Immunology Exam 1
immediately after engagement of NK-cell toll-like receptors, the NK cell_____
synthesizes and secrete type 1 interferons
damage to the tissue triggers a cascade of plasma proteins involving bradykinin and is known as
the acute-phase response
which of the three complement pathways becomes activated soonest after an initial infection
the alternative pathway
all of the following induce fever except 1.) IL-12 2.) IL-6 3.) IL-1 4.) TNF-alpha
1.) IL-12
which of the following pair is mismatched? 1.) innate immunity: highly specialized defenses 2.) secondary immune response: immunological memory 3.) hematopoiesis: bone marrow 4.) phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes 5.) lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph
1.) innate immunity: highly specialized defense
what describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue
afferent lymphatic vessel -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatic vessel
what effector lymphocytes secrete______, an inflammatory response ensues
cytokines
the membrane-bound proteins on human cells that dissociate and inactivate alternative C3 convertase to avoid complement activation are______
decay-accelerative factor and membrane cofactor protein
________act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid organs
dendritic cells
which of the following pairs is mismatched 1.) lymphocytes : innate immune response 2.) natural kill cell: kill virus infected cells 3.) macrophage: phagocytosis and killing of microorganism 4.) erythocyte: oxygen transport 5.) eosinophil: defense against parasites
1.) lymphocytes: innate immune response
which of the following is not associated with mobilization of neutrophils to infected tissue 1.) TNF-alpha production of macrophages 2.) up regulation of selecting on blood vessel endothelium 3.) interferon response 4.) generation of a CXCL8 gradient 5.) extravasation across endothelium 6.) proteolysis of basement membrane blood vessels
3. interferon response
which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells 1.) the default state is one of active inhibition, which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs 2.) intimate contact with target is required 3.) activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell 4.) no signal receptor-ligand interaction induced cytoxicity but instead many combinations of receptor-ligand interaction influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell
3.)activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell
which of the following is a soluble form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation 1.) iC3 2.) iC3b 3.)C3b 4.)iC3Bb 5.)C3bBb
4.) iC3Bb
identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis 1.)hema is a continuous process that occurs throughout one's lifetime 2.) the location for hema differs with age 3.) self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hema stem cells 4.) most hema occurs in the bone marrow after birth 5.) leukocytes but not erythrocytes myst go through hema in order to develop
5.) leukocytes but not erythrocytes myst go through hema in order to develop
all the following statements are correct regarding the alpha2-macroglobulin protection from protease except 1.) it binds covalently to its target via a thioester bond 2.) it possesses a bait region to lure its target 3.) it undergoes a conformation change that enables it to enshroud the target 4.) when bound to its target it cleared from the circulation by hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages bearing receptors specific for the complex 5.) its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells
5.)its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells
with which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive proteins interact?
C1
which of the following complement components is an opsonin that binds to complement receptor 1 (CR1) on macrophages
C3b
which of the following is a membrane-bound form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation
C3bBb
the C3 convertase that function in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of
C4b2a
which of the following polymerizes to form a transmembrane channel the compromises the integrity of the cell membrane
C9
lectins recognize microbial
carbohydrates
the plasma proteins that counteract the activity of factor P by inactivating C3 convertase through the cleavage of C3b are
factor H and I
spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely with proliferating B cells are called______
germinal centers
the pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because_____
hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
the ligand for CR3 and CR4 by the cleavage of C3b by the combined action of factors H and I is called
iC3b
in common with Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors also contain_____ that is/are used for pathogen recognition of microbial ligands
leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)
the progenitors of macrophages are
monocytes
another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a
natural killer cell
which of the following explains why immunity to influenza may appear to be relatively short-lived?
new influenza variants able to escape previous immunity appear regularly
the ligands of endosomal Toll-like receptors are____
nucleic acids or viruses and bacteria
toll-like receptors are located
on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
stimulation of NK cells by IL-12______
skews their differentiation into effect NK cells