Immunology test 1

families of cytokines

-Tumor Necrosis Factors -class 1 -class 2 -chemokines -interleukin 1 -interleukin 17

Is adaptive immunity engaged during both a primary and a secondary immune response? What about innate immunity? In other words, what is the relationship, if any, between innate/adaptive and primary/secondary immune responses?

Adaptive and innate immunity are engaged in both the primary and secondary immune responses

phagocytois

Cell eating

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

Cytokines

Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain.

CD8 t cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following statements about DAMPS and PAMPS is false? A. DAMPS only come from self-structures, not pathogens B. PAMPS come from pathogens or foreign structures C. Recognition of DAMPS helps clear dead and dying host cells D. Both can result in inflammation E. None of the above is false

E

True or false: Primary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes develop and become activated.

False: Lymphocytes develop in the thymus and bone marrow. Once developed the lymphocytes travel to the primary lymphoid organs to become activated.

Which of the following type/s of PRR/s bind their ligand in the cytosol of the cell? A. TLRs B. CLRs C. NLRs D. RLRs E. All of the above F. A & B G. C & D H. B, C and D

G

Heavy Chain Antibodies

IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM

Types of antibodies

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

memory lymphocytes

Long-lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond when a specific antigen is encountered again

IgD function

Naive B cell antigen receptor

Pattern recognition receptor families

TLR CLR RLR NLR ALR

DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns)

What endogenous molecules are produced or released from a damaged cell?

Vaccine

ability to become immune to a disease without becoming infected

interleukin 1

acts locally to pull leukocytes to infected tissues

lymphoid progenitor is

adaptive

IgE

allergic reactions

types of T cell receptors

alpha, beta, gamma, delta

dysfunctions of the immune system

autoimmunity hypersensitivity immunodeficiency

antibody moleucles form a

b cell receptor complex with molecules involved in signal transduction

Where do B and T cells develop?

bone marrow

affinity

close frequent interactions

pleiotropic activity

induces different biological effect dependent on target cell

class 2

inhibit protein synthesis antiviral effects

effector lymphocytes

short-lived, attack immediately

activation of innate immune system produces

signal molecules called cytokines

innate immune system organs

skin, MALT

dendritic cells

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

secondary lymphoid organs

spleen and lymph nodes

Basophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

First Responder" cells involved in the early stages of an innate immune response are more likely to come from which of the following cell types? A. Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) B. Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) C. T-cell progenitor D. B-cell progenitor E. First responders are equally likely to arise from any of the above progenitors.

A: CMPs play an important role in host defense, they are osteoclast precursors. They can differentiate into other types of cells depending on what pathogen is present in the body at that time.

monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

Based on shared versus unique properties, which two categories of pathogen do you think might be treated most differently by the immune response? A. viruses and intracellular bacteria B. viruses and extracellular parasites C. extracellular bacteria and extracellular parasites D. fungi and extracellular parasites

B Because viruses are found inside of the body whereas extracellular parasites are found outside of the body (on surfaces like skin and mucous membranes). Since these two pathogens are located in different places different types of immune responses would be present. For example, viruses would use an adaptive immune response whereas the extracellular parasites would use a more innate immune response.

Three main types of cells

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes NK cells

According to the hygiene hypothesis (see Box 1-3), the absence of early exposure to which specific group of infectious agents is most associated with future allergic responses? A. viruses B. bacteria C. fungi D. parasites

D The hygiene hypothesis states that children who are more exposed to different germs and certain parasites during development have a more equipped immune response to other allergens later in life.

True or False: Innate immunity involves soluble products and is a part of humoral immunity, whereas adaptive immunity involves the work of B and T cells, or cell-mediated immunity.

False Cell-mediated immunity uses T cells to detect and destroy foreign/unknown antigens. Humoral immunity utilizes antibodies B cells.

memory cells

General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.

Secondary Immune Response

Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.

primary immune response

Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.

light chains

One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region.

spleen

Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

True or False: Secondary lymphoid organs are involved in both primary and secondary immune responses, whereas primary lymphoid organs are not.

True

True or False: All the members of the CLR family of PRRs bind to carbohydrate ligands.

True: CLR molecules act as PRRs in which they detect host molecules for pathogens. Where most of the CLR molecules bind to carbohydrate ligands in a calcium-dependent fashion, using carbohydrate recognition domains. CLRs are important in the detection and capture of pathogens in the body.

TCR affinity

binding with the MHC peptides drives T and B cell selection

secondary lymph organs are connected through

blood and lymphatic circulatory systems

T cells develop first in

bone marrow and then move to thymus

primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus

megakarocyte cell

breaks down things

stromal cells

cells that facilitate HSC prolferation, direct migration and stimulate differention of cells

Avidity

combined strength of multiple interactions

igM function

complement activation

CD4 helper T cells

differentiate into t cells helps B cells to differentiate

chemokines

direct leukocyte migration follows gradient to site of infection immune cells follow these cells

thymic cortex and medulla

directs stepwise changes in thymocytes

class 1

diverse in action and cell targeting broad range of functions

IgG function

enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn

Tolerence

ensures that the immune system avoids destroying healthy host tissue

B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

NRL

found in cytosol functions in antimicrobials and cytokines

RLR

found in cytosol functions in interferons and cytokine production

ALR

found in cytosol and nucleus functions in interferon and cytokine production

TLR

found in plasma membrane produces antivirals, cytokines, inflammation

CLR

found in plasma membrane functions in phagocytosis and production fo antimicrobials

naive lymphocytes

have receptors; have not yet encountered appropriate antigen

TNF

immune homeostasis, inflammation, host defense

cell-mediated immunity

immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

humoral immunity

immunity combats pathogens via antibodies -blood -b cells -plasma

myleoid progenitor is

innate

two systems of immunity

innate and adaptive

light chain antibodies

kappa lambda

endocrine

long distance signaling

lymphoid cells

lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells

Dissociation constant

measure of strength of ligand binding

MALTs

mouth stomach intenstine mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues

IgA function

mucosal immunity

redundant activity

multiple signals on the cell doing the same thing

The two types of hematopoietic cells

myleoid lymphoid

Receptor-ligand binding

occurs via noncovalent bonds In total delivers a strong binding affinity

interleukin 17

pro-inflammatory receptors found on nucleophiles work at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity

B cells

produce antibodies

immune responses rely on

recognition molecules

myeloid cells

red blood cells, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

paracrine

released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity

Where do T and B cells specialize

secondary lymph organs

Immunity

state of protection against pathogens or antigens

Hematopoiesis

stem cell formation blood cell formation

autocrine

term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them

adaptive immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

heavy chains

the larger of the two component polypeptides of an immunoglobulin molecule. Heavy chains come in a variety of heavy-chain classes or isotypes, each of which confers a distinctive effector function on the antibody molecule.

innate and adaptive immunity systems work

together to fight infection

synergy

two different signals that work together to get a response

Four major categories of pathogens

viruses, fungi, parasites, bacteria

Eosinophils

white blood cell that are responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates