Immunology Exam 1

immediately after engagement of NK-cell toll-like receptors, the NK cell_____

synthesizes and secrete type 1 interferons

damage to the tissue triggers a cascade of plasma proteins involving bradykinin and is known as

the acute-phase response

which of the three complement pathways becomes activated soonest after an initial infection

the alternative pathway

all of the following induce fever except 1.) IL-12 2.) IL-6 3.) IL-1 4.) TNF-alpha

1.) IL-12

which of the following pair is mismatched? 1.) innate immunity: highly specialized defenses 2.) secondary immune response: immunological memory 3.) hematopoiesis: bone marrow 4.) phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes 5.) lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph

1.) innate immunity: highly specialized defense

what describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue

afferent lymphatic vessel -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatic vessel

what effector lymphocytes secrete______, an inflammatory response ensues

cytokines

the membrane-bound proteins on human cells that dissociate and inactivate alternative C3 convertase to avoid complement activation are______

decay-accelerative factor and membrane cofactor protein

________act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs

dendritic cells

which of the following pairs is mismatched 1.) lymphocytes : innate immune response 2.) natural kill cell: kill virus infected cells 3.) macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganism 4.) erythocyte: oxygen transport 5.) eosinophil: defense against parasites

1.) lymphocytes: innate immune response

which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue 1.) TNF-alpha production of macrophages 2.) up regulation of selecting on blood vessel endothelium 3.) interferon response 4.) generation of a CXCL8 gradient 5.) extravasation across endothelium 6.) proteolysis of basement membrane blood vessels

3. interferon response

which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells 1.) the default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs 2.) intimate contact with target is required 3.) activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell 4.) no signal receptor-ligand interaction induced cytoxicity but instead many combinations of receptor-ligand interaction influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell

3.)activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell

which of the following is a soluble form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation 1.) iC3 2.) iC3b 3.)C3b 4.)iC3Bb 5.)C3bBb

4.) iC3Bb

identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis 1.)hema is a continuous process that occurs throughout one's lifetime 2.) the location for hema differs with age 3.) self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hema stem cells 4.) most hema occurs in the bone marrow after birth 5.) leukocytes but not erythrocytes myst go through hema in order to develop

5.) leukocytes but not erythrocytes myst go through hema in order to develop

all the following statements are correct regarding the alpha2-macroglobulin protection from protease except 1.) it binds covalently to its target via a thioester bond 2.) it possesses a bait region to lure its target 3.) it undergoes a conformation change that enables it to enshroud the target 4.) when bound to its target it cleared from the circulation by hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages bearing receptors specific for the complex 5.) its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells

5.)its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells

with which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive proteins interact?

C1

which of the following complement components is an opsonin that binds to complement receptor 1 (CR1) on macrophages

C3b

which of the following is a membrane-bound form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation

C3bBb

the C3 convertase that function in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of

C4b2a

which of the following polymerizes to form a transmembrane channel the compromises the integrity of the cell membrane

C9

lectins recognize microbial

carbohydrates

the plasma proteins that counteract the activity of factor P by inactivating C3 convertase through the cleavage of C3b are

factor H and I

spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called______

germinal centers

the pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because_____

hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase

the ligand for CR3 and CR4 by the cleavage of C3b by the combined action of factors H and I is called

iC3b

in common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain_____ that is/are used for pathogen recognition of microbial ligands

leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)

the progenitors of macrophages are

monocytes

another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a

natural killer cell

which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively short-lived?

new influenza variants able to escape previous immunity appear regularly

the ligands of endosomal Toll-like receptors are____

nucleic acids or viruses and bacteria

toll-like receptors are located

on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane

stimulation of NK cells by IL-12______

skews their differentiation into effect NK cells