Imperial Russian History

M. Kutuzov

1745-1813 a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire. Was fighting against Napoleon in Borodino. One of the main characters in Leo Tolstoy War and Peace.

Von Haxthausen

1792 -- 1866 German agricultural scientist, economist, lawyer, writer, and collector of folk songs, best known for his account of conditions in Russia as revealed by his 1843 visit "The Russian Empire: Its People, Institutions and Resources, 1856" Haxthausen's full account of the institutions of rural Russia was the first to bring the Russian commune into European social thought and it was popular with both radicals (who found validation of the ideals of socialism) and conservatives (who approved of Haxthausen's emphasis on harmony within the framework of traditional society)

Prince Gorchakov

Career: Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire under Nicholas I and Alexander II Known for: 1) Relations with Bismarck, 2) Helping Alexander II with internal reforms, 3) Treaty of Paris at the end of the Crimean war

Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk became the hub for relocation to Siberia.

N. Stankevich

Circle of Stankevich Stankevich is known to have considerably influenced some of the Russian and Muscovite intelligentsia in particular, including Vissarion Belinsky, , Mikhail Bakunin, and Alexander Herzen

Liberum Vito

was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was a form of unanimity voting rule that allowed any member of the Sejm (legislature) to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify any legislation that had already been passed at the session by shouting Sisto activitatem! (Latin: "I stop the activity!") or Nie pozwalam! (Polish: "I do not allow!"). Prevented them from doing anything

General Bibikov

was sent to stop Pugachev uprising.

Volinsky

Governor of Kazan under Catherine I. Involved in many briberies his title was taken away. Later was introduced to the favorite of Anna Ioanovna, Biron and was secretly criticizing them. Was sentenced to death due to thinking he is smarter than everyone else.

Greek Project

Had Alexander I learn Greek

Suvorov

He fought Second Russo-Turkish war, stopped Polish rebellion 1794 One of the greatest generals in history and is one of the few who never lost a battle

Orlov Brothers

Helped Catherine take the thrown

Patriarch Adrian

was the last pre-Petrine Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. He was generaly against Reforms of Peter I, but did accept some of the criticism of the curch. Next Stefan Yavorski and then Next Feofan Prokopovich

Catherine I (1725-1727)

wife of Peter I, her rule was dominated by Supreme Privi Council, was peaceful, peasant origin, was the only one who was able to come Peter down.

The October Manifesto

document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire';s first constitution, which would be adopted the next year. The Manifesto was issued by Emperor Nicholas II, under the influence of Sergei Witte, on 30 October 1905 as a response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. Promised basic civil rights and an elected parliament called the Duma,

Kolokol

first Russian censorship-free weekly newspaper in Russian and French languages, published by Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogaryov in London (1857-1865) and Geneva (1865-1867). Kolokol took the side of revolutionary democracy and found itself in opposition to liberalism. It was banned in Russia, but had a significant effect on the revolutionary movements of the 1860s.

Karakozov

first Russian revolutionary to make an attempt on the life of a tsar.

Paul Miliukov

founder of the Constitutional Democratic party (known as the Kadets).

1785 Charter to the Russian nobility

issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. Charter to the Nobility: nobles except from paying taxes, corporal punishment against nobility outlawed.

Temporary Regulations

martial law instated by Alexander III

Oberprokuror

the official title of the head of the Most Holy Synod. The lay head of the Russian Orthodox Church, and also a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of Nicholas II, was one of the most powerful men to hold the post of Chief Procurator, from 1880 to 1905.

Peter Lavrov

From Zurich, wrote journal Forward! Part of the shift to socialism instead of constitutional monarchy.

Morozov family

Frost--these guys were probably from Siberia like the rest of the Old Believers A famous Old Believers Russian family of merchants and entrepreneurs. The family name Morozov originates from a Russian word moroz (мороз) that means frost.

Russia and Europe

Full Title Russia and Europe: The Slavic World's Political and Cultural Relations with the Germanic-Roman West Pan-slavism One of the most important books in the great nineteenth-century debate about Russia's place in the world. Danilevskiis book made the case for Slavdom's distinct and superior historical role as well as for Russia's mission as its leader.

The Organic Statute

Full title: Organic Statue of the Kingdom of Poland Year issued: 1815 Replaced the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire with the "eternal incorporation" of Poland into Russia.The Parliament of the Kingdom was abolished, and its army merged with the Russian Army.

Siberian Railroad Committee

Governmental Committee planning and overseeing the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was spear-headed by Sergei Witte, who was then the Minister of Finance

Memoir on Ancient and Modern

Karamazin A scathing attack on reforms proposed by Mikhail Speransky was to become a cornerstone of official ideology of imperial Russia for years to come. Also included some of the origins of Eurasianism in Russia.

Marquis de Custine

La Russie en 1839 It was widely read in Western Europe, and fed a growing trend of Russophobia. It goes without saying, the book was banned in Russia. De Custine introduces the idea of the Asiatic, or slave soul. He was appalled by autocracy as practiced in Russia and by the Russian people's apparent collaboration in their own oppression. He mocked contemporary Russia for its veneer of European civilisation hiding an Asiatic soul.

Land Captain

Land captains were representatives of the administrative and judicial authority in Russian villages from 1889 to 1917. The Statute Concerning Land Captains was passed on July 12, 1889, and was one of the counter-reforms made during the rule of Emperor Alexander III. The purpose of this law was the partial restoration of the control of provincial nobility over the peasants.

Kupechestvo

Merchant class. "Third social category" (others are nobility and clergy), only they had the right to trade according to 1785 charter.

The Third Section

Nicholas' personal police force. Although Nicholas Count Alexander Benckendorff, the first Head Controller of the Section, Russia's "moral and political guardian. Nicholas saw the officers of the Third Section, the Gendarmes, as domestic ambassadors who listened, if surreptitiously, to the political discussions of everyday Russians

The Miliutin Brothers

Nikolai Miliutin (1818-1872)- the chief architect of the great liberal reforms undertaken during Alexander II's reign, including the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of zemstvo. Vladimir Miliutin (1826-55)- a social philosopher, journalist and economist Dmitri Miliutin (1816-1912)- Minister of War under Alexander II. The last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia. Carried out Alexander II's military reforms

The Vyg Community

Northern Russian community of Old Believers. They were doing mining. Peter did not punish them in any way.

Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow

Radishev, first social criticism Skovoroda

Grenadiers

Was originally a specialized soldier, first established as a distinct role in the mid-to- late 17th century, for the throwing of grenades.

Mestnichestvo

"A place of precedence". A complicated system of seniority which dictated which government posts a boyar could occupy. This was a limiting, hegemonic system, because it appointed people to positions of power regardless of how qualified they were, and barred certain highly qualified individuals from holding positions of power. Feodor III abolished the mestnichestvo in 1682, burning the pedigree books. This abolition made it easier for Peter the Great to reform and govern the state. He took it a step further by trying to establish the foundations of a meritocratic system where people gained government positions based on education.

Monastyrskiy Prikaz

"Monastery Bureau" Established in early 17th century. Creation of Central Judicial Body for the priesthood of the Muscovite State. Closed in 1677. Peter re-opened it and reformed it into the Holy Synod. Served as a kind of model for Peter to make a bureaucratic version of the church.

Moskovskii vedomosti

"Moscow News" Established by Moscow University in 1756. Russia's largest newspaper by circulation before it was overtaken by Saint Petersburg dailies in the mid-19th century. In 1779, the press was leased to the first Russian journalist (and high ranking freemason) Nikolay Novikov

"Official Philosophy" or "Official Nationality"

"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" was coined by Count Sergey Uvarov

Ivan Krylov

"Russia's Aesop"

Dmitry Tolstoy

"Temporary regulations" in 1882, which limited the freedom of press to an even greater extent. "counter-reforms", which would become very unpopular in Russia. Connected to Official Philosophy and Convervativism

Peter Tkachev

"the First Bolshevik" Tkachev praised Chernyshevsky's novel What Is To Be Done?, calling it the 'gospel of the movement Formulated many of the revolutionary principles that would later be further developed and put into action by Vladimir Lenin. For example, the idea that only the establishment of a revolutionary dictatorship through seizure of power made it possible to ensure the correct political conditions for a transition to socialism. This would become the 'guiding principle' of Lenin's theory of revolution.

Sergei Witte

1) As Minister of Finance Witte presided over extensive industrialization and the management of various railroad lines. 2) He framed the October Manifesto of 1905, and the accompanying government communication, but was not convinced it would solve Russians problem with the Tsarist autocracy. 3) On 20 October 1905 he became the first Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)

Ivan Goncharov

1812-1891 Russian Writer Famous by poem Oblomov(1859) Graduated from Moscow State University In an image of Oblomov Goncharov describes an apathetic nobelman who can not seems to find the meaning of life and dreams about endless sleep, which he eventually finds when he dies. In this poem there are also other characthers that represent current vices of the society--- Superfluous Man

The Treaty of San Stefano:

1878 Peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire after the end of the last Russo-Turkish War. Creation of independent Bulgaria after centuries of Ottoman Empire domination. Sparks independent movements in the Balkans. You could connect this one even to WW1.

A.Lipski

2nd half 19th century doctor and statistician

A Parting of Ways

A Parting of Ways is an interpretive survey of the intellectual evolution of Russian society from Peter the Great to the Crimean War. Utilizing some sections of his earlier works on the Slavophiles and the Official Nationality, Riasanovsky focuses most of his attention on the development of thought during the reign of Nicholas I, when he sees the crucial parting of ways taking place--the end of discourse and cooperation between government and the educated public.

Richard Pipes

A Polish Man Lifespan: 1923 -- the present Occupation: Professor of Russian History at Harvard Known for: a strong anti-communist point of view. In 1976 he headed a team organized by the Central Intelligence Agency who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every State in Europe in that it had no concept of private property, and that everything was regarded as the property of the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes has argued that this "patrimonialism" of Imperial Russia started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. Pipes has strongly criticized the values of the radical intelligentsia of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. The Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn has denounced Pipes' work as "the Polish version of Russian history".

Zhelyabov:

A Russian revolutionary and propagandist based in Odessa Zhelyabov was one of the suspects in the "Trial of the 193" One of the chief defenders of terrorism. One of the chief organizers of the assassination of Alexander II of Russia on March 1, 1881. However, he had been arrested a few days before it actually happened. Zhelyabov demanded that his case be considered together with theirs and he was executed on April 3, 1881 with the rest of his terrorists

Patrick Gordon

A general and rear admiral in Russia, of Scottish origin. Became a close friend of Peter I, was the one of the people from German quarter who inspired and supported Peter in his development in young years.

Who is to Blame? Кто виноват?

A novel by Alexander Herzen. Question of the 1840s, Social and psychological evaluation of contemporary Russian life. Another example of Russian realism Part one is a satire of the Russian nobles, showing their coarseness and pettiness. Part two introduces the type of the "superfluous man" in the person of Beltov.

The Bronze Horseman

A poem by Pushkin in 1833 about the equestrian statue of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg (depicting Peter I on the horse commissioned by Catherine the Great) and the great flood of 1824. It is widely considered to be Pushkin's most successful narrative poem, and is considered one of the most influential works in Russian Literature.

People's Justice

A revolutionary organization, was founded in 1869 with a goal of getting rid of the existing government and making a new one with a new society of equals. Labor would be compulsory and people who wouldn't work would be executed. This organization was illegal and was created in Moscow. Its leader was Sergey Nechayev, who killed another member that didn't like his methods. The story of the murder is what "The Possessed" by Dostoevsky is based on.

The Treaty of Armed Neutrality

A union of European naval powers (including Russia, Denmark, Sweden) which was formed in the years 1779-1783 to protect neutral shipping, against the English Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband. Empress Catherine II championed its formation. France and the United States of America were quick to proclaim their adherence to the new principle of free neutral commerce.

The Polish Question

After late-18th-century partitions of Poland, divided between the Austrian Empire, the Prussian Kingdom and the Russian Empire. The term "Polish question" came into use shortly afterwards, as some Great Powers took interest in upsetting this status quo, hoping to benefit from the recreation of the Polish state. Similar to Eastern Question--different powers in Europe want to have a part of Poland In the era of rising nationalism, the question of whether an independent Poland should be restored, and also what it meant to be a Pole, gained increasing notoriety. Polish uprising were a cause of concern for Russian administration.

Kazan Cathedral

Also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, is a cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg. It is dedicated to Our Lady of Kazan, probably the most venerated icon in Russia.

Оптина пустынь

Among the most venerated and beloved of Russian monasteries. In the 19th century, the Optina was the most important spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church Center of Russian staretsdom. Visited by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vasily Zhukovsky, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, Vasily Rozanov, and Leo Tolstoy

The Possessed

An allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of nihilism that was becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s. Reaction to very radical movements It is the third of the four great novels written by Dostoyevsky after his return from Siberian exile, the others being Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880).

Tretyakov Art Gallery

An art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world, started with the extensive private collection of Pavel Tretyakov in 1856.

Abramtsevo

An estate located north of Moscow that became a center for the Slavophile movement and artistic activity in the 19th century. During the 1870s and 1880s, Abramtsevo hosted a colony of artists who sought to recapture the quality and spirit of medieval Russian art in the manner parallel to the Arts and Crafts movement in Great Britain.

Smolny

An institute, the establishment of which was a significant step in making education available for females in Russia. Catherine II established the Smolny Institute for girls of the nobility and St. Petersburg in 1764.

Bulavin

Attempts of government to limit Cossack freedom, government forcing people to go build fleets and fortresses. The Bulavin Rebellion (Astrakhan Revolt) is the name given to a war of Don Cossacks against Imperial Russia between the years 1707 and 1708. The war was led by Kondraty Bulavin, a democratically elected Ataman of Don Cossacks.

The East, Russia, and Slavdom

Author: Konstantin Leontiev A Slavophile book. Ill at ease with the Western consumer society and the cult of material prosperity. Leontyev regarded traditional Russian Byzantinism as a blessing and a strong antidote against further liberalization of the country's society. Leontiev proposed that all societies undergo a state of flowering and increasing complexity followed by one of "secondary simplification", decay and ultimately death. Leontiev felt that the West had reached the beginning of secondary simplification.

"The Belliustin Affair"

Belliustin's Description of the Clergy in Rural Russia was published abroad and smuggled back into the empire in 1858, on the eve of the Great Reforms. Its shocking depiction of a church pervaded by venality and ignorance created a sensation in high society and government circles.

Nesselrode Memorandum

Bipartisan agreement on the Eastern Question with Britain. "The object for which Russia and England will have to come to an understanding may be expressed in the following manner. To seek to maintain the existence of the Ottoman Empire in its present state" 1836-1844

After Peter I to Catherine II

Called the period of "Diadochi" with reference to "the rival generals, families and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death" Catherine I (1725-1727) -- a weak ruler Peter II (1727-1730) -- died young Anna (1730-1740) -- brought from Courland, was stronger than expected Ivan VI (1740-1741) -- brief "reign" with mother as regent". Murdered after 20 years of imprisonment Elizabeth (1741-1762) -- a great patron of architecture and the arts Peter III (1762) -- unpopular, obsessed with Germany. Murdered Catherine II (1762-1796) -- German wife of Peter III

The Danubian Principalities

Composed of Moldavia and Wallachia. Outbreak of the Greek War of Independence started here, not actually in Greece. Formation of Filiki Eteria happened in Odessa In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and in Constantinople and its surrounding areas.

Treaty of Bucharest

Concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War and amended the previous Treaty of London, which ended the First Balkan War. Summary of the Second Balkan War: Dissatisfied with the outcome of the previous war, Bulgaria launched an attack on its former allies in June 1913. The Greek and Serbian armies invaded Bulgarian-held territory in return. The Ottomans advanced, while Romania invaded Bulgaria from the north and advanced to within a short distance of the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. Bulgaria was forced to agree to a truce and to peace negotiations to be held in the Romanian capital, Bucharest. Bulgaria had failed to gain Macedonia, populated generally with ethnic Bulgarians, which was its avowed purpose in entering the war. The country had to abandon its project of Balkan hegemony.

"Our Mr. Chichikov"

Contains all the bad qualities of land owners. He is a demonstration of corruption of character and loss of reality in Russia. Also an example of realism. Each character to represent an issue in society

The colleges of Peter I

Created 9-12 colleges which later will become miniseries of for example war, Metallurgy, education. It was a radical reform for peters time because it created the structure of the government, for the first time. It replaced Prikaz.

The Spiritual Regulation

Establishment of the Holy Synod by Peter the Great. Peter I introduced a period when the church apparatus effectively became a department of state. This was a change from the high amount of power the Church held over the activities of the state.

Alexander Golitsyn

Field Marshall who served under both Elizabeth and Catherine II Command in the army fighting Prussia in the Seven Years' War Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774), Golitsyn was entrusted with the command of an army After the war Golitsyn became one of the Russian statesmen who were Catherine's close confidants. Golitsyn was governor general of Saint Petersburg

Treaty of Gulistan

First Russo-Persian War, lasting from 1804-1813 Daghestan, Georgia, most of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and parts of northern Armenia from Iran into the Russian Empire

University of Moscow

Founded by Lomonosov and Shuvalov during the reign of Empress Elizabeth. Established 1755. First lectures given January 25, 1755, which is now celebrated as Student's Day. Part of enlightenment movement

The Supreme Privy Council

Founded in 1726 as a body of advisers to Catherine I. It held more power than the monarch during the uncertain years following Peter I's death. During Catherine I's reign, the Council was dominated by her lover Prince Menshikov. When Peter II died, it was the Privy Council that invited Anna Ivanovna to come to the thrown. The council expected her to be a malleable tool for expanding their sphere of power. They made an agreement with Anna to bring her to the throne if she would sign famous conditions, which would give the Council the powers of war, taxation, and succession. Anna signed these conditions, but once she was established, she tore up the terms of her accession and abolished the Council within days.

"Romanticism of Nationality"

Idealizing national past.

Anna Karenina

Is a novel by Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. The main problem is the fakeness of the Russian noble world and inability to express your real feelings due to the importance of appearance in front of society.

Peterhof Palace

Is a series of palaces and gardens located in Petergof, Saint Petersburg, Russia, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great. These palaces and gardens are sometimes referred as the "Russian Versailles".

Novodevich Monastery

Is probably the best-known cloister of Moscow. Its name, sometimes translated as the New Maidens' Monastery, was devised to differ from an ancient maidens' convent within the Moscow Kremlin. Sofia Alexeyevna was incarcerated there by Peter I. She helped to organize the Streltsy Rebellion.

1905

It was a revolution that sprung up almost spontaneously from all levels of society. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to Constitutional Reform including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906. Groups involved: Newly emancipated peasants earned too little, and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic minorities resented the government because of its "Russification", discrimination and repression, both social and formal, such as banning them from voting and serving in the Guard or Navy and limited attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, banning strikes and labor unions. The educated class fomented and spread radical ideas after a relaxing of discipline in universities allowed a new consciousness to grow among students. Direct events that got people upset : The failure of the Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday

Moscow Art Theater

It was founded in 1898 by the seminal Russian theater practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright and director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. it wasn't until it staged Anton Chekhov's four major works, beginning with its production of The Seagull in 1898, with Stanislavski in the role of Trigorin, that the theater achieved fame. This production was so successful that the theater adopted the seagull as its emblem.

Raskol

It was triggered by the reforms of Patriarch Nikon in 1653 Avakuum

Moscow University

Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on January 25 [O.S. January 12] 1755. The first lectures Were given on April 26th. Russians still celebrate January 25th as Students Day.

M. Sherbatov

Lifespan: 1733 -- 1790 Occupation: Russian Historian Known for: theory of history that challenged "Great Man" theory and took more account of social context He was an adherent to the ideas of the French Enlightenment. In his writing, he described the actions of historical figures but also pointed out that their actions were moved by the thoughts, ideas, and customs prevailing in their society. He is also famous for the book on Russia called "On the Corruption of Morals in Russia". He criticizes the mass abuses committed by the authorities, such as bribery, embezzlement of public funds, servility, etc.

Novikov

Lifespan: 1744, - 1818 Occupation: writer and freemason philanthropist Known for: one of the key representatives of the Enlightenment movement in Russia during Catherine II's reign. With the help of his access to the Freemason Network, he was able to print and distribute an incredible number of books. He was a Rosicrucian Novikov's press produced a third part of contemporary Russian books and several newspapers. His attacks on the existing social customs prompted retorts from Catherinet, who even set her own journal to comment on Novikov's articles. When the French Revolution started, Novikov's printing house was confiscated, and he was soon exiled.

Paul I

Lifespan: 1754 - 1801 Occupation: Tsar Known for: 1) hating his mother Catherine the Great and trying to reverse all her reforms, 2) establishing male primogeniture, 3) Killed by his son, Alexander I with the help of As soon as he ascended to the throne, he brought back all those noblemen exiled by Catherine II. He issued a Manifesto of 1797 in which he made succession the right of the oldest son. Effectively he canceled the appointment policy of Peter I.

Capodistria

Lifespan: 1776-1831 Considered the founder of the modern Greek state and of Greek independence Elected as the first head of state of independent Greece in the late 1820's. In 1809 Kapodistrias entered the service of Alexander I of Russia, and was eventually appointed Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire because of his successes.

General Paskevich

Lifespan: 1782 - 1856 Occupation: military leader, Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland Known for: victory against and subsequent rule over Poland

M. Pogodin

Lifespan: 1800-1875 A staunch proponent of the Normanist theory of Russian statehood. Editor of The Muscovite Slavophile and Panslavist

General Kauffman

Lifespan: 1818 - 1882 Occupation: First Governor General of Russian Turkestan Known for: co-leading the Russian conquest of Central Asia under Alexander II and his subsequent governance of Turkestan

N. P. Ignatiev

Lifespan: 1832 - 1908 Occupation: Russian statesman and diplomat. Known for: Amur Annexation; ambassador to Istanbul Successful negotiations: 1) Friendship with the emir of Bukhara 2) Amur Annexation from Court of Peking In Istanbul: His chief charge was to liberate the Christian nationalities in general and the Bulgarians in particular and bring them under the influence of Russia. His restless activity in this field, mostly of a semiofficial and secret character, culminated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, at the close of which he negotiated with the Ottomans at the Treaty of San Stefano.

Kliuchevski

Lifespan: 1841 -- 1911 He was particularly interested in the process of Russian peaceful colonisation of Siberia and the Far East.

N. Berdyaev

Lifespan: 1874 - 1948 Occupation: religious and political philosopher Known for: disillusionment with both the revolutionaries and the Church. He departed from radical Marxism to focus his attention on Christian spirituality. In Christianity and Social Reality, he tells about his journey from Marx to Christ and his disillusionment with both the revolutionaries and the Church. A fiery 1913 article, criticising the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, caused him to be charged with the crime of blasphemy.

Richard Stites

Lifespan: 1931 - 2010 Occupation: historian of Russian culture and professor of history at Georgetown University Known for: books on serf artists and the role of women set new standards in the study of Russian and Soviet history "Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia" (2005) explored the influence of serfs who became actors and artists.

The Extraordinary Decade

Literary memoirs of Annenkov. The Extraordinary Decade is the 40's Pavel V. Annenkov was an intimate friend of the radical intellectuals—Belinsky, Herzen, Bakunin, and Botkin—as well as of the foremost literary figures of the day—Turgenev, Tolstoy, and Gogol.

Mamontov family

Mammon--this guys are rich Known for: railroad building, coal mining, and patronage of the arts Savva Mamontov was the founder and builder of the largest railway in Russia. Also purchased and patroned Abramtsvo. Founded Moscow Private Opera Mamontov had interests in the iron ore extraction and the iron casting industries.

Konstantin Pobedonostsev

Ober-Procurator of the Most Holy Synod a Russian jurist, statesman, and adviser to three Tsars In his "Reflections of a Russian Statesman" (1896), he promoted autocracy and condemned elections, representation and democracy, the jury system, the press, free education, charities, and social reforms. Western institutions were radically bad in themselves and totally inapplicable Pobedonostsev particularly advised the anti-Jewish measures taken during Alexander III's administration. These began with the temporary "May Laws"

Voltarianstvo

Obsession with Voltaire. Goes along with Gallomania and Catherine Ethos. Enlightenment philosophy, deism (higher power, but not personal god)

Dmitry Golitsyn

Occupation: One of the most powerful leaders in the Supreme Privy Council Known for: making the first attempts to establish a constitutional monarchy in Russia. During the last years of Peter II, Golitsyn was the most prominent statesman in Russia. He conceived the idea of limiting the autocracy by subordinating it to the authority of the Supreme privy council, of which he was president. He compiled the "Conditions" that Empress Anna Ivanovna had to sign. He was eventually exiled by Anna

D. W. Treadgold

Occupation: Professor of History and PHilosophy at University of Washington Known for: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War flood of migration over the Ural Mountains into Siberia in the late 19th and 20th centuries-- "an agricultural movement which led to greater social equality than had existed earlier. In this respect it readily suggests similarity to the American westward migration"

Robert F. Byrnes

Occupation: Professor of history at Indiana University Known For: U.S.- Soviet academic exchange program

Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736)

Occupation: Rector of Kyiv-Mohyla Kiev Academy, Archbishop of Novgorod Known for: 1) Elaborating and implementing Peter the Great's reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church. 2) One of the founders of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences 3) Creator of the spiritual department superseding the patriarchate--the Holy Governing Synod

Skovoroda

Occupation: Ukrainian wandering philosopher. Known for: traveling around the country and telling people what is wrong with Russia. He is one manifestation of the broader criticizism of the Catherinian Ethos

Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765)

Occupation: scientist and poet Known for: Contributions to science, literature, and education Discoveries: Atmosphere of Venus, Law of Mass Conservation Lomonosov joined his patron Count Shvalov in founding Moscow university in 1755

Peter Shuvalov

Occupation: statesman and a counselor to Tsar Alexander II Known for: Moderate reform policy. Championing Zemstvo expansion Shuvalov was in favor of developing local self-government but on the basis of strengthening the political position of the landed gentry. In the long run, he envisioned a system of national representation with a constitution and a bicameral parliament modeled on the earlier aristocratic English model. In April 1874, the Committee of Ministers approved the creation of an experimental commission with representation from Zemstvo, local gentry and cities.

Ivan Shuvalov

Occupation: the first Russian Minister of Education One of Catherine II's favorites, called the Maecenas (ally, friend and political adviser to Octavian) of the Russian Enlightenment. He was directly involved in the establishment of Russia's first theater, of the University of Moscow (together with Lomonosov), and the Academy of Arts.

Metropolitan Philaret

On the death of the childless tsar, he was the popular candidate for the vacant throne; but he acquiesced in the election of Boris Godunov, and shared the disgrace of his too-powerful family three years later, when Boris compelled both him and his wife to take monastic vows under the names of Filaret and Martha respectively. When the False Dmitriy I overthrew the Godunovs, he released Filaret and made him metropolitan of Rostov In 1609 Filaret fell into the hands of False Dmitriy II, who named him Patriarch of all Russia

Orenburg

Orenburg is a fortress taken by Pugachev during the Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-1774). The Cossacks saw Orenburg as a threat to their freedom, and so they supported Pugachev. The siege of Orenburg was Pugachev's first big victory which made Catherine II take his revolt seriously and draw her best generals to the place. During Pugachev's siege, the residents of Orenburg starved until surrendering. Catherine's generals defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege.

Alexandro Nevskaya Lavra

Orthodox male monastery, founded by Peter I of Russia in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg supposing that that was the site of the Neva Battle in 1240 when Alexander Nevsky, a prince, defeated the Swedes Significant because the first monostary founded by St. Petersburg, and based on a patriotic military figure

Pugachevshina

Peasant rebellion 1773-1775. The direct provocation was the introduction of monopoly of the state over fishing and salt. Cossacks figured highly into the rebellion (Pugachev was a Cossack), because they still remembered how they had freedom to elect their hetman and now their freedom was taken away step by step. It resulted in massive support of Pugachev uprising. General Bibikov was sent to stop Pugachev uprising.

Peter Chaadaev

Philosophical Letters -- "shot heard around the intellectual world" His first Philosophical Letter has been labeled the "opening shot" of the Westernizer-Slavophile controversy. He's a slavophile--Russians are exceptional. We are different than everyone else in the world. "We are an exception among people. We belong to those who are not an integral part of humanity but exist only to teach the world some type of great lesson." Seclared "clinically insane" because he criticized the regime of Tsar Nicholas I

Preobrazhenskoe

Place where Peter I spent his childhood. An estate just outside of Moscow. And while he was there he would organize armies for fun

Seymour Becker

Professor of history at Rutgers. Author of Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia The transformation of the Russian nobility between 1861 and 1914 has often been attributed to the anachronistic attitudes of its members and their failure to adapt to social change. Becker challenges this idea of "the decline of the nobility." He argues that the privileged estate responded positively to change and greatly influenced their nation's political and economic destiny. He would say it was the nobility and the privileged who drove Russia towards the revolutions it experienced.

Crisis of Russian Populism

Richard Wortman. Disillusionment they faced when they learned that the peasants were not so perfect and admirable.

Menshikov

Ruled in place of Catherine I (basically) as head of the Supreme Privy Council. His arrogance and ambition made him enemies. At the end of his life he lost all his acquisitions and was sent to Siberia

"The normanist Theory"

Russ is originated in Scandinavian in origin. Rurik

Pavlovsk

Russian Imperial residence built by Catherine the Great for her son, Grand Duke Paul (Paul I), in Pavlovsk, near Saint Petersburg. After his death, it became the home of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. The palace and the large English garden surrounding it are now a Russian state museum and public park.

Father Gapon

Russian Orthodox priest and a popular working class leader before the Russian Revolution of 1905 Organised the Assembly of Russian Factory and Mill Workers of St. Petersburg, which was also patronized by the secret police Bloody Sunday

Rastrelli Bartolomeo Franchesko

Russian architect of Italian origin, one of the greatest figures of Elizabeth Barocco (1760s)

Streltsi

Russian guards to the Tsar from 16th to early 18th centuries. They participated in several uprisings throughout the 17th century, the most notable of which is the Raskol, in which they sided with the Old Believers and displaying hostility towards foreign innovations. The government of Peter the Great engaged in a process of gradual limitation of the streltsy's military and political influence. In 1698, while Peter was abroad the Streltsy Uprising occurred, perhaps indicative of the people's general unhappiness with Peter's reforms. Peter cut short his embassy and returned to crush the streltsy, ending their position of power in the state.

P. A. Zaionchkovskii:

Russian historian in the 20th century who wrote on the reforms of the 1860s and 1870s. He was in favor of Alexander the II's military reforms.

B.H. Sumner

Russian historian, taught at Oxford, "Russia and Panslavism in the Eighteen-Seventies. An extract from the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society", books about Peter I, "Tsardom and Imperialism in the Far East and Middle East, 1880-1914"

Karamzin

Russian historian, the biggest writer of Russian sentimentalism, reformer of Russian language: refused to use church language and enriched Russian language with words from French which carried ideas of French revolution. For example moral, responsibility, impression, being in love.

The first Crimean war - 1736-1739

Russians Win!

Utopian Socialism

Socialist of the first quarter of the 19th century. presentation of visions and outlines for futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed "utopian socialism" as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society. One key difference between utopian socialists and other socialists is that utopian socialists generally do not believe any form of class struggle or political revolution is necessary for socialism to emerge. These visions of ideal societies competed with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social democratic movements.

Mikhail Speranskii:

Speransky is referred to as the father of Russian liberalism. In 1808, Emperor Alexander I took Speransky to the Congress of Erfurt and introduced him to Napoleon. Speransky and Napoleon discussed a possible Russian administrative reform. In his projects of reform, Speransky envisaged a constitutional system based on a series of dumas. From this plan, the council of the empire came into existence in January 1810. The council dominated the constitutional history of Russia in the 19th century and the early years of the 20th. The Duma of the empire, created in 1905, and the institution of local self-government, (the zemstvo) created in 1864, were two of the reforms proposed by him.

Sovremennik

The Contemporary Russian literary, social and political magazine, published in Saint Petersburg in 1836-1866 Sovremennik originated as a private enterprise of Alexander Pushkin The virulent realist critic Vissarion Belinsky was responsible for its ideology Published works by best Russian authors of the day: Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, etc. In 1863-1866, Sovremennik published Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done? The magazine was closed down in June 1866, owing to the official panic that followed the first attempt on Alexander II's life

William Langer

The Franco-Russian Alliance 1890-1894

Lovers of Wisdom

The Lovers of Wisdom were writers based in Moscow during the 1820s, were strongly influenced by Romanticism and set out to explore the philosophical, religious, aesthetic and cultural implications of German Idealist philosophy.

Petrashevsky

The Petrashevsky Circle Fyodor Dostoevsky

Pogroms

The Russian Empire acquired territories with the large Jewish populations during the military Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The 1821 Odessa pogroms marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia. According to professor Colin Tatz, between 1881 and 1920, there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews and left half a million homeless.

The 7 Years' war

The Seven Years' War was a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. Dispute over English and French positions in America. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, Kingdom of Great Britain on one side and the Kingdom of France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain's and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own. The Anglo-Prussian coalition prevailed, and Britain's rise as the world's predominant power destroyed France's supremacy in Europe, and altered the European balance of power. At first Russia was on the French side, and then kinda switched to the Anglo-Prussian side because he loves Frederick the Great.

Tilsit

The Treaties of Tilsit were signed here in July 1807, the preliminaries of which were settled by the emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France on a raft moored in the Neman River. The Treaty was short-lived.

What is to be Done? Что делать?

The bible of the 60's revolutionaries A 1863 novel written by the Russian philosopher, journalist and literary critic Nikolai Chernyshevsky. The novel advocates the creation of small socialist cooperatives based on the Russian peasant commune, but oriented toward industrial production. The author promoted the idea that the intellectual's duty was to educate and lead the laboring masses in Russia along a path to socialism that bypassed capitalism The main character is a woman, and it is as much a feminist as a socialist propaganda.

Princess Dashkova -

The closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment, famous for her memoir work. Benjamin Franklin and Dashkova met only once, in Paris in 1781. Franklin was 75 and Dashkova was 37. Franklin and Dashkova were both evidently impressed with each other. Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society, and the only one to be so honored for another 80 years.

Poltava

The decisive victory of Peter I of Russia, also known as Peter the Great, over the Swedish forces. One of the battles of the Great Northern War. Charles was crushingly defeated by a larger Russian force under Peter in the Battle of Poltava and fled to the Ottoman Empire while the remains of his army surrendered at Perevolochna. This shattering defeat in 1709 did not end the war, although it decided it. Lost 1/3 of their army and several key commanders.

Alexis Mihailovich (1629-1679)

The father of Peter the Great. He passed a code of laws, Ulozhenie, which legally defined serfdom. He was married twice, first to Mariya Miloslavskaya and then to Natalya Naryshkina, whose son became Peter the Great.

Emancipation of Labor Group

The first Russian Marxist group. Founded in Geneva (Switzerland) in 1883. The group did a great deal to translate Marxist works into Russian and distribute them. Two drafts of a program for the Russian Social Democrats were published by the group, marking an important step to what would become the building of the Russian Social-Democratic Party.

Imperial Russian Technical Society

The most important and oldest technical organization in Russia, Founded in 1866 in St. Petersburg. Focused on inventions and the application of technology in order to further the country's overall industrial and economic growth. Headed by scientists such as chemist Dmitry I. Mendeleyev

Loris-Melikov Reforms

The outline of reforms that Alexander II was about to undertake before he was assassinated. If implemented, these might have become the germ of constitutional development in Russia. Mikhail Loris-Melikov (Minister of the Interior) recommended to the emperor Alexander II a large scheme of administrative and economic reforms. The proposed scheme of reforms was at once taken in hand but was never carried out. On the very day (13 March 1881) that the emperor signed a ukase creating several commissions

The State Council (see Imperial Council)

The supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia. It was actually an advisory legislative body composed of people whom the tsar could trust. The State Council was established by Alexander I of Russia in 1810 as part of Speransky's reforms. During 1906-1917, the status of the State Council was defined by the Russian Constitution of 1906. The State Council was the upper house of the parliament, while the State Duma of the Russian Empire was the lower house

Nystadt

Treaty by the end of Northern War in 1721 between Russian and Sweden. Nystad manifested the shift in the European balance of power which the war had brought about: the Swedish imperial era had ended, while Russia had emerged as a new empire. Results: Unbroken peace between the Tsar of Russian and King of Sweden and their successors; full amnesty on both sides, with the exception of the Cossacks who followed Mazeppa; All military actions terminated in 14 days; Swedes gives to Russian: Livonia, Estonia. Sweden returns Finland,

Kizevetter

Was a student of Kliuchevski in the university, became a Russian historian, writer, politician. Chairman of Russian Historical Society in 1932-1933.

Unkiar Iskeless

Was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year. The treaty brought about an Alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any Foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.

Peter III (1762)

Was making fun of everything Russian Freed nobles from service to the state in Manifesto of 1762 Obsessed with Prussian. In Seven Years War switched sides to help Prussia.

Imperial Council (See State Council)

Was the supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia. The State Council was established by Alexander I of Russia in 1810 as part of Speransky's reforms. Although envisaged by Speransky as the upper chamber of the Russian parliament, it was actually an advisory legislative body composed of people whom the tsar could trust.

Tsarskoe Selo

Was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, Located 24 kilometers (15 mi) south from the center of Saint Petersburg.

A. Griboedov

Woe from Wit: a satire on Russian aristocratic society. Russia's ambassador to Qajar Persia, where he and all the embassy staff were massacred by an angry mob as a result of the rampant anti-Russian sentiment

The Truth of Monarch's Will

Written by Feofan Prokopovich to justify Peter I's degree on the question of succession. The document defends Peter's right—and duty—to override custom and designate the most qualified person as his successor.

Goncharov

Wrote Oblomov

Osterman

a German-born Russian statesman who came to prominence under Tsar Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) and served until the accession of the Tsesarevna Elizabeth. Under Anna, the state was virtually governed by Biron, diplomacy was directed by A. I. Ostermann, the troops were commanded by B. C. Münnich

A. Czartoryskii:

a Polish nobleman, statesman and author. was close to Alexander I and was a part of his Private committee. After moving to Poland, Adam Czartoryski had a different role: not as an intermediary between the Polish nation and the Russian throne, but as one of the Polish organizers against Russia. After unsuccessful revolt emigrated to Paris.

Peter Kropotkin

a Russian activist, scientist, and philosopher, who advocated anarchism. Kropotkin was a proponent of a communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associations between workers

G. Plekhanov:

a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was among the founders of the social-democratic movement in Russia and was one of the first Russians to identify himself as Marxist Facing political persecution, Plekhanov emigrated to Switzerland in 1880, where he continued in his political activity attempting to overthrow the Tsarist regime in Russia. Plekhanov was against the use of terrorism.

Sophia Perovskaia

a Russian revolutionary and a member of Narodnaya Volya. She helped orchestrate the successful assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging. the first woman in Russia sentenced to death by hanging for terrorism

P. Pestel

a Russian revolutionary and ideologue of the Decembrists. a member of the Union of Salvation and one of the authors of its charter. In 1818, Pestel organized a secret society called the Union of Prosperity. Oarrested in relation to an attempt to assassinate Tsar Nicholas I. He was hanged with four other Decembrists in the Peter and Paul Fortress a few months later.

Betskoi

a Russian school reformer who served as Catherine II's adviser on education and President of the Imperial Academy of Arts for thirty years (1764-94). Establishment of Russia's first unified system of public education.

The Holy Alliance:

a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The intention of the alliance was to restrain republicanism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars.

M. Katkov

a conservative Russian journalist influential during the reign of Alexander III. He was an influential proponent of Russian nationalism. After the Crimean War (1856) and the Polish insurrection of 1863, Katkov abandoned his liberal Anglophile views and rejected the early reforms of Alexander II. Instead he promoted a strong Russian state His version of nationalism was based on Western ideas (as opposed to Slavophile ideas)

Riabushinskii family

a family of wealthy Russian industrialists-- textiles. They were prominent in liberal politics prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Tried to reform living standards for industrial workers, but in a very patrimonial way

Ulozhenie

a legal code promulgated in 1649 by the Zemsky Sobor under Alexis of Russia as a replacement for the Sudebnik of 1550 introduced by Ivan IV of Russia. The code survived well into the 19th century (up to 1849), when its articles were revised under the direction of Mikhail Speransky. The code consolidated Russia's slaves and free peasants into a new serf class and pronounced class hereditary as unchangeable (see Russian serfdom).

The Adolescent

a novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The novel chronicles the life of 19-year- old intellectual, Arkady Dolgoruky, illegitimate child of the controversial and womanizing landowner Versilov. A focus of the novel is the recurring conflict between father and son, particularly in ideology, which represents the battles between the conventional "old" way of thinking in the 1840s and the new nihilistic point of view of the youth of 1860s Russia. Whereas the young of Arkady time embraced a very negative opinion of Russian culture in contrast to Western or European culture. Another main theme is Arkady'ss development and utilization of his idea in his life, mainly a form of rebellion against society (and his father) through the rejection of attending a university, and the making of money and living independently, onto the eventual aim of becoming excessively wealthy and powerful.

The Society of Cyril and Methodius:

a short-lived secret political society that existed in Kiev, Ukraine. Founded in December, 1845 or in January, 1846, the society sought to revive the ideals of the traditional Ukrainian brotherhoods and envisioned a Ukrainian national rebirth, including national independence, within a free and equal Slavic federation.

Nakaz

a statement of legal principles created by the Catherine II which was full of enlightment ideas. Instructions for the Russian legislature how to create laws.

Sobornost'

a term describing "unity" Slavophiles Designates co-operation within the Russian obshchina (commune) united by a set of common convictions and Eastern Orthodox values

The World of Art

an art association, formed in Russia in the late 1890s. Under the same title they published a magazine since 1898. For the artists of World of Art the main priority was considered the esthetic beginning of arts. They were aspired by modernism and symbolism.

Bironnovshina

an extremely reactionary regime in Russia in the 1730's during the reign of Empress Anna Ivanovna; it was named after her favorite E. Biron. The characteristic traits of Bironovshchina were the dominance of foreigners, mainly Germans The state was virtually governed by Biron, diplomacy was directed by A. I. Ostermann, the troops were commanded by B. C. Münnich

Tashkent

capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. In May 1865, Mikhail Cherniaev, acting against the direct orders of the tsar, and outnumbered at least 15-1, staged a daring night attack against the city and took it. Chernyayev, was dubbed the Lion of Tashkent To win the people over, he abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself Military Governor of Tashkent recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city be made an independent khanate under Russian protection.

Conservative Nationalism

closely related to Pan-Slavism Conservative Nationalism became the most pronounced under Nicholas I with his "Official Philosophy"

Raznochintsy:

official term introduced in the Code of Law of the Russian Empire in the 17th century to define a social estate that included the lower court and governmental ranks, children of personal dvoryans, and discharged military, Servicemen in the 2nd half of the 17th century In the mid-18th century the category was abolished, and a significant part of raznochintsy were transferred into peasantry, but many became merchants and various urban categories (urban sosloviya). In the common speech the term acquired a somewhat opposite meaning: raznochintsy became to denote persons of non-noble origin who due to their education were excluded from the taxable status and could apply for the status of personal distinguished citizenship. A significant number of Russian intelligentsia of 19th century were raznochintsy.

Aivazovskii

one of the greatest marine artists in Russia and the world.

Dvorianstvo

or nobility - is a social class, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society. Something that is compared to W European gentry, but not exactly the same. In contrast to Europe, it never was anything but a tool of the ruling power, being literally nothing but the men in the service of the state united into a body "The hereditary cultured class"

Narodnichestvo

or populism ideology, which appeared in the Russian Empire in 1860-1910- ies, positioning itself in the convergence of the intelligentsia and the people in search of their roots "Going to the people" Their movement achieved little in its own time, but the Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebears of the socialist revolutionaries who went on to greatly influence Russian history in the 20th century.

БА́РЩИНА

paying tribute to the landlord in the form of LABOR

Obrok

paying tribute to the landlord in the form of MONEY OR PRODUCE

Sumarakov

poet, play-write, together with Lomonosov created Russian classical theatre.

Sergei Uvarov

privy councilor, Russian classical scholar, and statesman. Best known as the developer of Official National "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" during the reign Nicholas I. Critics of the policy saw this principle as a call for Russification. The theory stated that it was necessary to reject western ideas - freedom of thinking, freedom of personality, individualism, rationalism which were considered by Orthodox religion as dangerous and rebel thinking.. Within this meaning, the Narodnost (Nationality) meant that Russian folk had to stay away from education (Western influence) in order to preserve the folks' pure Russian national character.

People's Will or Narodnaia Volia

revolutionary populist organization composed primarily of young revolutionary socialist intellectuals believing in the efficacy of terrorism, emerged in 1879 after the split in the organization of Land and Freedom. One of the main methods of political struggle People's Will was the terror. In particular, members of the terrorist faction of the People's Will was going to bring about political changes by Emperor Alexander II assassination. Vera Figner was a part of this group.

A. Arakcheev

served under Paul I and Alexander I as army leader and artillery inspector respectively. Remembered for his temper and hard dealings with those who crossed him. "Arakcheevshchina", roughly translated as "the Arakcheev régime", became[when?] a derogatory term for a military state, denoting "the atmosphere of reactionary repression closing over Russian society