory burst, killing pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.
True
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood
True
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
True
Antibodies can act both intracellularly and extracellulary
True
Antibodies cn act both intracellularly and extracellularly.
True
Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.
True
Fever is thought to be a beneficial response because it makes iron and zinc less available to support bacterial growth.
True
If a person with type A blood is given a unit of type B blood, the type B RBCs are destroyed. T or F
True
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist
True
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
True
MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.
True
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies. T or F
True
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes
True
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.
True
Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.
True
Some inmmunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime
True
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.
True
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens
True
The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. T or F
True
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin
True
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
True
The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.
True
The immune system is highly adaptive because gene coding for antibodies displays somatic recombination. T or F
True -Through somatic recombination, the humoral immune mechanism may have the capacity to generate over a billion types of antibodies.
Antibodies enhance phagocytosis and inflammatory response. True or False?
True.
Innate immunity is present at birth. True or False?
True.
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor; act as signals that create a greater immune response
What are the four different chemicals that CD4 (t helper) cells secrete and what do they do in general?
humoral: target things outside cell and is antibody mediated; cellular: intracellular and cell mediated
What are the two arms of the adaptive immune response?
neutrophils and monocytes
What are the two major types of phagocytes in the blood?
When are Opsonins used?
When bacteria have an external capsule that conceals their glycoproteins, the immune cells coat the pathogen with opsonins.
histamine (potent inflammatory chemical released by mast cells)
Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
antigenic
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
opsonization
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? booster shot of vaccine infusion of weakened viruses exposure to an antigen passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles and leaves
a residual body
Helper T Cells
a. Mobilize both cellular and humoral defenses. b. Activate CD8 (into cytotoxic T cells) by binding to MHC II presenting cells (APC, dendritic cells) and releasing IL2. c. Activate B cells by binding to them and releasing IL4: B cells then activate and release plasma cells. d. Also: amplify responses of the innate immune system.
IgG
a. Most abundant in the body. b. Main player in primary and secondary responses. c. Fixes and activates complement very fast. d. Protects against viruses, bacteria, toxins. e. Crosses the placenta.
Macrophages
a. Most voracious phagocytes in the body. b. Derive from Monocytes (WBC). c. Develop into Macrophages once they enter the tissues, coming from the blood stream. d. Agranulocytes
Complement proteins are specific to ...
bacteria
5 major categories of Infectious agents
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and muliticellular parasites
Characteristic of antigens
can be self-antigens
Natural Killer (NK) cells
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
T-cells attack *antigens directly* through cell-to-cell contact; what is this immune response called?
cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
CYTOTOXIC
cells are the only T lymphocytes that can directly attack and kill other cells.
Primary immune response
cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen - 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge - Peak levels of plasma antibody are achieved in 10 days - Antibody levels then decline
What is another type of adaptive defense?
cellular or cell-mediated immunity
Inflamation begins with
chemical alarm vasodilation
Inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injured areas
chemotaxis
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
chemotaxis
chemicals released by injured cells that attach phagocytes to the injured site
chemotaxis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
margination:
clinging of phagocytic cells to the inner walls of the capillaries
Stimulate B cells grow to form a
clone of identical cells bearing the same antigen-specific receptors
D
complement
An example of a inflammatory mediator is
cytokines
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxic T (TC) cells
Lacrimal fluid
fluid produced by lacrimal glands; contains lysozyme and IgA. washes microbes away from surface of eyes, contains antimicrobial agents.
Class I MHC proteins
found on virtually all body cells
2 types of macrophages
free macrophages fixed macrophages
as humans, we have inherited immunity to certain diseases; also called inborn, innate or species immunity a. genetic immunity b. acquired immunity
genetic immunity
what are two main categories of immunity?
genetic immunity and acquired immunity
The primary immune response ________.
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells ________
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
High Fevers are dangerous because...
heat denatures enzymes
Effector response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
if the cytotoxic t cell recognizes the foreign antigen presented by the infected cell(with MHC class I molecules), it destroys the cell by releasing granules containing the cytotoxic chemicals perforin and granzymes which induce apoptosis of abnormal cells.
Hypersensitivities
immune responses to a perceived (otherwise harmless) threat
Autoimmune diseases
immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
ability to resist and overcome injury by pathogens or antigenic substances
immunity
D
injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)
Nonspecific defense system
innate
What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?
intact skin and mucous membranes
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
Phagocytosis
internal defense in which macrophages use its cytoplasmic extensions to pull rod-shapped bacteria toward it
Immunocompetence
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except?
juvenile diabetes
Cell lysis
kills bacteria and certain other cell types
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
lactate pathway
IgM:
large, pentamer shaped antibody
Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?
lectin pathway
Where are naive (unexposed) B and T cells exported to
lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs
Natural Kill NK Cells
lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells
what do tears secrete that discourages growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye?
lysozyme
What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the body?
macrophages
enlarged monocytes that eats foreign material; a "big eater"; can be wandering or fixed
macrophages
what helps activate T and B cells?
macrophages
inflammatory response
macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals
Phagocyte mobilization involves
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Regulatory T cells
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions.
Mucosae
mechanical barriers
2 types of acquired immunity
natural artificial
Margination
neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in inflamed area
Margination Phase - 2
neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area
Chemotaxis
neutrophils follow chemical trail inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents - clear area of debris and dead tissue cells
Secondary immune response
occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen
Primary immune response
occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen
Active humoral immunity
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Diapedesis
of neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
opsonization
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? booster shot of vaccine infusion of weakened viruses exposure to an antigen passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
fixed macrophages
permanent residents of some organs; examples: stellate macrophages (liver) and microglia (brain)
Innate immune system defenses include
phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include____
phagocytosis
When a lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle it is called a
phagolysosome
Phagocytes form pseudopods that eventually engulf pathogens or debris called
phagosome
Surface barriers
physical barrier to most microorganisms
Most clone cells become
plasma cells
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Exudate
proteins, clotting factors and antibodies
Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances create this
pyrogens
How do NK cells kill the target cells?
releasing cytolytic chemicals
Pryogens
reset body thermostat upward
Stomach Mucosae - Epithelial Chemical Barrier
secrete concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes
Plasma Cells
secrete specific antibody at the rate of 2000 molecules per second
Mucus
secretion containing lysozyme, defensins, and IgA, thick secretion that helps trap microbes; contains antimicrobial substances
Saliva
secretions released into the mouth from salivary glands, contain lysozyme and IgA. helps wash away microbes, contains antimicrobial substances.
IgA
secretory in mucus and other secretions helps prevent entry of pathogens
What marks a cell as "self" as opposed to "nonself"?
self- antigens, particulary MHC proteins, mark a cell as self
Antigenic determinants mobilize
several different lymphocyte populations
Prions
small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tiussue. ex; Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mad cow disease)
Incomplete antigens
small molecules peptides, nucleotides, hormones
Dermicidin
small proteins produced by the skin, antibacterial agent against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria;antifungal agent
Cytokines
small, soluble proteins produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity. serve as a means of communication between the cells, control the development and behavior of efector cells of immunity, regulate the inflammatory response of the innate immunity, and in some cases, serve as weapons to destroy cells. have a short half-life
Vaccines
spare us the symptoms of the primary response
Clone cells secrete
specific antibodies at the rate of 2000 molecules per second for 4-5 days
Antigen challenge usually occurs in the
spleen or lymph node
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
stimulates leukopoiesis in bone marrow to increase synthesis of a specific type (colony) of leukocytes. comes from T-lymphocytes and monocytes. ex: G-CSF (granulocyte CSF) GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage CSF)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
strong acid produced within stomach, creates very low pH that destroys many bacteria, bacterial toxins, and other microbes that enter the stomach
Antigen
substance that binds to a component of adaptive immunity(antibody or T-lymphocyte) complete antigens possess 2 important properties: immunogenicity and reactivity
Cilia
sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages
Innate (nonspecific)
system responds quickly and consists of two lines of defense
Anaphylactic Shock
systemic response to allergen that directly enters the blood
Fever
systemic response to invading microorganisms
what are some examples of nonspecific first line chemical barriers?
tears saliva perspiration (sweat) stomach acid mucous from respiratory tract
Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells
that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
Onset
the hypothalamus stimulates blood vessels in the dermis of the skin to vasoconstrict to decrease heat loss through the skin, and a person shivers to increase heat production through muscle contraction.
What is/are the specific target(s) of interferons?
the membrane receptors on healthy cells
A vaccine is effective because
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response
Exudate seep into
tissue spaces
Why are children given vaccinations?
to develop antibodies against various diseases
Chemicals in sebum
toxic to bacteria
Mucus (protective mechanism)
traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
type II diabetes
Self-tolerance
unresponsive to self antigens
Urine
urine formed in kidneys is transported out of body through urinary tract, flow of urine flushes microbes
an antigen-bearing substance that has been altered in order to produce active immunity without causing the disease; it is injected into a person in an attempt to stimulate antibody production
vaccine
you can also acquire immunity artificially in two ways; the first is by a ____ (primary response); the second is by injection of ____ ____(secondary response); both provide artificially acquired immunity
vaccine immune globulin
B
vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
vaccines
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity? antivenoms vaccines infection antibodies received in breast milk
vaccines
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
vasoconstriction
The redness and heat of an inflamed are are due to local hyperemia caused by
vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by
vasodilation
Interferons are specific to...
viruses
What do free macrophages do?
wander
Keratin is resistant to ...
weak acids and bases bacterial enzymes toxins
interferons and compliment proteins
what are the two main internal antimicrobial proteins?
When is a B cell activated?
when antigens bind to its surface receptors
When are sythnesizing IFN genes activated?
when hosts cells is invaded by virus
red bone marrow; thymus
where do T cell lymphocytes originate? Where do they mature?
Which class of tissue graft is the LEAST likely to be accepted by a patient's body?
xenograft
Which class of tissue graft is the least likely to be accepted by a patient's body?
xenograft
Mechanism of Phagocytosis
1 - Microbes adhere to the phagocyte 2 - Pseudopods engulf the particle (antigen) into a phagosome 3 - Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome 4 - Invaders in the phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes 5 - Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis
Protective chemicals secreted by mucous membranes (4)
1. Acid: skin, urine, vaginal and stomach secretions - inhibits bacterial growth/entry. 2. Lysozymes: enzymes found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of eyes. 3. Mucin: protein that in water form thick, sticky substance that traps microorganisms. 4. Defensins: broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides - help control bacterial and fungal colonization.
Mechanism of Phagocytosis
1. Adherence 2. Pseudopods engulf 3. Phagolysosome 4. Destruction of Pathogens 5. Exocytosis
What do NK cells look for on cell surface receptors in order to react?
"Lack of Self"
Cytotoxic T Cells
(Killer, Tc, T8) display CD8 protein, recognize antigen fragments associated with MHC I molecules.
CD4 cells
(T4 cells) are primarily helper T cells (TH)
Helper T Cell
(T4, CD4) Display CD4 protein, recognize foreign fragments associated with MHC II molecules, secrete several cytokines, especially interleukin-2 that is a costimulator of helper T-cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells
CD8 cells
(T8 cells) are cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens
Skin Acidity - Epithelial Chemical Barrier
(pH of 3 to 5) inhibits bacterial growth
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? - A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. - A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
- A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs? - NK cells - Antigen presenting cells - All immune cells - Helper T-cells - Plasma cells
- Antigen presenting cells
Which of the following is not an innate defense mechanism of the body? - fever - B lymphocytes - skin - inflammation
- B lymphocytes
Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? - Basophil - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil - Kupffer cell
- Basophil
Which of the following is the hallmark of the humoral immune response? - Antigen presentation - Phagocytosis - Binding of antibody to the antigen. - Cell lysis by T cells - Interferon production
- Binding of antibody to the antigen.
Which is correctly matched? - B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body. - Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells - Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I - Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
- Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
Which cells of the innate immune response are responsible for detecting and destroying parasites? - Natural killer cells - Mast cells - Eosinophils - Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? - Swelling - Redness - Pain - Fever
- Fever
Which of the following is mismatched? - B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies - Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells - Cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses - Regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response
- Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? - Basophils - Killer T-cells - Plasma cells - Helper T-cells - Complement cells
- Helper T-cells
Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)? - IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. - IFNs have antiviral activity. - IFNs activate macrophages. - IFNs have an anticancer role.
- IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
This type of antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, thus invoking inflammation. - IgA - IgG - IgE - IgM - IgD
- IgE
Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells of the presence of a virus? - Complement - Interferon - Interleukin - Pyrogen - Antigen
- Interferon
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? - Natural killer cells - Basophils - Helper T-lymphocytes - Plasma cells - Macrophages
- Natural killer cells
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever. - Pyrogens - Heparin - Antibodies - Histamine - Keratin
- Pyrogens
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are - T lymphocytes. - B lymphocytes. - NK cells.
- T lymphocytes.
Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response. - T-lymphocytes - antibodies - plasma cells - B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n) - hapten. - antigen. - antibody. - colony-stimulating factor. - immunoglobulin.
- antigen.
Antigen is a contraction of - antigen etc. - antigenic determinants. - anti-genetic. - antibody genes.
- antigenic determinants.
A vaccination works to establish: - natural passive immunity. - natural active immunity. - artificial passive immunity. - artificial active immunity.
- artificial active immunity.
Which of the following processes is most similar to complement fixation? - chemotaxis - diapedesis - antibody formation - blood clotting
- blood clotting
Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the: - bone marrow. - lymph nodes. - thymus. - spleen.
- bone marrow.
The primary mechanism of antibody action is - phagocytosis. - agglutination. - neutralization. - complement activation. - precipitation.
- complement activation.
The process that begins when a helper T-cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as - T-cell proliferation. - self antigen recognition. - costimulation. - antigen proliferation.
- costimulation.
Which hypersensitivity is caused by T-lymphocytes? - acute - subacute - chronic - delayed
- delayed
Leukotrienes cause - dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area. - neutrophils to migrate to an area of inflammation. - the release of digestive enzymes outside the cell. - apoptosis of cells.
- dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
Complement proteins work by - creating an impermeable barrier. - phagocytosis of target cells. - forming pores in the membranes of target cells. - producing antibodies. - neutralization of antigens.
- forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability. - neutrophils - platelet derived growth factors - free radicals - histamines
- free radicals
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that - an immune response is underway. - antigens are present. - fever is developing. - inflammation is occurring. - antibodies are phagocytizing target cells.
- inflammation is occurring.
The classical and alternate pathway for complement fixation converge at - production of C-reactive protein. - lysis of the foreign cell. - insertion of the membrane attack complex. - the release of factor B, D, and P.
- insertion of the membrane attack complex.
All of the following are functions of interferon except that - it mobilizes natural killer cells. - it interferes with viral replication in affected cells. - it only occurs naturally. - it is not viral specific.
- it only occurs naturally.
Toll-like receptors are found on - lymphocytes. - mast cells. - macrophages. - neutrophils.
- macrophages.
The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) - basophil. - antigen-presenting cell. - helper T-cell. - plasma cell. - memory cell.
- memory cell.
Interferons can be used to treat all of the following except - cancer. - muscular dystrophy. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.
- muscular dystrophy.
Gene guns are used to shoot - antigens with genes. - genes that prevent hypersensitive reactions into lymphocytes. - naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin. - pathogens in the blood stream.
- naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin.
Which of the following does not originate from a monocyte? - microglia - Kupffer cells - natural killer cells - free macrophages
- natural killer cells
Antibodies are produced in cells called - natural killer cells. - beta cells. - plasma cells. - helper T-cells. - memory cells.
- plasma cells.
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is derived from arachidonic acid? - perforin - bradykinin - prostaglandin - histamine
- prostaglandin
The ability of a phagocyte to adhere to a particular particle depends on its ability to - coat the particle with protein. - recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle. - produce a respiratory rush. - coat the particle with antibodies.
- recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle.
Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response? - release of leukocytosis inducing factor - adhesion of the neutrophils cell adhesion molecules to antigen - positive chemotaxis - diapedesis
- release of leukocytosis inducing factor
All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders EXCEPT - Grave's disease. - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - Myasthenia gravis - sickle cell anemia. - rheumatoid arthritis.
- sickle cell anemia.
"Somatic recombination" refers to - the selection of antigens the body will respond to. - the somatic response to recombinant DNA. - the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent. - the rearrangement of cells in order to produce an immune response.
- the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent.
T-lymphocytes that bind to an antigen before co-stimulation takes place will cause - these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen. - cause less tissue damage than when co-stimulation takes place first. - these lymphocytes to die. - cause plasma cells to produce autoantibodies.
- these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen.
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells - by releasing oxidizing agents. - by phagocytosis. - through injection of tumor necrosis factor. - by secreting antibodies. - through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
- through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of - contact with a pathogen. - vaccination. - antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta. - injection of an immune serum. - antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
- vaccination.
All of the following are examples of characteristics of adaptive defenses EXCEPT - they have memory. - they are systemic. - They are usually initiated in a lymph node. - we are born with them. - they are specific.
- we are born with them.
Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? - zinc - phosphorous - magnesium - copper
- zinc
An antibody molecule consists of what?
-2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains -Each molecule has 2 antigen-binding sites -2 complement-binding sites
Each heavy chain of an antibody molecule consists of what?
-3 constant regions -1 variable region
What are the two classes of lymphocytes of adaptive immunity?
-B lymphocytes (B cells) -T lymphocytes (T cells)
Lymphocytes are densest where they develop where?
-Bone marrow -Thymus gland -Lymph nodes -Spleen
T cells function to produce what?
-Cell-mediated immunity and help to regulate adaptive immunity in general
What are the characteristic signs of inflammation?
-Heat -Redness -Pain -Swelling
What are the two major categories of immune mechanisms?
-Innate immunity -Adaptive immunity
Complement produce a cascade of reactions resulting in what immune responses?
-Lyse cells when activated by either adaptive or innate mechanisms -Opsonization (mark cells for destruction by phagocytes) -variety of other immune responses
Adaptive or acquired immunity; which is resistance developed after birth; has what two types?
-Natural immunity results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens -Artificial immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization
What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.
-Opsonization is the process of making pathogens easier for phagocytes to grab onto and phagocytize by decorating their surface with molecules to which the phagocytes receptors can bind. An example that includes opsonin is the lectin pathway. It is a type of the complement system. Mannan-binding lectin proteins play a major role in activation of this pathway. Opsonin belongs to the same family as C1q, a family called the collectins.
B cells develop in what two stages?
-Pre-B cells develop by a few months of age -The second stage occurs in lymph nodes and spleen—activation of a naïve B cell after it binds a specific antigen
Adaptive immunity occurs in what series of stages?
-Recognition of antigen -Activation of lymphocytes -Effector phase (immune attack) -Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (homeostatic balance) -Memory cells remain for later response if needed
Activation of lymphocytes requires what two stimuli?
-Specific antigen -Activating chemicals
What is the first line of defense against a disease?
-The innate defense system is the first line of defense against disease. The skin and the mucous membranes are part of the innate defense system. As long as the epidermis is unbroken, a formidable physical barrier is presented to most microorganisms
What distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system?
-The innate defenses reduce the workload of the adaptive system by preventing the entry and spread of microorganisms in the body. -Innate is nonspecific, adaptive is specific The innate defense system is always ready to respond immediately, whereas it takes more time to mount the adaptive defense system.
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by
...
Inflammatory response
triggered whenever body tissues are injured or infected
What is the major class of antibody in the mucous membranes and in saliva and tears?
IgA
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?
IgA
which immunoglobulin is found primarily in secretions of exocrine glands such as milk, tears and gastric juice which helps protect against infections
IgA
A person with a deficit of IgA is likely to exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Which of the following correctly explains the role of IgA in this scenario?
IgA, found in the mucus lining of the respiratory tract, helps stop pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces and entering our body
What antibody has a small amount in blood; and who's precise function unknown?
IgD
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
IgD
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cells?
IgD
Involved in allergies
IgE
The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is
IgE
What antibody is present in a small amount; and produces harmful effects such as allergies?
IgE
which immunoglobulin are mast cells that attack allergens?
IgE
C
IgE antibodies attach to mast cells in body tissues.
What antibody makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin class can cross the placenta to provide naturally acquired passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
IgG
list immunoglobulins
IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
Which of the following antibodies can fix complement?
IgG and IgM
What classes of antibodies consist of only 1 single antibody unit?
IgG, IgE, IgD
5 major classes of immunoglobulins
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
Antibody classes
IgG, igA, IgM, IgE, IgD
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant?
IgG: 75-80% of all circulating antibodies.
Which of the following are properly matched? IgG: most abundant antibody IgM: secreted in tears IgA: primary antibody during primary immune response IgE: primary antibody of the secondary immune response
IgG: most abundant antibody
What is the antibody that naïve B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen?
IgM
What is the first antibody released in the primary response and usually indicates infection?
IgM
which immunoglobulin is found in blood plasma; anti A and anti B antibodies associated with RBCs are this this type of antibody
IgM
Five major classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies)
IgM (pentamer) IgA (dimer) IgD IgG IgE
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?
IgM contains 10 binding sites.
Which of the following are NOT correctly matched? severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): helper T cells are destroyed by a virus multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder
Immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis
Immunological Memory
two immune responses; Primary and Secondary
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease
type 2 diabetes
Cell Mediated Immunity
Immunity that requires cell to cell contact. Carried out by T cells; Only recognize antigen associated with self-protein
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence ________.
Naïve lymphocytes
Immunocompetent mature lymphocytes that have not been exposed to the antigen that they have receptors for.
What are the five classes of antibodies?
Immunoglobulins M, G, A, E, and D
What do memory cells provide?
Immunological memory
T cytotoxic cells
Important in defense against: Cancer cells. Self cells infected with fungi, viruses, protozoans, and bacteria.
antigen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
Graft rejection may be caused by
using a xenograft
Name the 2 Defense Systems the Immune System Has...
Innate (Nonspecific) Defense Adaptive (Specific) Defense
What are proteins synthesized and released into the circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other, nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state?
Interferon (INF)
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? They __?__
Involve IgE and the release of histamine from Mast cells and Basophils.
Immunocompetence __?__.
Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it.
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts
Isografts are between identical twins
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
Isografts are between identical twins.
Select the correct statement regarding tissue grafts.
Isografts are between identical twins.
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is specific for a given organ
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is specific for a given organ.
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is specific. It has memory. It is systemic.
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
Which of the following statements does not describe the adaptive immune response?
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
What does adaptive immunity depend upon?
Its cells ability to recognize antigens by binding to them and mounts a specific response
a T cell clone that destroys the antigen (pathogen) through the use of two mechanisms: (1) punching holes in its cell membrane and (2) secreting lymphokines, a substance that enhances phagocytic activity
Killer T cells
Cytotoxic T cell
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
What do injured tissue, phagocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and mast cells release?
Kinins, PGs, leuotrienes and complement
cells located in the liver that are fixed to the walls of the large capillaries called sinusoids; as blood flows through the sinusoids, pathogens and other foreign substances are removed and phagocytosed
Kupffer cells
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway
Lactate pathway
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? classical pathway lactate pathway alternative pathway lectin pathway
Lactate pathway
NK Cells are part of what group of cells?
Large Granular Lymphocytes
What are the ultimate targets of all immune responses?
Large, complex molecules not normally found in body
Chemicals released from injured tissues stimulate rapid proliferation and release of cells
Leukocytosis
Edema
Local swelling, usually caused by increased extracellular/interstitial fluid.
the use of dead of attenuated pathogen to stimulate antibody production is called ____ or immunization the solution of dead or attenuated pathogens is the ____ because the use of a vaccine stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies, vaccines induce a ____ immunity, which is artificially acquired
vaccination vaccine active
that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis
Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______.
What are the Primary types of cells for adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes called T cells and B cells
How does a lymphocyte become immunocompetent?
Lymphocytes must be able to recognize their one specific antigen by binding to it.
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes that are able to kill certain cells by the insertion of granules containing perforin
What does the adaptive immunity use to identify and destroy nonself substances?
Lymphocytes, APCs, specific molecules
Enzymes (surface barrier)
Lysosomes of saliva, respiratory mucous, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms, enzymes in stomach kill microorganisms
Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.
Lysozyme
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
MHC Class II molecules are found only on antigen-presenting cells and T cells that have been activated in the thymus.
All nucleated cells have these
MHC I
Self-antigens
MHC proteins
Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called
MONOCLONAL
What describes the qualities of most antigens?
Macroolecules tht are forgeign to the host
Derived from circulating monocytes
Macrophages
Which of the following cells predominate at the site of a chronic infection?
Macrophages
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
Macrophages
A common APC
Macrophages:
IgG
Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response
Phagocyte mobilization involves __?__.
Mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas.
Protozoan Infections
Malaria, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, tichomoniasis, and african sleeping sickness
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
Neutrophils attach to CAMs on the endothelial linings in the injured area
Margination
Where do histamines come from?
Mast cells
Invoke inflammation when IgE cross-links to them
Mast cells:
Regulatory T cells __?__.
May function to prevent autoimmune reactions.
Keratin and Mucosae provide what type of similar barriers
Mechanical
What is the first line of defense?
Mechanical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membrane)
disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
Where are receptors located on B cells?
Membrane-bound antibodies.
Capable of mounting a rapid attack against the same antigen in secondary immune responses
Memory B cells
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
a T cell clone that do not participate in destruction of the antigen; these cells "remember" the initial encounter with the antigen; if the antigen is presented at some future time, these cells quickly reproduce and allow a faster immune response to occur
Memory T cells
This immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen.
Memory cell
Which of the following cells enables a quick and efficient response to a second (or later) exposure to antigen?
Memory cell
Pus
Mixture of dead neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells and living and dead pathogens.
elevated blood glucose
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT _
D
More of same antigen invades body.
Neutrophils (second line)
Most abundant phagocytes but die fighting become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Nonspecific immunity: second line of defense: - a lymphocyte that acts nonspecifically - effective against many microbes and certain cancer cells
NK cells
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is also a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
NK Cells vs. Cytotoxic T Cells
NK: a. non-specific immunity b. Attack cells that don't have MHCI proteins, or that are coated with antibodies. Cytotoxic T: a. specific immunity. b. Attack cells that present a foreign body on its MHC I protein (endogenous antigens).
PKR blocks ...
viral reproduciton
Pre-B cells are sometimes called what after they complete their first stages of development?
Naive or inactive virgin B cells
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes
Natural killer cells
A small subgroup of lymphocytes that will attack cancerous cells
Natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by __?__.
Natural killer cells
What are the lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses?
Natural killer cells
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Natural killer cells
Apoptosis (self destruction)
Natural killer cells introduce (self destruction) in cancer cells and virus infected cells
__________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk.
Natural passive
What occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial endotoxins
Neutralization
4 defense mechanisms used by antibodies
Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation and complement fixation
Binding of antigen-binding site (Fab region) of an antibody with antigen causes
Neutralization-antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin. Agglutination-Antibody cross-links cells(ex;bacteria), forming a clump Precipitation-antibody cross-links circulating particles(ex;toxins), forming an insoluble antigen-antibody complex
What is the most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; which migrates out of bloodstream during diapedesis; and forms pus?
Neutrophil
Phagocytes; will migrate to the site of an infection within a few hours
Neutrophils
Margination
Neutrophils (and other phagocytes) adhere to capillary wall.
What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?
Neutrophils and other WBC's migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury
What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?
Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.
What is the main event of chemotaxis?
Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.
Which WBCs are called into the inflammation site by Leukocytosis?
Neutrophils: first on the scene Monocytes: become activated into macrophages within 12 hours.
A recent measles outbreak in your community has sparked interest in antibody testing to determine which patients are immune, which are at risk for infection, and which patients actually have measles. Which patient status and lab values are incorrectly matched?
Never immunized and ill with measles for 3 days: IgG +/ IgM -
Does innate immune response have a memory?
No
two classifications of phagocytes
wander and fixed
Cerumen
waxy secretions within external auditory meatus, waterproofs external auditory meatus, may trap microbes in external ear
Lactic acid
weak acid, produced by the vagina, creates a low pH that slows or prevents the growth of microbes
Are Natural Killer Cells phagocytic?
No, they kill by direct contact with target cell inducing it to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
What are the molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as "non-self" to the immune system?
Non-self markers
Urine protective mechanism
Normally acid pH inhibits bacterial growth; cleanses the lower urinary tract as it flushes from the body
Where are mucus-coated hairs located?
Nose
Viruses
Not a cell. DNA or RNA within a capsid protein. Obligate intracellular parasites; must enter cell to replicate
What is systemic mean?
Not restricted to initial infection site
Select the correct statement about antigens
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
Select the correct statement about antigens.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
What is true about antigens
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Humoral immune response
when B cells encounters a target antigen
With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
Opsonins
Opsonins
Opsonins are complement proteins or antibodies that "mark" the pathogen for destructions and makes it easier for phagocytic cells to bind,
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed __?__.
Opsonization
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? tissue repair T cell activation opsonization fever
Opsonization
What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.
Opsonization is the process of making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complement proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins
Defense mechanisms mediated by the complement system
Opsonization, Inflammation, Cytolysis, and Elimination of immune complexes
This process encourages phagocytosis
Opsonization:
Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?
Our genes
Under what circumstances might NK cells kill are our own cells?
Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or are cancerous.
Under what circumstances might NK cells kill our own cells?
Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or when they have become cancerous
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called
PATHOGENS
persons allergive to ____ are at particular risk for anaphylasix
PCN (penicillin)
IFN leave infected cells and enter neighboring cells activating transcription of what gene?
PKR (antiviral protein)
Multicellular parasites infections
Parasitic infection from tapeworms, lung flukes, liver flukes, blood flukes, hookworms, Trichinella, Ascaris, whipworms, and pinworms
Phagocytes
Part of the second line of defense against microorganisms
passive immunity example
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
What is developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection?
Passive immunity
The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?
Passive immunity, artificially acquired
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
Pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
Chemicals liberated by the inflammatory response increase:
Permeabliity of local capillaries
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves _____
Natural Killer Cells are NOT ....
Phagocytes
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
Phagocytes
Which of the following is part of the 2nd line of defense against microorganisms?
Phagocytes
The Inner Defense of the Innate Defense consist of ...
Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Inflammation Antimicrobial Proteins Fever
What grow larger after migrating from bloodstream?
Phagocytic monocytes
Innate immune system defenses include __?__.
Phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
Phagocytosis
innate internal defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
Secrete antibodies
Plasma cells
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Plasma cells ________.
B
Plasma cells produce large amounts of class IgE antibodies against allergen.
Produce immunoglobulins
Plasma cells:
T helper cells
Play a central role in immunity; Act indirectly by controlling the immune functions of other cells: Increased antibody production by B cells; Increased phagocytosis by macrophages; Increased killing of foreign and cancer cells
NK Cells are know as the ______ or _____ of the defensive immune system
Police Pit Bulls
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?
Prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Regulatory T cells
Prevents immune system from harming self
What is the initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days?
Primary response
Margination
Process in which capillary cells secrete adhesion molecules that grab passing neutrophils
Chemotaxis
Process in which infammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to an injured area
Opsonization
Process in which pathogens are coated with antibodies or complement proteins. Enables pathogens to recognize adn attach to pathogen
Inflammation
Process that is triggered when body tissues are injured. Prevents the spread of damaging agents, sents teh stage for repair ands alerts the immune system
Lectin pathway
Produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders, when bound to specific sugar on foreign invaders, it can activate complement
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by __?__.
Producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Fever
Production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Formation and docking of MHC molecules in an unhealthy cell
Proteins of viral particles are digested by proteasomes into peptide fragments; peptide fragments are taken up into the RER. 1.as MHC I molecules are synthesized by the RER, peptide fragments of the viral particle become attached to MHC I. 2. transport vesicles are produced from the RER that contain MHC class I molecules with viral peptide fragments, they are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane 3. MHC I with bound foreign antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane following fusion of the secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
The Lectin pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.
Proteins secreted by the liver that bind specifically to sugars like mannose found in bacterial cell walls.
Complement system
Provides major mechanism for destroying foreign substances, enhances inflammation and also directly destroys bacteria enhancing both innate and adaptive defenses
If the lymphocyte is a B cell what does the antigen do?
Provoke humoral response and produces antibodies
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.
Pyrogens
Events of Fever
Pyrogens are released and circulate in the blood, they target the hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandin E2 which raises the temperature set point of the hypothalamus from its normal 37C. the following stages occur in response: onset, stadium, and defervescence.
Antibody Diversity
Random mixing of gene segments makes unique antibody genes that: - Code for H and L chains - Account for part of the variability in antibodies
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
React nonspecifically and eliminate cancerous and virus-infected cells
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
Reactivity with an antibody
Cytotoxic T Cells
Recognizes cancer cells, cells infected by virus, bacteria, etc,
Antibodies resist disease first by what?
Recognizing foreign or abnormal substances
Where do lymphocytes originate?
Red bone marrow
Cardinal signs of Inflammation
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, and Loss of function. inflammatory response typically lasts no longer than 8 to 10 days. if it last longer than 2 weeks-chronic inflammation
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes them?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the cardinal signs of inflammation. Redness and local heat are both caused by vasodilation of arterioles, which increases the flow of blood to the affected area. The swelling is due to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation, which increase capillary permeability. This increases permeability allows proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, increasing IF osmotic pressure and drawing more fluid out of blood vessels and into, thereby causing swelling. The pain is due to two things the actions of certain chemical mediators on nerve endings, and the swelling, which can compress free nerve endings
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Regulatory T cells ________.
Slows or stops the immune system
Regulatory t cell
Leukocytosis
Releaqse of neutrophils from bone marrow, usualy as a response to tissue injury
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
Replacing injured tissue with connective tissue.
Specific Immunity
Resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by products
Sticky mucous membrane lined with cilia
Respiratory tract:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Resulting from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Interferes with Helper T Cells activity.
Clonal selection of B cells __?__.
Results in the formation of plasma cells.
Contains the antibacterial enzyme called lysozyme
Saliva and tears:
Skin and mucous membrane provide additional immune mechanisms including what?
Sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloride acid in the stomach
Innate Internal Defense act as the ____ line of defense
Second
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigen-receptor complexes occur during which phase of clonal selection?
Second
What is a later encounter with the same antigen that triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies?
Secondary response
natural killer cells (NK cells)
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response
What marks the antigens for destruction?
Secreted antibodies
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Select the correct statement about antigens.
What are the molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as "self" to the immune system?
Self markers
What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize?
Self-antigens
What do cytotoxic T cells bind to?
Self-nonself complex
What is the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells?
Self-tolerance
chemotaxis:
white blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage
Select the correct statement about antigens.
Since one antigen may have many antigenic determinants, it may cause more than one type of antibody to be produced.
The Surface Barrier of the Innate Defense consist of ...
Skin Mucous Membrane
Acid mantle of skin protective mechanism
Skin secretions (sweat & sebum)n make epidermal surface acidic, which inhibits bacterial growth, also contains various bactericidal chemicals
First line of defense includes
Skin, Mucous membranes, Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and secretions produced by skin, mucous membranes, and other
Surface Barriers
Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense
Exfoliation
Sloughing off of epidermal cells, removes potential pathogens from skin surface.
Regulatory T cell
Slows or stops the immune response
haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________
true
Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime. (T/F)
What is the genetic characteristics of an organism or species defends against pathogens?
Species resistance
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Specifically for a given organ
Diapedesis
Squeezing of neutrophils between endothelial cells to enter interstitium.
free macrophages ...
wonder throughout
Diseases caused by bacteria
Streptococcal infections, staphylococcal infections, tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, tetanus, lyme disease, salmonella, and anthrax
Pyrogens
Substance secreted by leukocytes that act on the body's thermostat, raising the body temperature
Antigens
Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response; Only certain parts of an entire antigen are immunogenic
What regulatory T cells suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance?
Suppressor T cells
a T cell clone that inhibits the immune response when the antigen has been destroyed; inhibits T and B cell activity
Suppressor T cells
Other types of T cells
Suppressor T cells (TS) Memory T cells
Name the 2 Defenses the Innate Defense has...
Surface Barrier Inner Defense
Keratin in the skin
Surface Barrier, presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms; Is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
Mucosae
Surface Barrier, provide similar mechanical barriers
Innate Immunity First Line of Defence
Surface/mechanical barriers: Skin Mucous membranes
Complement
System of blood proteins that provides a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances. Results in lysis of the invading cell
What occurs from a body-wide inflammatory response?
Systemic inflammation
Cell Mediated Immune Response
T cells
Cellular immunity is attributed to the action of __________.
T cells
What are the lymphocytes that go through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen?
T cells
What attack pathogens more directly and are classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)?
T cells
What is usually needed to help B cells achieve full activation?
T cells
Which cells mature in the thymus?
T cells
Which of the following is (are) NOT a part of the innate immune defenses?
T cells
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease?
T cells
Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease?
T cells
what cells are activated during a delayed-reaction allergy?
T cells
thymus
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.
They become T helper cells
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
function in the adaptive immune system activation
T helper cells ________.
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are __________.
T lymphocytes
antigen binding and co-stimulation
T-cell activation requires ________.
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
Regulatory T cells
TREG
What type of T cells can destroy all infected or abnormal cells?
Tc
innate external defenses (first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin)
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?
The T cell enters a state of anergy
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?
The T cell enters a state of anergy.
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
Your clinical instructor wants a brief description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. What would you tell him?
The heat and redness are caused by increased blood flow to the infected areas, and the pain and swelling are caused by excessive leakage of fluid from the capillaries into the infected area.
What distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system?
The innate defense system is always ready to respond immediately, whereas it takes considerable time to mount the adaptive defense system. The innate defenses consist of surface barriers and internal defenses, whereas the adaptive defenses consist of humoral and cellular immunity, which rely on B and T Lymphocytes
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response ______
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response ________.
vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ___
vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to local hyperemia is caused by what?
Vaccine is affective because
The secondary response of the adaptive imunity is faster and more efficient primary response
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
The virus that causes HIV-AIDs recognizes CD4 receptors.
Which statement is true about T cells?
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2
Which statement is true about T cells?
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
What are hypersensitivities distinguished by?
Their time course and whether antibodies or T cells are involved
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
They become T helper cells.
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
They become helper T cells
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities
They involve IgE antibodies and release histamine from mass cells and basophils
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Cell-mediated Immunity
This is needed since antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens; Two major populations of T cells mediate cellular immunity: - CD4 and CD8
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells __________.
Through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the ____
Thymus
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self"
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
APC cell encounters antigen which phagocytize the antigen, presents antigen in MHC molecule to a T lymphocyte; lymphocyte with correct receptor will be activated and either proliferate and make many copies or differentiate into memory cells or effecter to T helper cells which activate cytotoxic sections
Trace the pathway of a T cell immune response
inflammation
Triggered whenever body tissues are injured due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, infections by microorgan
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
True
A moderate fever is a protective adaptive response. T or F?
True
Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.
True
Antigens can be complete or incomplete.
True
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
True
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis
True
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.
True
Perforins form complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allow the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.
True
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies
True
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
True
Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
True
The classical complement pathway involves antibodies
True
The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination. This produces the huge variability in antibody types.
True
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals
True
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
True
Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and these other cells to inhibit viral replication.
True
HIV attacks helper T cells by binding into the CD4 proteins. T or F
True -HIV targets CD4 cells via their CD4 surface proteins.
Interferon (IFN)
Two classes: IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are antiviral agents, and IFN-gamma is a pro-inflammatory agent. come from leukocytes and fibroblasts
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
Type II diabetes
Where is cilia located?
Upper respiratory tract
Genetically engineered IFN
Used to treat hepatitis C, genital warts, multiple sclerosis.
Antigen encounter and activation
Usually takes place in spleen or lymph node and when binds will activate and complete its differentiation.
hypervariable regions
V gene segments, mutate and increase antibody variation
What provides antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive?
Vaccines
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Vaccines work by ________.
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes (SCID)
Variety of genetic diseases resulting in marked deficit of B and T cells.
Cytolysis
Various complement components (C5-C9_ trigger direct killing of a target by forming a protein channel in the plasma membrane of a target cell called a membrane attack complex(MAC). The mac protein channel allows an influx of fluid that causes lysis of the cell
All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.
All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by __?__.
Vasodilation
What causes Redness and Heat in inflamed tissue?
Vasodilations and Hyperemia.
How does interferons work?
Viral-infected cells are activated to secrete IFNs, which enter neighboring cells and produce antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction
What does Cytotoxic T cells target?
Virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites, cancer cells, foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)
free macrophages (wandering cells)
Wander through tissue spaces,
How long do antibody levels remain high after peak in secondary immune?
Weeks to months
site on the surface of an antigen where the antibody can bind
What are antigenic determinants?
capable of stimulating the production of antibodies
What are complete antigens?
plasma proteins that cause cascade of effects; activated by antigen/antibody complexes or by antigens on pathogens surface
What are compliment proteins?
small molecule that when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein can elicit the production of antibodies that bind specifically to it
What are haptens?
small proteins that when cells recognize they have been infected they secrete these to warn other cells
What are interferons?
protein molecules on surface of cells; they are coded for by genes of the MHC
What are self antigens?
macrophages: patrol tissues and consume debris; neutrophils: first responders to infection or tissue injuries and become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material; eosinophil: recognize and kill parasitic worms; mass cells: bind and ingest a wide range of bacteria
What are the four different types of cells that undergo phagocytosis? explain each
first line: physical and chemical barriers; second line: non-specific immunes response (innate immune); third line: specific adaptive immunity
What are the three lines of defense? Explain the generals of each
memory, CD4, and CD8
What are the three types of T cells?
neutralization (masks dangerous parts), agglutination, precipitation (taking soluble things out of blood)
What are the three ways that antibodies are capable of inactivating pathogens?
regulatory T cells (makes sure immune system doesn't go overboard) and memory T cells (both t helper and cytoxtic)
What are two other types of T cells?
class 1: found on all body cells; class 2: only found on certain cells in immune response
What are two types of MHC?
plasma B cells
What cells make antibodies?
enhance innate defenses by attacking microorganisms directly or hindering their ability to reproduce
What do antimicrobial proteins do?
infectious agents and abnormal body cells; amplifies the immune response by activating complement; has memory
What do third line defenses protect from?
lesions in cell membrane causing it to rupture; increased inflammation; optimization (coat bacteria with protein making them more likely to be phagocytize)
What does activation of compliment proteins lead to?
terminated
What happens to T cells that bind to self-antigens?
ability to produce antibodies against antigen
What is active immunity?
engulf antigens and present fragments of antigen for T cells to recognize; dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
What is an antigen presenting cell and what are the major types?
antigen challenge with lymphocyte B cell which provokes humoral immune response and antibodies are produced by plasma cells
What is involved in the humoral immunity response?
B cells are not exposed to antigens; no memory formed
What is passive humoral immunity?
presence of antibodies that were not produced by that person
What is passive immunity?
inside the cell; performed by T cells; T cell antigen receptors bind to antigen-MHC complex on the surface of cell which activates it, T cell enlargers and proliferates to form a clone of cells that proliferate and perform their specific functions
What is the cell mediated immune response?
they cause cell death; attack and kill other cells; use perforin and granzymes; move through body searching for cell displaying antigen for it to destroy
What is the function of a CD8 (cytotoxic) t cell? What do they use to complete this?
directly able to lyse and kill cancer cells and infected cells; secrete proteins and punch holes in infected cells
What is the function of natural killer cells?
antigenic determinant (specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to)
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
bind to about anything; bind to self and all other antigens
What to T cells bind to?
humoral immunity
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
self-antigens
What types of antigen do T cells NOT recognize?
Autoimmune disease
When bodies own antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells destroy its own cells.
anytime tissues are injured from intense heat, chemicals or by infection
When does inflammation occur?
Lymphocytes
When immature they are released from bone marrow and are essentially identical; maturity into one of 2 types: B and T depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent; part of the adaptive Immune system
break down of native self proteins; only one
Where do antigens displayed on surface of T cells come from? how many types of antigens can a single T cell recognize?
mast cells
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
class II MHC proteins ( present antigens that originated from outside the cell (phagocytized extracellular pathogens))
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
CD8 cells
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
helper T cells: destroy infected body cells
Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?
antibodies and complement proteins
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? interferons T cells natural killer (NK) cells antibodies and complement proteins
dendritic cells
Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition? T lymphocytes NK cells dendritic cells plasma cells
dendritic cells
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
interferons
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? complement proteins T lymphocytes interferons phagocytes
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? NK cells attack transplanted organs. NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).
a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
lectin pathway
Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
antigenic
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? antigenic helper regulatory cytotoxic
T cell
Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response
Which of the following is true of antigens?
Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.
Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
T cells (They are involved in cell-mediated immunity as they defend the body against specific pathogens)
Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease? NK cells phagocytes T cells inflammation
intact skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens? compliment antimicrobial proteins intact skin and mucous membranes inflammation
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response? It is systemic. It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material. It is specific. It has memory.
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? NK cells are a type of neutrophil. NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens.
all nucleated cells
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
mucous membranes
Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
complement proteins
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
Antigens only come from microbes
Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
Which statement is true about T cells?
Phagocytes (second line of defense)
White blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders
so that they will develop antibodies against various diseases (vaccines "prime" the immune response by providing a first meeting with the antigen without an infection occurring. As a result, antibodies are developed against the disease without the disease occurring)
Why are children given vaccinations?
T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation _____
Are there memory T cells?
Yes
Can B cells be activated without TH?
Yes
Does the adaptive immune system act to immobilize, neutralize or destroy foreign substances?
Yes
Does the adaptive immune system activate complement?
Yes
Does the adaptive immune system amplify inflammatory response?
Yes
Does the adaptive immune system recognize specific foreign substances?
Yes
Does adaptive defenses have memory?
Yes it recognizes previous exposure and mounts a stronger attack
When the white blood cell count is depressed, the classic signs of infection such as redness, local heat, and swelling are not manifested. In this case, should the nurse avoid administering aspirin?
Yes, aspirin should be avoided because aspirin would disguise a fever that would indicate infection.
Naturally acquired Active humoral immunity
You catch bacterial or viral infection (and the related symptoms of the infection) that activate system.
Artificially acquired Active humoral immunity
You receive a vaccine (are immunized) against certain diseases.
Risks of a high fever
a fever is significant when it is above 100F. High fevers (103 in children and slightly lower in an adult) are dangerous becasue of the changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of body proteins. Seizures may occur at sustained body temps above 102F. irreversible brain damage may occur at body temps sustained at greater than 106F, and death is likely to occur when body temp. reaches 109F.
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen.
Lymphokines
a substance produced by lymphocytes, such as interferon, that acts upon other cells of the immune system, e.g., by activating macrophages.
IgA
a. "Secretory IgA" b. Found in saliva, sweat, intestinal juice, milk. c. Stops pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells (mucous membranes and skin).
MHC II
a. Activate CD4 cells. b. Found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells that express exogenous antigens. c. Exogenous antigens: antigens that have been engulfed, digested and then the pieces placed on the surface.
MHC I proteins
a. Activate CD8 cells. b. Displayed by all nucleated cells. c. Foreign antigens on MHC are endogenous antigens: fragments of proteins that were synthesized inside the cell. d. Messages: showing what the captured invader looks like' or asking to be killed because it has been invaded or become cancerous.
Cytotoxic T Cells
a. Activated CD 8 cells. b. Only T-cell that can directly attack and kill other cells. c. Main targets: virus, bacterial and parasite infected cells, cancer cells and foreign cells. d. Insert perforins - channels into infected cells, followed by granzymes that trigger apoptosis (cell death).
Passive Humoral Immunity
a. Antibodies obtained from outside source (donor). b. Confers short-term protection. c. Does NOT stimulate long term protection
Plasma Cells (humoral immunity)
a. Antibody-secreting cells of the humoral immune response. b. Originate from activated B cells. c. Can secrete about 2000 antibody molecules per second.
Exogenous antigens
a. Antigens that have been engulfed, digested and then had their pieces placed on the surface. b. Phagocytized extracellular pathogens. c. Usually presented by Antigen-presenting cells (APC).
IgE
a. Binds to mast cells and basophils, acting as receptors. b. Trigger these cells to release histamine and other chemicals of inflammation and allergic reactions. c. Secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae of GI and respiratory tracts, and tonsils.
Defensins
a. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides - help control bacterial and fungal colonization. b. Secreted by skin and mucous membranes.
Cytokines
a. Chemical messengers involved in cellular immunity. b. Can be: interferons or interleukins. c. Hormone/paracrine-like glycoproteins released by a variety of cells.
Complement fixation and activation
a. Chief antibody defense against cellular antigens. b. Causes antigens to lyse. c. Several antibodies binding close together on the same cell triggers fixation and activation of complement proteins, which cause cell to lyse.
Memory B cells (humoral immunity)
a. Clones identical to the parent B cell. b. Reinforce defence for "if and when" a new invasion of the same antigen happens. c. Subsequent exposure will elicit a much faster response form the immune system.
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
a. Complement protein C3b binds to the target cell's surface and inserts a group of complement proteins: MAC. b. MAC forms and stabilizes a hole in the membrane, which allows water to lyse cell.
Vaccines
a. Contain dead or attenuated (living but diluted or weakened) pathogens that are live but genetically engineered so cannot produce cell/tissue damage b. Generally minimal symptoms associated with vaccine but still allows memory cells to be formed. c. May need booster shots to intensify immune response.
Co-stimulatory molecules
a. Cytokines: Interleukins (IL) released by Helper T cells to activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells. b. Activation of B cells: IL 4. c. Activation of T cells: IL 2
Regulatory T Cells
a. Dampen immune response either by direct contact or by releasing inhibitory cytokines b. Important target cells in research - fight cancer, prevent tissue rejection in organ transplant recipients.
Natural Killer Cells
a. Defensive cells that lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. b. Not phagocytic: kill by direct contact with target cell inducing it to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) c. Same method used by cytotoxic T-cells. d. Non-specific. e. Large granular lymphocyte.
Lysozymes
a. Enzymes found in saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid of eyes. b. Destroys bacteria. c. Protein-digesting enzymes in the stomach.
Skin role in immunity
a. Epidermis is thick and keratinized. b. Keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases and to bacterial enzymes and toxins.
Primary Immune Response
a. First time exposed to antigens: lag time until B cells divide enough and become plasma cells. b. Takes about 3-6 days c. Peak antibody titer (concentration): about 10 days
IgD
a. Found on B cell surface. b. Functions as B cell antigen receptor.
Endogenous antigens
a. Fragments or proteins that have been synthesized inside the cell. b. Viruses and certain bacteria that infect cells and express some of their proteins on surface; c. Cancer cells that inappropriately express "self-proteins" or "altered self- proteins" not normally seen in that cell type.
Antibodies
a. Gamma immunoglobulins. b. Secreted by activated B cells. c. Forms antibody-antigen complexes.
Neutrophils
a. Granulocytes. b. Most abundant WBC c. Become phagocytic when encounter infectious material in the tissues. d. Granulocytes
Complement Proteins
a. Group of 20 circulating plasma proteins. b. Lyses and kills certain bacteria. c. Enhances effectiveness of innate and adaptive defenses. d. Cascade reaction where one activated complement protein activates many more of the next ones.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
a. Group of cell surface glycoproteins that are "self-antigens" b. Coded by genes: no two people have same MHC (except identical twins)
Artificially acquired Passive humoral immunity
a. Harvested from plasma of donor (human or animal). b. Used to treat antivenum, botulism, rabies, others.
Interferons
a. Help protect cells that have not already been infected by viruses. b. Bind to receptor in unaffected cells, and triggers synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication - block protein synthesis and degrade viral RNA.
INF secreted by lymphocytes
a. IFN gamma (immune interferon). b. Activates macrophages and NK cells.
IL 1
a. IL-1: released by macrophages. b. Stimulates T cells that release IL-2.
Antigenic determinants
a. Immunogenic parts of the antigen. b. Those are the sites where antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind. c. Antigens can have various antigen determinants on their surfaces--some more potent than others in provoking an immune response.
Leukocytosis
a. Increase in white blood cells - especially neutrophils released from bone marrow. b. Injured cells provoke leukocytosis by releasing leukocytosis-inducing factor.
How does Adaptive Immunity develop?
a. It requires a first exposure to develop specific immunity. b. Highly effective after initial exposure c. After learning about the antigen, is capable of amplifying the inflammatory response and responsible for most complement activation.
Cell Mediate Immunity
a. Mediated by T cells. b. Activated when T cell encounters MHCs displayed on the surface of body cells, which indicate the cell has been in contact with an antigen and must be destroyed.
Humoral Immunity
a. Mediated by activation of B cells. b. Activated when matching antigens bind to its surface receptor. c. Endocytosis of the antige-receptor complex triggers production of "clones". d. Clones: plasma cells (effectors), memory cells.
Mucous membranes role in immunity
a. Mucus-coated hairs in nose: trap inhaled particles. b. Ciliated mucosa of respiratory tract: trap and sweep particles toward mouth. c. Secrete a variety of protective chemicals.
Active Humoral Immunity
a. Own system activated by antigens resulting in antibody formation. b. Can be Naturally or Artificially acquired.
Phagocytosis
a. Phagocytic cells recognize and bind to "non-self" glycoproteins on bacteria, viruses, and fungi. b. Inside the cell, the phagosome fuses with a lysosome, to be digested and killed.
Toll-like Receptors
a. Present in Macrophages. b. Recognize a particular class of attacking microbe, for example, Salmonella or Tuberculosis bacteria. c. Release cytokines once activated.
Mucin
a. Protein that in water forms thick, sticky substance that traps microorganisms. b. Lines digestive and respiratory passage ways.
Histamine
a. Released by Mast Cells and Basophils. b. Promotes vasodilation of local arterioles. c. Increases permeability of capillaries: promoting formation of the exudate.
Activation of T Cells
a. Requires "presentation" of antigen by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on surface of cells. b. Also, requires binding of Co-stimulatory molecules. c. Without this double-recognition, T cells don't respond.
Secondary Immune Response
a. Subsequent exposure to same antigen. b. Presence of memory cells allows production of antibodies within hours. c. Reaches peak antibody titer that is much higher and faster within days. d. Peak can remain high for weeks to months.
Antigens
a. Substances identified as "non-self" by the body. b. Can mobilize adaptive defences. c. Ultimate target of all adaptive immune responses.
What causes Pain in inflamed tissue?
a. Swelling presses on local nerve endings, causing pain. b. Bacterial toxins and sensitizing agents (prostaglandins and kinins).
Fever
a. Systemic response to invading microorganisms producing abnormally high body temperature. b. Initiated by Pyrogens.
What happens to the antibodies released by the plasma cells?
a. The antibodies will have the same antigen-binding properties as the receptor molecules from the parent B cell. b. They will circulate in the blood and lymph. c. There, they will bind to free antigens and mark them for destruction.
Antibody Variable and Constant regions
a. Variable region: contains binding site for specific antigen - found at the ends of both the light and heavy chains. b. Constant region: same setup for all antibodies of the same class.
Hypersensitivities
a. When immune system damages tissue as it fights off perceived threat. b. Usually resulting from allergens such as peanuts and pollen. c. IgE antibodies involved in immune response. d. Excessive histamine release and smooth muscle contraction.
Antibody Structure
a. Y-shaped monomer b. 2 identical heavy chains c. Flexible hinge region d. 2 identical light chains attached to the outer side of each of the Y arms of the heavy chains.
nonspecific immunity has 2 lines of defense. select all the mechanisms in the 1st line of defense from the following: a. chemical barriers b. inflammation c. mechanical barriers d. NK cells e. reflex f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis
a. chemical barriers c. mechanical barriers e. reflex
What is the second step of T cell activation? a. co-stimulation b. anergy c. antigen binding d. chemotaxis
a. co-stimulation
Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? a. fever b. swelling c. redness d. pain
a. fever
IgM
a. first immunoglobulin to be secreted by plasma cells in primary response. b. Exists in monomer (B cell membrane) and pentamer form (circulating). c. Potent agglutinating agent: multiple binding sites.
The first step in inflammation is __________. a. the release of inflammatory chemicals b. swelling c. phagocyte mobilization d. vasodilation
a. the release of inflammatory chemicals
Reactivity of antigens
ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them
Immunogenicity of antigens
ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production
Immunocompetence
able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen (mature lymphocytes)
unlike genetic immunity, ____ immunity is received during a person's lifetime; includes natural or artificial immunity
acquired
Pyrogens
act on body's thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temperature, increase metabolic rate, which increase rate of repair
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
activating cytokines
Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after which of these events?
activation
2 types of natural immunity
active passive
response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogen
active humoral immunity: artificial immunity?
you are exposed to the antigen and in turn produce antibodies against the antigen ex: exposure to a virus what kind of natural acquired immunity is this?
active immunity (as child, you had chickenpox; your body responded to this specific pathogen by developing antibodies; after the first exposure, you never became ill with chickenpox again bc your immune system had a ready supply of antibodies and memory cells with which to respond quickly to the second invasion of the chickenpox virus; this type of naturally acquired immunity is called ACTIVE immunity
IgE
active in some allergies and parasitic infections cause mast cells and basophils to release histamine
Specific defense system
adaptive
Immune response
adaptive defense system
B
agglutination
Which of the following mechanisms of antibody action occur when red blood cells clump due to a transfusion of mismatched blood?
agglutination
antigen and antibody interaction is called ____
agglutination
foreign substances or antigen that stimulates an allergic reaction
allergens
Allergens differ from antigens because
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Allergens differ from antigens because:
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Allergens differ from antigens because______
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
allergic contact dermatitis
The most common type of immediate hypersensitivity is
allergy
immediate hypersensitivity:
allergy
Adaptive immunity
also known as acquired immunity, Delayed response to specific antigens to which we are exposed during our lifetime. T-lymphocytes, cell-mediated immunity. B-lymphocytes-humoral immunity, which also includes Plasma cells that synthesize and release antibodies.
Fungal Diseases
also known as mycoses, in healthy individuals in the U.S. are usually limited to superficial infections of the skin, scalp, and nails such as ringworm, diaper rash, jock itch, athletes foot. infections of mucosal linings-vaginal yeast infections or internal fungal infections-histoplasmosis, which affects respiratory system.
Innate immunity
also known as non-specific immunity, we are born with theses defenses. Immediate response to a wide array of substances. Skin and mucosal membranes-prevent entry. Nonspecific internal defenses include the following: cells such as macrophages, NK cells. Chemicals such as interferon and complement. Physiologic responses such as inflammation and fever.
Fever
an abnormal elevation of body temperature (pyrexia) of atleast 1C from the typically accepted body temp. of 37C. It results from the release of pyrogens such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, toxins produced by infectious agents, or in response to trauma, drug reactions, and brain tumors
immunogen
an antigen that induces an immune response and its ability to cause an immune response is termed its immunogenicity.
Inflammation
an immediate, local, nonspecific event that occurs in vascularized tissue against a great variety of injury-causing stimuli.
Antibody
an immunoglobulin protein produced against a particular antigen. antibodies do not destroy pathogens directly but facilitate the destruction by other immune cells.
leukocytosis :
an increase in the number of white blood cells that are in circulation
during inflammation, if the irritant is a pathogen, what is this called?
an infection
when systemic effects become severe, causing a massive vasodilation which causes a sharp drop in blood pressure and severe constriction of the respiratory passes (bronchoconstriction), making breathing extremely difficult; what this this severe form of immediate hypersensitivity reaction called?
anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
Active humoral immunity the body makes
antibodies
All of the following are considered innate body defenses EXCEPT
antibodies
Passive humoral immunity the body receives
antibodies
Proinflammatory signals include all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
antibodies
Proteins secreted by plasma cells
antibodies
What is NOT an innate body defense?
antibodies
substances secreted by B cells that react with antigens; also called immunoglobulins
antibodies
B cells engage AMI; when activated, they produce a clone of cells that secrete ____ a macrophage engulfs an antigen and pushes it to the surface, presenting it to the B cell and Helper T cell the presented antigens bind to the B cell and Helper T cell; the activated Helper T cell secretes a ____ that stimulates the B cell to reproduce, resulting in clones two subgroups of B cell cones are?
antibodies lymphokine plasma cells and memory B cells
Naturally acquired passive humoral immunity
antibodies delivered to a fetus via the placenta or to infant through milk
Immunoglobulins
antibodies gamma globulin portion of blood
Naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant in her milk
C
antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant in her milk
What happens when B cells encounter target antigen?
antibodies specific for that particular are then produced
Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.
antibodies, histamine
IgE:
antibody that mediates some allergies
the level of antibodies in your blood
antibody titer
B-cells attach antigens indirectly through the secretion of antibodies; what is this immune response called?
antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
antigen
a substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies; generally large molecules that are mostly proteins, but a few are polysaccharides; found on the surface of many substances such as pathogens, RBCs, pollens, foods, toxins and cancer cells
antigen
T-cell activation requires
antigen binding and co-stimulation
T-cell activation requires ________.
antigen binding and co-stimulation
Two step process of T cell activation
antigen binding and co-stimulation
What activates CD8 cells?
antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins
Which of the following activate CD8 cells?
antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins
IgD :
antigen receptor found on B cells
Adaptive (Specific) Immune System
antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory; It has two separate but overlapping arms: - Humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity - Cellular, or cell-mediated immunity
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
antigenic
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
antigenic
Where do antibodies and lymphocytes receptors bind to?
antigenic determinants
1st and 2nd line of defense defend against
antigens
What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antigens
Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
antigens only come from microbes
Antigens contain
antigentic determinants
Innate - Second line of defense
antimicrobial proteins, Natural killer cells, phagocytes, and other cells; Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body; Inflammation is its most important mechanism
Second line of defense in innate defense system
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells inhibit spread of invaders
what is given to help lower temperature during a fever?
antipyretics
Which of the following exemplifies passive immunity?
antitoxin
____ contain antibodies that neutralize the toxins secreted by the pathogens but have no effect on the pathogens themselves ex: tetanus, diphtheria, botulism
antitoxins
APC
any immune cell that functions specifically to communicate the presence of an antigen to both helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. DEndritic cells, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes function as APCs. have MHC I and MHC II
Failure of developing T cells to recognize self MHC during positive selection results in _______________________
apoptosis
XENOGRAFTS
are grafts taken from another animal species.
Kinins
are produced from kininogens, which are inactive plasma proteins produced by the liver and locally by numerous other cells. Kinins, including bradykinin, have similar effects to histamine-increase capillary permeability and production of CAMs. Kinins also stimulate pain receptors and are the most significant stimulus for causing the pain associated with inflammation.
Cytokines
are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells attract other leukocytes into the area.
ALLERGIES
are the most common type of immediate hypersensitivity.
Cytotoxic T cells
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Cytotoxic T cells
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells.
Vaccines provide what type of immunity?
artificially acquired active immunity
IgD
attached to the surface of B cells functions as a B cell receptor
When are haptens immunogenic?
attaches to body proteins
Interferons IFNs and complement proteins
attack microorganisms directly and hinder microorganisms ability to reproduce
2 ways Antimicrobial Proteins enhance Innate Defense
attacking microorganisms directly hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce
Third line of defense
attacks particular foreign substances
What do autoimmune disease produce?
autoantibodies and sensitized TC cells that destroy body tissues
when the immune system goes awry and attacks itself, this is called an ____ disease; can also create ____ reactions
autoimmune allergic
rheumatoid arthritis:
autoimmune disorder
immunity against one's own tissue diseases that develop in response to self-attack are called
autoimmunity autoimmune disorders
In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? a. macrophages b. B cells c. neutrophils d. natural killer cells
b. B cells
MHC II proteins are found on __________. a. cytotoxic T cells b. antigen-presenting cells c. helper T cells d. red blood cells
b. antigen-presenting cells
nonspecific immunity has 2 lines of defense. select all the mechanisms in the 2nd line of defense from the following: a. chemical barriers b. inflammation c. mechanical barriers d. NK cells e. reflex f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis
b. inflammation d. NK cells f. protective proteins g. fever h. phagocytosis
CD4 cells
become helper T cells TH when activated
Neutrophils
become phagocytic when encountering infectious material
Natural killer cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells ____________________the immune system is activated
before
Gamma delta T cells
bind with MHC I type antigens found typically on tumor cells
Opsonization
binding of a complement to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances phagocytosis, the binding protein is called an opsonin, the binding of complement makes it more likely that a substance is identified and engulfed by phagocytic cells
Coughing and sneezing
blasts of expired air, mechanical elimination of microbes or other foreign substances from the respiratory tracts
Where do secreted antibodies circulate?
blood or lymph
IgE
blood. produced during allergic reactions or as a result of a parasitic infection; activation of mast cells and basophils. half-life is 2 days. causes release of products from basophils and mast cells; attracts eosinophils.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the
bone marrow
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the __________.
bone marrow
lymphocytes, such as B and T cells, come from stem cells in ____ ____
bone marrow
Basophils and Mast cells
both are proinflammatory chemical secreting cells. substances secreted by these cells increase fluid movement from the blood to an injured tissue, also serve as chemotactic chemicals (chemicals that attract immune cells as part of the inflammatory response). they also release granules containing histamine-increases vasodilation and capillary permeability, heparin-anticoagulant, and eicosanoids-increase inflammation.
Inflammation____
brings more leukocytes to the site of infection
How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?
by being able to recognize their one specific antigen
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? a. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. b. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. c. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. d. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies as a primary immune response. End of Question 11
c. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)? a. IFNs have an anticancer role. b. IFNs activate macrophages. c. IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. d. IFNs have antiviral activity
c. IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
__________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. a. Immunological memory b. Antigenicity c. Self-tolerance d. Immunocompetence
c. Self-tolerance
Humoral immunity is provided by __________. a. T cells b. interferons c. antibodies d. complement proteins
c. antibodies
A vaccination works to establish __________. a. natural passive immunity b. artificial passive immunity c. artificial active immunity d. natural active immunity
c. artificial active immunity
Which of the following is mismatched? a. regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response b. B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies c. helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells d. cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses
c. helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Cytotoxic T cells
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
Natural killer ( NK) cells
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Plasma Cells
can switch H chains, making two or more classes with the same V region
T cells
cell-mediated immunity
NK
cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before he immune system is activated.
Antigenic determinants
certain parts of an entire antigen that are immunogenic
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called____________
chemotaxis
A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body are referred to as
complement
Which mechanism of antibody action results in cell lysis?
complement fixation and activation
Inflammation
complement increases the inflammatory response through the activation of mast cells and basophils and by attracting neutrophils and macrophages.
a type of protective protein that circulates in the blood in their inactive form; when activated by a *bacterium*, they swarm over it, punching holes in its cellular membrane; this allows for fluid and electrolytes to flow into the bacterium, causing it to burst and die
complement proteins
Antimicrobial proteins
components of the innate immune system that function against microbes. ex; interferons and complement
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
AIDS:
condition in which T helper cells are destroyed by a virus
Immunodeficiencies
congenital and acquired conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes or complement to behave abnormally
Adaptive (specific) defense system
consists of the third line of defense; mounts attack against particular foreign substances; Takes longer to react than the innate system; Works in conjunction with the innate system
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
constant (C) region
Systemic histamine release can cause
constriction of bronchioles, sudden vasodilation and fluid loss from the blood stream, hypotensive shock and death
what is the skin response from T cell activity?
contact dermatitis
Saliva & Lacrimal Fluid - Epithelial Chemical Barrier
contain lysozyme
Sebum - Epithelial Chemical Barrier
contains chemicals toxic to bacteria
Respiratory Tract Mucosae
contains mucus-coated hairs in the nose trap inhaled particles; Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is ciliated
Constant Region
contains the Fc region, which is the portion of the antibody that determines the biological functions of the antibody.
Memory cells and effector T cells circulate
continuously in the blood and lymph and secondary lymphoid organs
what are 4 examples of nonspecific first line reflexes?
coughing sneezing vomiting diarrhea
Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Antibody functions include all of the following except
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
____ is a commonly used immunosuppressant that inhibits the secretion of certain lymphokines, which in turn, diminishes the immune attack against the donated organ; may not always be successful
cyclosporine
Interleukin(IL)
cytokine that regulates immune cells. comes from T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and other various cells. ex:IL-1 and IL-2
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
cytokines
Septic shock is a dangerous condition where the ________________ are released and unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids
cytokines
Suppressor factors are _________________ that suppress the immune system
cytokines
Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell?
cytotoxic T cell
effector cells of adaptive immunity
cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxic T cells
CD8 cells become
cytotoxic T cells TC that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens
Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an allograft?
cytotoxin T (TC) cell
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxin T (TC) cells
Which is correctly matched? a. helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells b. B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body c. regulatory T cells: make antibodies d. cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
d. cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
T cells cause what type of hypersensitivity?
delayed
what kind of allergic reaction usually *takes 48 hours to occur*; its cause is *due to repeated exposure of the skin to chemicals or irritants* (household detergents, poison ivy, poison oak, cosmetics or soaps) it *activates T cells, which eventually accumulate in the skin*; local tissue response to T cell activity causes skin eruptions and other signs of inflammation
delayed-reaction allergy
what are two types of allergic reactions?
delayed-reaction allergy immediate-reaction allergy
Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
dendritic cells
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
dendritic cells
antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
Natural Killer cells
destroy a wide variety of unwanted cells, including virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, tumor cells, and cells of transplanted tissue. patrol the body in an effort to detect unhealthy cells-immune surveillance. they make physical contact with unhealthy cells and destroy them by releasing perforin-forms a transmembrane pore, and granzymes-enter the cell through the hole initiating apoptosis.
Function of complement
destroys foreign substances, kills bacteria and certain other cell types, enhances both nonspecific and specific defenses
The type of antigen
determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
Inflammatory mediators cause ________
dialtion which causes hyperemia
Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls during what process?
diapedesis
The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called
diapedesis
What characterizes flattening of neutrophils to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls?
diapedesis
Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?
diapedesis
neutrophils and monocytes can squeeze through tiny gaps between endothelial cells of capillary walls and enter the tissue spaces at the site of infection; what is this process of squeezing through tiny gaps called?
diapedesis
Antigenic determinants form
different kinds of antibodies against it
Activated lymphocytes proliferate and then
differentiate into effector cells and memory cells
Hyperemia
dilation of arterioles
IgA:
dimeric antibody found in body secretions
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
direct cell lysis
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by
disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by_______
disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.
disulfide
The antibody molecule is held together by
disulfide bonds
The antibody molecule is held together by ___________
disulfide bonds
Antibody Targets
do not destroy antigen; they inactivate and tag it for destruction; All form an antigen-antibody (immune) complex; Defensive mechanisms used are neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation
Antigen-presenting cells APCs
do not respond to specific antigens and play essential roles in immunity
immune globulin differs from a vaccine; immune globulin is obtained from a ____ (human or animal) and contains antibodies (immune globulins) the antibodies are formed in the donor in response to a specific antigen; these preformed antibodies are taken from the donor and injected into a ____, thereby conveying ____ immunity
donor recipient passive
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?
during leukocytosis
fixed macrophages in the lungs that phagocytize inhaled solid particles
dust cells
Exudate cause local...
edema
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
edema (swelling)
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
elevated blood glucose
APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells)
engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition
Secretion of potent chemicals in NK cells
enhances the inflammatory response
Fungi
eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane. This group includes molds, yeasts, and multicellular fungi that produce spores. Proteolytic enzymes released from fungi induce inflammation that causes redness and swelling of infected area.
Protozoans
eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall. Intracellular and extracellular parasites that interfere with normal cellular functions.
First line of defense in innate defense system
external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
Pyrogens induce __________.
fever
an abnormal elevation in body temperature
fever
IgM
first antibody released and potent agglutinating agent
Antigen challenge
first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte
fixed macrophages
fixed location (ex. Kupffer cells (liver) and microglia (brain))
What are microglia and Kupffer cells?
fixed macrophages
Exudate
fluid containing protein, clotting factors, and antibodies
Complete targets of antigens
foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
IgA
found in external secretions(skin, mucuc, saliva, tears, breastmilk, and colostrum). actions are neutralization, agglutination(great potential). half life is 5.5 days. it is associated with mucosal membranes and helps protect against local respiratory GI infections
Class II MHC proteins
found on certain cells in the immune response
Leukocytosis
from injured cells release of neutrophils from bone marrow
Autografts
from one body site to another in the same person (organ transplant)
Helper T cells
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Helper T cells ________.
function in the adaptive immune system activation
T helper cells_____
function in the adaptive immune system activation
How are self-antigens coded for?
genes and are unique to an individual
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID):
genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells
An autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function is _______________________
glomerulonephritis
Small molecules that bind with self proteins to produce antigenic substances are called
haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called
haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
haptens
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called
haptens
The primary immune response
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response ________ occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response occurs when memory cells are stimulated is another name for immunological memory has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
defensins (in neutrophils)
help by piercing membrane of pathogen
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is
helper T cell
Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response in that it helps activate both humoral and cellular immune responses?
helper T cell
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
helper T cell
Antigens bound to MHC II activate __________.
helper T cells
HIV attacks which T cell? thereby producing severe impairment of the immune system
helper T cells
cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except
helper T cells
Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched? B cells: produce free antibodies helper T cells: destroy infected cells cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells macrophages: antigen-presenting cells
helper T cells: destroy infected cells
Effector response of Helper T cells
helper t cells activate cytotoxic t cells through the release of cytokines and they also enhance formation and activity of cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages and NK cells.
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is released by mast cells?
histamine
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?
histamine
when tissues are injured or irritated, injured cells release ____ and other chemicals. these chemicals cause the blood vessels in the injured tissue to ____ the dilated blood vessels bring more blood to the area; the increased blood flow causes ____ and heat; the histamine causes blood vessel walls to leak fluid and dissolved substances into tissue spaces, causing ____ fluid and irritating chemicals accumulating at the injured site also stimulate ____ receptors, therefore the person experiences pain
histamine dilate redness swelling pain
antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) is known as ____ immunity because the antibodies are carried by the blood and other tissue fluid
humoral
B cells
humoral immunity
Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in
humoral immunity, immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune disorders
One type of adaptive defense
humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
An _____________________ is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.
hybridoma
Inflammatory chemicals cause
hyperemia and edema
Antibodies cause what type of hypersensitivity?
immediate and subacute
Which of the following are mismatched?
immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis
what kind of allergic response occurs rapidly in response to its stimulus; involves IgE and IgE antibodies allergens apt to this type of allergic response are: pollens such as ragweed, insect venom, drugs (PCN) and peanuts
immediate-reaction allergy (immediate hypersensitivity reaction)
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells check cells of the body for identity flags to see if they look they way they are supposed to. What is this process called?
immune surveillance
Normal Flora
in skin and mucous membranes. Commensal flora, including nonpathogenic bacteria, helps prevent growth of pathogenic microbes.
Delayed hypersensitivies
include allergic contact dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivities
include allergic contact dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivities ________.
include allergic contact dermatitis
Edema
increased permeability of local capillaries, leakage of exudate
A
infection; contact with pathogen
Naturally acquired active immunity
infection; contact with pathogen
Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?
inflammation
refers to the responses the body makes when confirmed by an irritant; characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain
inflammation
Chemotaxis
inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
Chemotaxis Phase - 4
inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
Macrophages trigger the immune response & release ________
inflammatory mediators
Skin acidity
inhibits bacterial growth
Benefits of Fever
inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, promotes interferon activity, increases activity of adaptive immunity, and accelerates tissue repair. it has also been shown that a fever increases CAMss on the endothelium of capillaries in the lymph nodes, resulting in additional immune cells migrating out of the blood and into the lymphatic tissue.
Artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)
Artificially acquired passive humoral immunity
injection of serum such as gamma globulin; protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body
Interferons
interfere with viral replication within cells.
Which antimicrobial protein is produced by a virus-infected cell?
interferon
complement fixation promotes all the following except
interferon release
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons
a group of proteins secreted by cells that are infected by a *virus*; they prevent viral replication
interferons
2 types of protective proteins
interferons complement proteins
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons (IFNs)
antimicrobial proteins
interferons and complement proteins
T cells provide defense against
intracellular antigens
A(n) hybridomas
is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.
SEPTIC
is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.
Adaptive (Specific) Immune System
is a functional system that: - Recognizes specific foreign substances - Acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
is an autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function.
Immunocompetence ________.
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence_____
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________.
isograft
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
it is specific for a given organ
An advantage to adaptive immunity is
its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except
juvenile diabetes
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
juvenile diabetes
Clotting proteins
lead to formation of a clot that walls off microbes and prevents them from spreading into blood and other tissues. However, some bacterial species can dissolve clots
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow, in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?
leukocytosis
4 main phases of phagocytic mobilization
leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
Steps for phagocyte mobilization
leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
Epithelial and CT
lining of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogential tracts. provides a chemical, physical, and biological barrier of body structures exposed to the external environment
Variable region of antibody
located at the ends of the arms, contain the antigen-binding site, which attach to a specific antigenic determinant of an antigen.
APCs (dendritic cells) migrate to
lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues to present their antigens to T cells
Secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen etc.
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves_____
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
MHC stands for
major histocompatibility complex
releases histamine
mast cell, basophil
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
mast cells
Regulatory T cells
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Regulatory T cells ________.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Cytokines
mediate cell development, differentiation and responses in the immune system (interleukins and interferons)
Epithelial Chemical Barriers
membranes produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms
the purpose of vaccination is to provide an initial exposure and stimulate the formation of ____ cells (the primary response) the purpose of a booster shot is to stimulate the ____ response by administering another dose of the vaccine
memory secondary
a B cell clone that do not participate in the attack; they remember the specific antigen during future encounters and allow a quicker response to the invading antigen
memory B cells
The clone cells that don't become plasma cells become
memory cells
Internal defenses
microorganisms invade deeper tissues
Bacteria
microscopic, single-celled organisms 1 to 2 micrometers in size that are enclosed by a cell wall. they are prokaryotic cells. Intracellular and extracellular parasites, some produce enzymes and toxins.
Chemotaxis
migration of cells along a chemical gradient. chemicals released from damaged or dead cells diffuse outward and create a chemical gradient that attracts immune cells. recruited cells also participate in inflammatory response by releasing specific cytokines, GM-CSF-stimulate leukopoeisis. macrophages may also release pyrogens, such as interleukin-1, that induce a fever.
Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called antibodies.
monoclonal
Acute Hypersensitivity
more commonly referred to as an allergy, it is an overreaction of the immune system to a non-infectious substance, or allergen.
IgG:
most abundant class of antibodies
Clone Cells
most become antibody-secreting plasma cells
What do haptens cause the immune system to do?
mount a harmful attack
Adaptive - Third line of defense
mounts attack against particular foreign substances; humoral immunity (B-cells) and Cellular immunity (T cells)
Functions of exudate
moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels and delivers clotting proteins
Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
mucous membranes
What are B and T cells called that have not yet been exposed to an antigen?
naive
releases perforins
natural killer cell, cytotoxic T cell
Cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus- infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ____________________
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Which of the following do NOT serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
natural killer cells
interferons help boost the immune system by activating two cells, what are they?
natural killer cells macrophages
lymphocytes
natural killer cells,cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and helper T cells
What is the specific target of interferons?
nearby healthy cells
Effects of Inflammation
net movement of fluid from the blood through the injured or infected area to the lymph. Increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and then enter the interstitial space of the tissue, this material is known as exudate-which delivers cells and substances needed to eliminate the injurious agent and promote healing. inflammatory response typically slows down and tissue healing begins within 72 hours.
A
neutralization
Which mechanism occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?
neutralization
Phagocyte
neutrophil, macrophage
which two phagocytes are motile, meaning they are able to wander around the body through blood and tissue fluid to do their job?
neutrophils monocytes
Cells of innate immunity
neutrophils and macrophages, basophils and mast cells, NK cells, and eosinophils
Leukocytosis is when ...
neutrophils are released from the bone marrow
Leukocytosis Phase - 1
neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to chemicals released by injured cells
Neutrophils and Macrophages
neutrophils are the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood and the first to arrive during inflammatory response. Macrophages are cells that reside in tissues throughout the body, they arrive later after the inflammatory response begins and stay longer than neutrophils. neutrophils and macrophages function to engulf unwanted substances such as infectious agents and cellular debris through phagocytosis. a lysosome forms with a phagosome to create a phagolysosome which destroys the infectious agent and the residue is then exocytosed.
Margination is when ...
neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in injured area
Diapedesis Phase - 3
neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis
Diapedesis is when ...
neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis
3 types of phagocytes
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
the increased blood flow to a site of inflammation carries an increased number of phagocytes (____ and ____) in a severe infection, the area becomes filled with dead leukocytes, pathogens, injured cells and tissue fluid; this thick, yellowish accumulation of dead material is called ____ because of leaky blood vessels, fluid collect in the tissue spaces; this tissue fluid contains blood-clotting factors such as ____, a protein present in plasma fibrinogen created ____ threads with tissue spaces later, ____ cells form connective tissue to contain or restrict the area of inflammation, preventing the spread throughout the body
neutrophils; monocytes pus fibrinogen fibrin
T lymphocytes
non-antibody-producing cells that constitute the cell-mediated arm of immunity; mature in the thymus
Are NK cells specific or non-specific?
non-specific
Multicellular Parasites
nonmicroscopic organisms that reside within a host from which they take nourishment. Eukaryotic
immunity that protects the body against many substances or foreign agents
nonspecific immunity
IgM
normally a pentamer found mostly in blood. actions are neutralization, agglutination(great potential), complement binding (great potential). Half-life is 5 days. first produced antibody, only antibody produced in fetus; component of breastmilk
Defervescence
occurs when the temperature returns to to its normal set point. this happens when the hypothalamus is no longer stimulated by pyrogens, prostaglandin release decreases, and the temperature set point reverts to its normal value. the hypothalamus stimulates the mechanisms to release heat from the body, including vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin and sweating.
HCL and protein-digestive enzymes
of stomach mucosae
Complement System
one of the most important antimicrobial groups of substances of innate immunity, composed of atleast 30 plasma proteins that make up approx. 10% of serum in blood. These proteins are collectively referred to as complement. the liver continuously synthesizes and releases inactive complement proteins into the blood, once in the blood they are activated by an enzyme cascade.
Which of the following T cells would survive education in the thymus?
one that recognizes MHC but not self-antigen
Phagocytes are unable to adhere to bacteria that have external capsules concealing their membrane carbohydrates. Our immune system gets around this problem by coating such pathogens with
opsonins
With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
opsonins
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed
opsonization
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization
when a recipient's immune system recognizes a donated organ as foreign and mounts an immune attack against it, what is this called?
organ rejection
Isografts
organ transplant between identical twins
Allografts
organ transplant between individual who are not identical twins
Xenografts
organ transplant from another animal species
Formation of T-lymphocytes
originate in RBM, migrate to the thymus galnd and mature, in the thymus they also learn to recognize self-antigens
B lymphocytes
oversee humoral immunity; mature in the bone marrow
Local edema presses on nerve endings causing ....
pain
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
a natural immunity obtained from a mother; the mother developed these antibodies in response to pathogens that she encountered throughout her lifetime which are passed on to the baby; this immunity is short-lived; can be extended from the mother's milk to the baby
passive immunity
How would you classify the antivenom used to treat poisonous snake bites?
passive immunity, artificially acquired
Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?
passive, artificial immunity
cell-mediated immunity: T cell function: the antigen, on the surface of ____, is phagocytosed by a macrophage the macrophage digests the antigen and pushes the antigen to its ____, wearing it like a badge the macrophage's ability to push the antigen to the surface is called ____ ____ T cells that have ____ sites bind to the antigen and become activated; this process is called T cell ____ the activated T cells divide ____, resulting in large numbers of T cells this group of T cells is called a ____, a group of identical cells formed from the same parent cell
pathogen surface antigen presentation receptor activation repeatedly clone
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called
pathogens
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
pathogens in the CNS
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
pathogens in the lumen of the stomach
Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (TC) cells use to destroy a target--that is, to deliver a lethal hit?
perforation of the membrane
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
diapedesis:
phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium
Macrophages
phagocytic cells
Macrophage
phagocytic cells that develop from monocytes
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
eating of pathogens or cellar debris
phagocytosis
a B cell clone that produces large quantities of antibodies that travel through the blood to the antigens (pathogens)
plasma cells
Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n)
plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface
Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______.
plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface
Examples of haptens
poison ivy, animal dander, detergents and cosmetics
Incomplete targets of antigens
poison ivy, cosmetics
C
precipitation
Macrophages
predominate at the sites of chronic infections.
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
IgG
primary locations are body fluids including blood, lymph, CSF, serous fluid and peritoneal fluid. Actions include neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, complement activation, opsonization, natural killer cell activation. Half-life is 23 days. It is used for passive immunity, it crosses the placenta and its a component of breast milk.
which response is activated when we are initially exposed to an antigen, thus causing B cells to produce plasma and memory cells; the plasma cells secrete antibodies against this antigen
primary response
Vaccines work by ________.
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Margination
process by which CAM's on leukocytes adhere to CAM's on the endothelial cells of the capillaries within the injured tissue. The result is similar to cellular "velcro". Neutrophils are generally first to arrive amd are short-lived, followed later by the longer-lived macrophages.
Diapedesis
process by which cells exit the blood by squeezing out between vessel wall cells, usually in the postcapillary venules, and then migrate to the site of infection
What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?
processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Fever
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors AZT
protease inhibitors, new fusion inhibitors that block HIVs entry to helper T cells
Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid
protective chemicals
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses.
Memory T cells
provide a no-delay response to any future exposure to the same antigen, differentiate into cytotoxic T cells, destroying the pathogen
Epidermis:dermis
provides a physical, chemical, and biological barrier for body surface
Keratin
provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes
a branch of science where our immune system is affected by endocrine and nervous systems
psychoneuroimmunology
another word for fever
pyrexia
Which type of chemical induces fever?
pyrogens
as phagocytes perform their duty, they release fever-producing substances called ____ which stimulate the hypothalamus in the brain to reset the body's temperature, producing a fever
pyrogens
Secondary immune response
re-exposure to the same antigen - Sensitized memory cells respond within hours - Antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels than in the primary response - Antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
reactivity with an antibody
B cells mature in the
red bone marrow
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness heat swelling pain
what are classic signs of inflammation?
redness heat swelling pain
The 4 Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, and pain
5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes impaired function
COMPLEMENT
refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.
Defecation and vomiting
removal of waste from digestive tract, eliminate microbes before they can be absorbed into the blood.
Clotting proteins
repair and isolate the area
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissues
Immunity
resistance to disease
Keratin
resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins
Three most important cell types in adaptive immunity
1. B cells (lymphocyte) 2. T cells (lymphocyte) 3. Antigen-presenting cells
Two major populations of T cells
1. CD 4: Helper T cell and Regulatory T cell. 2. CD 8: Cytotoxic T cell - Both groups come from memory T cells.
Antibody Structure
responding to different antigens have different V regions but the C region is the same for all in a given class
The inflammation
response is triggered whenever body tissues are injured; Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues; Disposes of cell debris and pathogens; Sets the stage for repair processes
Naturally acquired
response to a bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired
response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Artificially acquired active humoral immunity
response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Naturally acquired active humoral immunity
response to bacterial or viral infection
Helper T cells activation of CD8 - Cytotoxic T cells
1. Helper T binds to dendritic (APC) cell. 2. Helper T stimlates dendritc cell to express co-stimulatory molecules. 3. Helper T also produces IL2, which causes CD8 cell to proliferate and differentiate into Cytotoxic T.
Helper T cells activation of B cells
1. Helper T binds to self-nonself complexes of B cell, which is displaying an antigen on the membrane's MHCII. 2. Helper T releases IL 4 as co-stimulatory signals to complete the activation of the B cell. 3. B cell goes on to create clones (plasma and memory cells).
Inflammatory chemicals released by injured or stressed cells. (5)
1. Histamine 2. Bradykinin (activated plasma protein) 3. Prostaglandins 4. Complement (group of 20 activated plasma proteins) 5. Cytokines (proteins released by cells).
Two types of Adaptive Immunity
1. Humoral Immunity: circulating antibodies 2. Cell-mediated immunity: lymphocytes
Clonal selection of B cells
results in the formation of plasma cells
Clonal selection of B cells ________.
results in the formation of plasma cells
when the immune system is challenged for a second time by the same antigen, the immune system responds quickly and produces a larger number of antibodies; what is this response called?
secondary response
Eosinophils
secrete toxic contents of their granules onto parasitic worms
Sebaceous(oil) gland secretions
secretions that contain lactic acid and fatty acids, creates a low pH (3-5) that interferes with the growth of microbes.
Nasal secretions
secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and IgA, contains antimicrobial substances
Sweat gland secretions
secretions that contain lysozyme, defensins, and dermicidin, helps wash away microbes: contains antibacterial and antifungal substances
Protein molecules that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others
self-antigens
What types of antigen do mature T cells normally not recognize?
self-antigens
Two characteristics learned by Lymphocytes during maturation
1. Immunocompetence: ability to recognize one specific antigen by presence of unique receptor on each cell. 2. Self-tolerance: unresponsiveness to "self-antigens" so does not attack body's own cells.
Two characteristics of Antigens
1. Immunogenicity: ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate. 2. Reactivity: ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.
Two divisions of the Immune System
1. Innate (non-specific) 2. Adaptive (specific)
2 types of antimicrobial proteins
1. Interferons (IFN) 2. Complement proteins
Name the three characteristics of adaptive immunity.
1. It is specific. It recognizes and is directed against particular pathogens or foreign substances that initiate the immune response. 2. It is systemic. Immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site. 3. It has "memory." After an initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on the previously encountered pathogens.
Four steps of phagocyte mobilization.
1. Leukocytosis 2. Margination 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis
Four defensive mechanisms of Antibodies
1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation 4. Complement Fixation and Activation
Two types of Phagocytes in the Immune System
1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages
Five steps of lymphocyte (b and T) development
1. Originate in bone marrow. 2. Mature by acquiring immunocompetence and self-tolerance in the bone marrow (B) and thymus (T). 3. Still naive, B and T cells migrate from their maturation sites to secondary lymphoid organs; also circulate through blood and lymph. 4. Eventually, lymphocytes have an encounter with an antigen and becomes activated. 5. Activated lymphocytes proliferate into effector cells (fight infection) and memory cells (ready for a second encounter with the same antigen).
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation and what causes them?
1. Pain - actions of chemical mediators (kinins and prostaglandins) on the nerve endings, and the swelling which can compress nerve endings. 2. Redness - (hyperemia) vasodilation of arterioles which increase blood flow to the affected area. 3. Heat - (hyperemia) vasodilation of arterioles which increase blood flow to the affected area. 4. Swelling - release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that increase capillary permeability
Innate Immunity Second Line of Defence (5)
1. Phagocytes 2. Natural Killer Cells 3. Inflammation 4. Antimicrobial proteins 5. Fever
3 major phases of an allergic reaction
1. Sensitization Phase-initial exposure to allergen, IgE antibodies bind to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells 2. Activation Phase-reexposure to same allergen, allergen binds to the IgE antibodies 3.Effector Phase-exocytosis of contents of granules(histamine and heparin) release and formation of molecules from plasma membrane (eicosanoids) Increased inflammatory response can lead to allergic rhinitis, hives, allergic asthma, and anaphylactic shock
Cytotoxic T Cells attack on invader cells.
1. Tc identifies foreign antigenn on MHC I proteins and binds tightly to the target cell. 2. Tc releases Perforin and Granzyme molecules by exocytosis. 3. Perforins insert into target cell membrane and form pores. 4. Granzymes enter target cell through pores and activates apoptosis. 5. Tc detaches and goes on to find other defective cells.
Interferons (IFN)
serves as a non-specific defense mechanism against the spread of any viral infection. A virus-infected cell helps prevent further spread of the virus by releasing IFN. after its release, IFN has 2 primary actions; IFN binds to receptors of neighboring cells, preventing them from becoming infected and triggers synthesis of enzymes that destroy viral RNA or DNA, which inhibits synthesis of viral protein. IFN stimulates NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells.
what are two benefits of having a fever?
1. stimulates phagocytosis 2. decreases ability of certain pathogens to multiply
Formation and docking of MHC II molecules in an APC
1.MHC II molecules are synthesized by the RER of the APC. 2. MHC II are shipped by the endomembrane system through the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. 3.during the process of phagocytosis and destruction of an exogenous antigen, vesicles containing digested peptide fragments merge with vesicle containing MHC II, the foreign antigen binds with MHC II within the vesicle 4.MHC II molecules and foreign antigen are displayed within the plasma membrane
what are two things that accompany fever?
shivering and sweating
When do antibody levels peak in secondary immune response?
2-3 days
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
A
Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using a xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation
A
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
A
Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.
A
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon
A
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B) histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement
A
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
A
Which letter represents the adhesion of the phagocyte to the pathogen? Select from letters A-D.
A
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
A
________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A
natural killer cells
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes _______
What is the difference between a complete antigen and a hapten?
A complete antigen has both immunogenicity and reactivity, whereas a hapten has reactivity but not immunogenicity
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.
What is the difference between flu vaccine and polio vaccine?
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective, but a polio vaccine is only needed once
natural killer cells (NK cells)
A lymphocyte able to kill certain cells by insertion of granules containing perforin
A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. What is the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F?
A mild or moderate fever is an adaptive response that seems to benefit the body. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply. During fever, the liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc that bacteria need to multiply
Innate
A nonspecific defense system which includes first and second lines of defense
Antigen
A particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true? A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells. The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response. A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response. A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.
A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells
Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response.
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
Macromolecules
A quality of most antigens that are foreign to the host
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
A second exposure to an allergen.
Phagocyte
A term that refers to white blood cells that have the ability to "EAT" pathogens
Helper T Cells
A type of cells that have the largest role and most widespread effect on the immunity
Innate - First line of defense
skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms
Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?
skin and mucous membranes
what are two examples of nonspecific first line mechanical barriers?
skin and mucous membranes
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response
A vaccine is effective because ________.
NK cells are made up of
small distinct group of large granular lymphocytes
Opsonization is a function of complement. It refers to __?__
A. Binding to and making materials "tasty" to phagocytes. B. Coating bacteria to allow recognition and destruction by phagocytes. C. Combining with mannose-binding lectins to alert phagocytes to the presence of bacteria. Correct D. All the above.
Diapedesis
Ability of neutrophils to flatten and squeeze between capillary cells to leave the blood stream
Helper T-cell
Absence results in no immune response
Protective Chemicals Produced by the Skin & Mucous Membranes are ...
Acid Enzymes (ex. Lysozyme) Mucin Defensisns (Antimicrobial Peptide) Sebum
Covers the skin and limits bacterial growth
Acid mantle:
phagolysosome
Acidified, lysosomal enzymes digest particles
acid (surface barrier)
Acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth, called acid mantle
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Acquired deficiency due to cancer of B cells.
Cytotoxic T cells __?__.
Activate the adaptive immune system
cytotoxic T cells
Activated CD8 T cells become __________.
cytokines
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
Proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes
Activated lymphocytes proliferate into: Effector cells (fight infection; bigger number) Memory cells (ready for a second encounter with the same antigen; fewer cells created).
2 of the major means of complement activation
Activation occurs following entry of a pathogen into the body. classical pathway-complement protein binds to an antibody that has previously attached to a foreign substance. alternative pathway-surface polysaccharides of certain bacterial and fungal cell walls bind directly with a complement protein. antibody is required only in classical pathway
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
across gut or produced yourself; response to viral or bacterial infection
Active humoral immunity: natural immunity?
What is when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive?
Active immunity
Defensins
small proteins, create pores in the plasma membrane of microbes, compromising their integrity
Natural and artificial immunity may be what?
Active or passive
Third line of defense is part of which defense system?
Adaptive
Which defense system takes longer to react?
Adaptive
What acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents?
Adaptive immunity
What is part of the third line of defense consisting of lymphocytes?
Adaptive immunity
What is specific immunity that is targeting of specific antigens?
Adaptive immunity
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following is a false or incorrect statement?
After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where they encounter antigens.
Precipitation
Agglutination of soluble antigen molecules, causing them to precipitate and wait for phagocytosis.
Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.
All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Allergens differ from antigens because ______
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Allergic contact dermatitis
Formation of complement cascade by innate immunity is called what?
Alternative pathway
Complement proteins does what to all aspects of the inflammatory response?
Amplifies
Select the correct statement about complement.
An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second and subsequent exposure to an antigen
An advantage to adaptive immunity is ______
Adaptive
specific defense system which includes the third line of defense
immunity that protects the body against one substance or foreign agent
specific immunity
Edema
An increase in tissue fluids causing local swelling, usually due to tissue damage
Lysosyme
Antibacterial enzyme, attacks the cell wall of some bacterial (gram positive bacteria)
What are proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell?
Antibodies
Antigenic Determinants
Antibodies and activated lymphocytes bind to these; Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous ________that: - Mobilize several different lymphocyte populations - Form different kinds of antibodies against it
The classical pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.
Antibodies binding to the target cell which then triggers the complement cascade.
classical pathway of complement system
Antibodies first bind to invading organisms and then bind to complement components activating them, when activated, a cascade is triggered
Naturally acquired Passive humoral immunity
Antibodies made by mother that through the placenta to fetus, or through milk to sucking newborn.
true
Antibodies mostly act against extracellular targets in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity. (T/F)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
specific type of antibody present in areas exposed to the environment, binds with a specific foreign substance (antigen)
immunoglobulin
Antibodies produced by plasma B cells are also called
blood and exocrine secretions (tears, saliva, milk); binds to bacteria/virus and prevents binding to host cell, binds and inactivates toxins
Antibodies, explain location and function: IgA
surface B cells; same thing as B cell receptor
Antibodies, explain location and function: IgD
intestinal tract; degranulation of mast cells and basophils, mediates inflammatory response, allergic hypersensitivity, tags worms for eosinophil
Antibodies, explain location and function: IgE
blood; binds to viruses and prevents attachment to host, neutralizes toxins, agglutination of bacteria, tag for NK cells, activate complement
Antibodies, explain location and function: IgG
Blood and tissue fluid; first antibody secreted, agglutination of bacteria, ABO mismatch reaction, complement activation
Antibodies, explain location and function: IgM
Neutralization
Antibody blocks specific sites on viruses and bacterial exotoxins, stopping them from binding to tissue cells.
What happens when the levels of plasma antibodies peak in primary immune response?
Antibody levels decline
A "nonself" substance that can provoke an immune response is called a(n) __________.
Antigen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
Antigen
T cell activation requires __?__.
Antigen binding and co-stimulation
T-cell activation requires ________.
Antigen binding and co-stimulation
E
Antigen combines with IgE attached to mast cells (and basophils), triggering degranulation and the release of histamine.
What activates CD8 cells?
Antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins
A
Antigen invades body.
Reactivity
Antigen's ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.
Immunogenicity
Antigen's ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate.
What are phagocytes that ingest foreign particles, isolate protein segments (peptides), and display them as antigens on their surfaces to trigger an immune response when recognized by a specific (adaptive) immune cell?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Helper T cells
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
Which of these is not a type of T cell?
Antigenic
__________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.
Antigens
Which of the following is true of antigens?
Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes
Which of the following statements does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
Antigens
substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response
What is the first line of defense against disease?
surface barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
Positive selection of T-lympocytes
survival dependent upon ability to bind to MHC molecule. tested by seeing if their TCR can bind with MHC molecules on the surface of thymus epithelial cells, if not they are eliminated
Negative selection of T-lymphocytes
survival dependent upon not recognizing self-antigen. tested by thymic dendritic cells, presenting both class I and II molecules-those that bind are destroyed. only 2% of cells survive selection process in the thymus.
Eosinophils
target parasites. mechanism of destruction include degranulation and release of enzymes and other substances that are lethal to the parasite. they can also release proteins that form a transmembrane pore. also participate in the immune response associated with allergy and asthma, and engage in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Are a small, distinct group of large granular lymphocytes
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? NK cells __?__.
Are a type of neutrophil.
Antimicrobial proteins
Attack microbes directly or hinder their ability to reproduce.
Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disease; Attacks synapses between nerves and muscles.
Grave's Disease
Autoimmune disease; Attacks the Thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive thyroxine.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Autoimmune disease; Attacks whole system, but specially targets kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.
5) Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
B
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
B
Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells
B
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
B
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
B
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B
immediate hypersensitivity reaction: step 1: an allergen activates a ____ cell step 2: the activated B cell forms a clone of antibody secreting ____ cells step 3: plasma cells secrete large amounts of ____ antibodies against the specific allergen step 4: the IgE antibodies bind to the ____ cells in body tissues step 5: more of the allergen invades the body mast cells release large amounts of ____, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause systemic effects
B plasma IgE mast histamine
nonspecific immunity contains the 1st and 2nd line of defense. specific immunity makes up our 3rd line of defense. what two cells are involved in this 3rd line of defense?
B & T cells
Most antigens require TH co-stimulation to activate
B cells
What cell is an antigen-presenting cell?
B cells
lymphocytes that mature and differentiate in the fetal liver and bone marrow
B cells
Two types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system
B cells and T cells
What work together in a coordinated system of adaptive immunity?
B cells and T cells
Active Humoral Immunity
B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
Adaptive immunity involves what two classes of lymphocytes?
B cells—antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity T cells—cell-mediated (cellular) immunity
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are
B lymphocytes
what are 3 cells that are associated with specific immunity?
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes macrophages
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
bone marrow
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the....
Which of the following cells is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of antibodies?
B or Plasma cell
What is antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity); that produce antibodies that attack pathogens?
B-cell mechanisms
IgD
B-lymphocyte receptor, BCR. half life is 2.8 days. it identifies when immature B-lymphocytes may be ready for activation.
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? A. complements B. mucous membranes C. natural killer cells D. macrophages E. antibodies
B. mucous membranes
When is innate immune response present from?
Birth
Where do activated Tc cells circulate?
Blood and lymph and lymphoid organs
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the __?__.
Bone marrow
inflammation
Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
C
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells
C
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells
C
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens.
C
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
C
Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? A. eosinophil B. macrophage C. NK cells D. neutrophil E. Kupffer cell
C. NK cells
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
Lymphocytes have protein markers on their surfaces that are named using what?
CD system
What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?
CD4 Cell
another name for helper T cells
CD4 T cells (because of a surface protein called CD4; the CD4 T cell is a marker for immune function and the progression of HIV infection is monitored by CD4 T cell count; decreases as HIV infection progresses)
What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?
CD4 cell
What type of cell is a precursor to the cytotoxic T cell?
CD8 cell
Toll-like receptors (TLR) trigger the release of
CYTOKINES to attract white blood cells to the scene.
Cytotoxic T Cells
Can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Can kill cancer ce3llsbefore the imune system is activated
Natural Killer (NK) cells __?__.
Can kill cancer cells before the immune system is otherwise activated.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells
Natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
cytotoxic t cells
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Pyrogens
Chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that act on the neurons in the hypothalamus, causing fever.
The process by which white blood cells are attracted to the site of an injury
Chemotaxis
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called __?__.
Chemotaxis
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called?
Chemotaxis
What is the chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant?
Chemotaxis
__________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization.
Chemotaxis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events is phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
Class 2 MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens
CD8
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
antigen presenting cells
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
results in the formation of plasma cells
Clonal selection of B cells ______
What is the importance of edema in the inflammatory response?
Clotting fibers from exudate form gel-like fibrin mesh that provides framework for permanent repair and isolates injured area preventing bacteria from spreading.
Agglutination
Clumping of antigens together, stopping them from moving and gathering them for phagocytosis.
Abscess
Collagen surrounding sac of pus
Diseases caused by viruses
Common cold, influenza, polio, mumps, measles, hepatitis, rubella, chickenpox, herpes, and HIV
What is a component of blood plasma that consists of about 20 protein compounds?
Complement
What is a group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses?
Complement
alternative pathway (innate system)
Complement cascade is activated spontaneously when certain complement factors bind directly to foreign invader (lack of inhibitors on microorganisms surface allows process to proceed)
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?
Complement fixation and activation
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Exposed Fc portion following antigen binding by antibody promotes
Complement fixation-Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins; complement is activated Opsonization-Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis Activation of NK cells-Fc region of antibody binds to a NK cell, triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals
Elimination of immune complexes
Complement links immune(antigen-antibody) complexes to erythrocytes so they may be transported to the liver and spleen. RBCs are stripped of these complexes by macrophages in these organs and the rbcs continue circulating in the blood.
Most important antimicrobial proteins.
Complement proteins Interferons
opsonization
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
What are complete antigens called?
Complete antigens
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? They are __?__.
Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Immunodeficiency
Congenital or acquired condition that impairs production or function of immune cells.
Stadium
the period of time where the elevated temperature is maintained, the metabolic rate increases to promote physiologic processes involved in eliminating the harmful substance, the liver and spleen bind zinc and iron to slow microbial reproduction.
Complement system
Consists of over 20 blood proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
Constant region
Antibody functions include all of the following except __?__.
Cross-linking cell-bound antigens on RBCs when blood types are properly matched.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Cytokine that destroys tumor cells and may have other functions as well. comes from T-lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells
Activated T cells and macrophages release __?__ to mobilize immune cells and attract othe leukocytes into the area.
Cytokines
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
Cytokines
Activated T cells and macrophages release what to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area?
Cytokines
Activated T cells and macrophages release______________________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area
Cytokines
What are the several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses?
Cytokines
Complement kills foreign cells by what?
Cytolysis or Apoptosis
phagosome
Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle
Attack and lyse cells that are not "self"
Cytotoxic T cells
What T cells release lymphotoxin to kill cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
__________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus- infected cells.
Cytotoxic T cells
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
true
Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell. (T/F)
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the
Cytotoxic cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
D
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
D
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the CNS
D
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites. B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
D
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
D
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis
D
________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. A) The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes
D
Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?
the thymus
Most effective antigen presenter
Dendritic Cells
What type of macrophage with long branches or extensions that are in contact with external environment (skin and mucous membranes)?
Dendritic cell (DC)
Major types of antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because
the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens
Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.
the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens
Macrophage (type of phagocyte)
Develop from monocytes, and are chief phagocytic cells, most robust
What event signals that a B or T cell has achieved immunocompetence?
Development of immunocompetence of a B or T cell is signaled by the appearance on its surface of specific and unique receptors for an antigen. In the case of a B cell, this receptor is a membrane-bound antibody
What is the process by which immune cells squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel?
Diapedesis
What do inflammatory chemicals provoke at the inflammation site?
Dilate local arterioles, and increase leakiness of capillaries, attract leukocytes to damaged area.
What do Cytotoxic T cells do TC?
Directly attack and kill other cells
Pathogens
Disease causing microorganisms
The antibody molecule is held together by __?__ bonds.
Disulfide
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? A. It results in less memory cell circulation. B. It occurs only in the spleen. C. It results in less antibody secretion. D. It triggers fever. E. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
E. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? A. plasma cells B. complement cells C. basophils D. killer T cells E. helper T cells
E. helper T cells
What happens to Plasma cells after they secrete antibodies?
Each plasma cell functions at a very high rate, secreting about 2000 antibodies per second, for about 4-5 days. Then, the cell dies.
Caused by excess blood flow to the injured area; helps to dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen
Edema
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
Edema (swelling)
Memory Cell
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen
memory cell
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen
Antimicrobial Proteins
Enhance the innate defenses by: - Attacking microorganisms directly - Hindering microorganisms' ability to reproduce One of the most important is Interferon.
How is anaphylactic shock treated?
Epinephrine
What are the primary cells for innate immunity?
Epithelial barrier cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells
What bind to an antibody molecules antigen binding sites which forms a antigen-antibody complex?
Epitopes
Indigestible and residual waste
Exocytosed from phagocyte
How does the vesicle get removed in phagocytosis?
Exocytosis
B cell binds to antigen on bacterium and T helper cell releases cytokines which activates the B cell; proliferation occurs and the B cells can become plasma cells or memory B cells
Explain B cell activation
macrophage digests bacteria and displays bacterial antigens next the MHC molecule; T cells with correct receptor bind to bacterial antigen and MHC which activates the T cell
Explain T cell activation after macrophage ingests bacterium
systemic response to invader; WBC and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogen (fever inducer) which causes body temp to increase which denatures enzymes
Explain fever
lymphocytes, APCs and specific molecules to identify and destroy non-self substances
Explain the adaptive immune response:
physical and chemical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, tears, lyzozymes
Explain the first line of defense:
phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever
Explain the major parts of the second line of defense:
inflammatory chemicals (histamines) cause vasodilation of surrounding BV to increase blood flow to injured areas; BV permeability increase and allows fluid containing clotting factors, antibodies, and WBC (neutrophils, macrophages) to move from bloodstream to inflamed site
Explain the process of inflammation:
display peptides; made in rough ER and contain a cup that is inserted into the cell membrane; when they are infected they display the viral components in it which signals to a WBC of the infection
Explain what a MHC protein is
Seeps from the capillaries and contains clotting factors and antibodies
Exudate
What causes Swelling in inflamed tissue?
Exudate formation causes swelling.
A graft from a monkey to a human is an example of an allograft.
FALSE, XENOGRAFT
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell- mediated response or an antibody- mediated response but not both
False
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
False
After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur
False
B cells must accomplish double recognition: they must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
False
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
False
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to to be activated
False
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are caused by the cross-linking of antibodies to mast cells or basophils. T or F
False
Fever is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
False
Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur
False
Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.
False
In a case of immediate hypersensitivity, the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.
False
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
False
Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates.
False
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
False
Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.
False
Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.
False
Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus.
False
In addition to cell lysis, complement activation may invoke neutralization, precipitation, and inflammation. T or F
False - Complement proteins enhance inflammation, promote phagocytosis, and can cause cell lysis, but do not play a role in neutralization or precipitation.
Immunocompetence refers to the ability of the immune system to form antibodies and killing compounds. T or F
False - Immunocompetence refers to a lymphocyte's ability to recognize its one specific antigen.
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released by helper T cells to stimulate bound T cells. T or F
False -IL-1 is released by an APC.
T cells represent a small portion of the lymphocytes in the circulatory system. T or F
False -T cells account for 75% of the bloodborne lymphocytes.
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes to foreign red blood cells.
False, antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
False, single antigenic
Interferons
Family of immune proteins that allow cells to "WARN" neighboring cells of viral infections
Surface Barriers act as the ____ line of defense
First
IgM
First to peak during a primary immune response
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the
thymus
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.
thymus
T cells mature in the
thymus
Complement proteins work by __________.
Forming pores in the membranes of target cells
B Cells
Forms antibody producing cells
B cell
Forms antibody producing cells
B-Cells
Forms antibody producing cells
during fetal development, stem cells in bone marrow produce lymphocytes; the blood carries lymphocytes through the body; about half of the lymphocytes travel to the ____ ____, where they mature and differentiate into T cells, making up 70-80% of the blood's lymphocytes
thymus gland
Dendritic Cells
Found in skin and can wander to secondary lymph organs. Most effective antigen presenter.
Acid
Found in skin, urine, vaginal and stomach secretions - inhibits bacterial growth/entry.
Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic Mobilization
Four main phases: Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis
What do secreted antibodies bind to?
Free antigens
a response where the donated organ rejects the host (recipient); this response usually occurs in immunodeficient patients and is caused in part by transplanted T cells
GVHD (graft versus host disease)
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called
Haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called __?__.
Haptens
A 36-year-old man enters the hospital in an extremely debilitated condition. He has purple-brown skin lesions (a symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma) and a persistent cough. A physical examination reveals swollen lymph nodes, and laboratory tests find a very low lymphocyte count. Information taken during the personal history reveals that he has multiple sex partners with whom he frequently engages in unprotected sex. What is likely to be the man's problem and what is his prognosis?
He is probably suffering from AIDS. His outlook is poor once the disease has progressed to this advanced stage. There is no cure, and drug therapy has had limited short-term success.
Helper T cells do what?
Help activate T and B cells, induce T and B cell proliferation, activate macrophages and recruit other immune cells
Absence results in no immune response
Helper T cell
Missing which of the following cells will result in essentially no cellular immune response?
Helper T cell
Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?
Helper T cell
CD 4
Helper T cell Regulatory T cell
Bind to antigen-presenting cells to begin the process of co-stimulation
Helper T cells
__________ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses.
Helper T cells
a T cell clone that also secretes lymphokine which stimulates T and B cells to enhance the immune response
Helper T cells
What regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes?
Helper T cells (TH cells)
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Helper T cells ________.
Which immune cells are destroyed by the AIDS virus?
Helper T cells.
Coordinate humoral and cellular immune responses
Helper T cells:
what cells have the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity
Helper T-Cells
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
Helps T cell
Fever (antimicrobial protein)
High body temp, systemic response to invading microorganisms, leukocytes and macrophages secrete pyrogens
How does fever protect the body from pathogens?
High body temperature inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes.
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells? histamine kinins prostaglandins complement
Histamine
F
Histamine causes blood cells to dilate and become leaky.
Inflammation mediators include what?
Histamine, kinans, prostaglandins, and related compounds
What are the inflammatory mediators?
Histamines, blood proteins, kinins prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes and complement
How long do sensory memory cells take to response during secondary immune response?
Hours
recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self"
tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area
Hyperemia
Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)?
IFNs help the body combat viral infections.
a vaccine can also be made from the toxin secreted by a pathogen; the toxin is altered to reduce its harmfulness, but it can still act as an antigen to induce immunity; this alteration is called ____, which is also an active immunity that is artificially acquired
toxoid
Mucus
traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems
Mucus - Epithelial Chemical Barrier
traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory systems
cell-mediated immunity
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
Cilia
Extensions of plasma membranes, sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed
When can a lymphocyte be activated?
When a lymphocytes antigen receptors bind its antigen
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT ____
How is AIDS treated?
Antiviral drugs
Vaccines provide what type of immunity?
Artificial immunity
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens.
Autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disease; Attacks joints.
Glomerulonephritis
Autoimmune disease; Attacks kidney's filtration membrane, impairing renal function.
Type 1 Diabetes
Autoimmune disease; Attacks pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin.
Benefits from inflammation
Prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, sets stage for repair
Antibodies are capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by which type of cells?
B
The Alternate pathway of complement activation relys on __?__.
Spontaneous activation as a result of the target cell not expressing inhibiting or regulatory proteins on their surface.
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
Bone marrow
Where are microglia located?
Brain
Inflammation
Brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Mucin (surface)
Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract, trapping organisms
15) ________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells
C
Produces HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria
Stomach mucosa:
virus enters cell, interferon gene switches on producing interferon which binds to other cells and turns on genes for antiviral proteins blocking viral reproduction
Explain the process of interferons
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
C
What chemical is released by macrophages when a TLR becomes activated?
Cytokines.
When are the peak levels of plasma antibody reached in primary immune response?
10 days
Leukocytosis is what phase in Phagocytic Mobilization ?
1st phase
Helper T-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection
1st stimulation: CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APC; TCR interacts with antigen within MHC II molecule 2nd stimulation: Helper T-lymphocyte releases IL-2, which stimulates the helper T-lymphocyte activated helper t cell proliferates and differentitates to form a clone of activated and memory helper t cells
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection
1st stimulation: CD8 binds with MHC I molecule of infected cell;TCR interacts with antigen within MHC I molecule. 2nd stimulation:IL-2 released from activated helper t cell stimulates the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte activated cytotoxic t cell proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of activated and memory cytotoxic t cells
B-lymphocyte activation for clonal selection
1st stimulation:Free antigen binds to BCR, B_lymphocyte engulfs and presents antigen to activated helper T-lymphocyte 2nd stimulation:IL-4 released from activated helper T-lymphocyte stimulates B-lymphocyte activated b cell proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes. plasma cells produce antibodies
How many antibody units does IgA consist of?
2
How many pathways can complement be activated by?
2
Complement
20 blood proteins that circulate in an inactive form
Margination is what phase in Phagocytic Mobilization ?
2nd Phase
How long is the lag period of primary immune response?
3-6 days
Diapedesis is what phases in Phagocytic Mobilization?
3rd Phases
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
CD 8
Cytotoxic T cell
What amplifies the inflammatory response?
Complement
First line of defense against invading organisms
Skin:
