Immunology test 1
families of cytokines
-Tumor Necrosis Factors -class 1 -class 2 -chemokines -interleukin 1 -interleukin 17
Is adaptive immunity engaged during both a primary and a secondary immune response? What about innate immunity? In other words, what is the relationship, if any, between innate/adaptive and primary/secondary immune responses?
Adaptive and innate immunity are engaged in both the primary and secondary immune responses
phagocytois
Cell eating
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
Cytokines
Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain.
CD8 t cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following statements about DAMPS and PAMPS is false? A. DAMPS only come from self-structures, not pathogens B. PAMPS come from pathogens or foreign structures C. Recognition of DAMPS helps clear dead and dying host cells D. Both can result in inflammation E. None of the above is false
E
True or false: Primary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes develop and become activated.
False: Lymphocytes develop in the thymus and bone marrow. Once developed the lymphocytes travel to the primary lymphoid organs to become activated.
Which of the following type/s of PRR/s bind their ligand in the cytosol of the cell? A. TLRs B. CLRs C. NLRs D. RLRs E. All of the above F. A & B G. C & D H. B, C and D
G
Heavy Chain Antibodies
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM
Types of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
memory lymphocytes
Long-lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond when a specific antigen is encountered again
IgD function
Naive B cell antigen receptor
Pattern recognition receptor families
TLR CLR RLR NLR ALR
DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns)
What endogenous molecules are produced or released from a damaged cell?
Vaccine
ability to become immune to a disease without becoming infected
interleukin 1
acts locally to pull leukocytes to infected tissues
lymphoid progenitor is
adaptive
IgE
allergic reactions
types of T cell receptors
alpha, beta, gamma, delta
dysfunctions of the immune system
autoimmunity hypersensitivity immunodeficiency
antibody moleucles form a
b cell receptor complex with molecules involved in signal transduction
Where do B and T cells develop?
bone marrow
affinity
close frequent interactions
pleiotropic activity
induces different biological effect dependent on target cell
class 2
inhibit protein synthesis antiviral effects
effector lymphocytes
short-lived, attack immediately
activation of innate immune system produces
signal molecules called cytokines
innate immune system organs
skin, MALT
dendritic cells
specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
secondary lymphoid organs
spleen and lymph nodes
Basophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
First Responder" cells involved in the early stages of an innate immune response are more likely to come from which of the following cell types? A. Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) B. Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) C. T-cell progenitor D. B-cell progenitor E. First responders are equally likely to arise from any of the above progenitors.
A: CMPs play an important role in host defense, they are osteoclast precursors. They can differentiate into other types of cells depending on what pathogen is present in the body at that time.
monocytes
An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
Based on shared versus unique properties, which two categories of pathogen do you think might be treated most differently by the immune response? A. viruses and intracellular bacteria B. viruses and extracellular parasites C. extracellular bacteria and extracellular parasites D. fungi and extracellular parasites
B Because viruses are found inside of the body whereas extracellular parasites are found outside of the body (on surfaces like skin and mucous membranes). Since these two pathogens are located in different places different types of immune responses would be present. For example, viruses would use an adaptive immune response whereas the extracellular parasites would use a more innate immune response.
Three main types of cells
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes NK cells
According to the hygiene hypothesis (see Box 1-3), the absence of early exposure to which specific group of infectious agents is most associated with future allergic responses? A. viruses B. bacteria C. fungi D. parasites
D The hygiene hypothesis states that children who are more exposed to different germs and certain parasites during development have a more equipped immune response to other allergens later in life.
True or False: Innate immunity involves soluble products and is a part of humoral immunity, whereas adaptive immunity involves the work of B and T cells, or cell-mediated immunity.
False Cell-mediated immunity uses T cells to detect and destroy foreign/unknown antigens. Humoral immunity utilizes antibodies B cells.
memory cells
General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.
Secondary Immune Response
Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.
primary immune response
Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.
PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
light chains
One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.
spleen
Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells
True or False: Secondary lymphoid organs are involved in both primary and secondary immune responses, whereas primary lymphoid organs are not.
True
True or False: All the members of the CLR family of PRRs bind to carbohydrate ligands.
True: CLR molecules act as PRRs in which they detect host molecules for pathogens. Where most of the CLR molecules bind to carbohydrate ligands in a calcium-dependent fashion, using carbohydrate recognition domains. CLRs are important in the detection and capture of pathogens in the body.
TCR affinity
binding with the MHC peptides drives T and B cell selection
secondary lymph organs are connected through
blood and lymphatic circulatory systems
T cells develop first in
bone marrow and then move to thymus
primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
megakarocyte cell
breaks down things
stromal cells
cells that facilitate HSC prolferation, direct migration and stimulate differention of cells
Avidity
combined strength of multiple interactions
igM function
complement activation
CD4 helper T cells
differentiate into t cells helps B cells to differentiate
chemokines
direct leukocyte migration follows gradient to site of infection immune cells follow these cells
thymic cortex and medulla
directs stepwise changes in thymocytes
class 1
diverse in action and cell targeting broad range of functions
IgG function
enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn
Tolerence
ensures that the immune system avoids destroying healthy host tissue
B lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
NRL
found in cytosol functions in antimicrobials and cytokines
RLR
found in cytosol functions in interferons and cytokine production
ALR
found in cytosol and nucleus functions in interferon and cytokine production
TLR
found in plasma membrane produces antivirals, cytokines, inflammation
CLR
found in plasma membrane functions in phagocytosis and production fo antimicrobials
naive lymphocytes
have receptors; have not yet encountered appropriate antigen
TNF
immune homeostasis, inflammation, host defense
cell-mediated immunity
immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells
humoral immunity
immunity combats pathogens via antibodies -blood -b cells -plasma
myleoid progenitor is
innate
two systems of immunity
innate and adaptive
light chain antibodies
kappa lambda
endocrine
long distance signaling
lymphoid cells
lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells
Dissociation constant
measure of strength of ligand binding
MALTs
mouth stomach intenstine mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
IgA function
mucosal immunity
redundant activity
multiple signals on the cell doing the same thing
The two types of hematopoietic cells
myleoid lymphoid
Receptor-ligand binding
occurs via noncovalent bonds In total delivers a strong binding affinity
interleukin 17
pro-inflammatory receptors found on nucleophiles work at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity
B cells
produce antibodies
immune responses rely on
recognition molecules
myeloid cells
red blood cells, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
paracrine
released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity
Where do T and B cells specialize
secondary lymph organs
Immunity
state of protection against pathogens or antigens
Hematopoiesis
stem cell formation blood cell formation
autocrine
term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
heavy chains
the larger of the two component polypeptides of an immunoglobulin molecule. Heavy chains come in a variety of heavy-chain classes or isotypes, each of which confers a distinctive effector function on the antibody molecule.
innate and adaptive immunity systems work
together to fight infection
synergy
two different signals that work together to get a response
Four major categories of pathogens
viruses, fungi, parasites, bacteria
Eosinophils
white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates