India Art History 214 Arch.

Hazara Ramachandra (Rama) Temple

"Temple of a thousand Ramas" rectangular courtyard. Reliefs show daily life and festival scenes on the outer walls. Scenes from Ramayana occur. For the 8th incarnation of Vishnu- Krishna.

Qutb Minar

1192 CE: Seen as a statement of the power of Islam. Showing that the Sultanate is here to stay. It was so tall, it didn't serve its practical purpose to call to prayer, made a better watch tower. The inscriptions it was covered in were in Arabic. Ghuri's minar was "bigger and better" proving his Muslim-ness. Call to islamic people, that this was a place for them to come together and praise Allah.

Lotus Mahal

15th c CE: In the Royal Court at Vijayanagar A palace for the women of the royal court to cool down. structure shows Islamic influence in its arched gateways and vaulted ceilings; its construction entirely in stone is a clear deviation from conventional Vijayanagara palace and house construction that used wooden structures on stone platforms. Top is a cross between a temple and an Islamic dome.

Stepped Tank

15th c CE: Irrigation reservoir from the aqueducts at the Royal center.

The Great Platform

15th c CE: Received visitors, used for festivals, near stepped tank. Rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms led to architectural exchange. The "Great Platform" has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants. Shows scenes of daily life , ceremonies and other events. in Royal center

Royal Center

15th c CE: SE of Hampi, to Kamalapuram. Separate fron the Sacred Center by a valley. Contains palace ruins and royal temples. Home to the stepped tank and the great platform. Vijayanagar. Great Platform, stepped tank, lotus mahal.

Emperor Akbar

3rd mughal emperor

Rama

7th incarnation of Vishnu

Krishna

8th incarnation of Vishnu

Sultan

A Turkish leader, or Muslim king who ruled the empire's secular affairs and claimed to serve the caliph. (Delhi, Malwa, Bijapur)

Taj Mahal

A great Mughal monument: a white marble mausoleum in Agra, northern India, completed in 1643 in memory of Mumtaz Mahal, the wife of Mughal. emperor Shah Jahan. It is considered the greatest example of Mughal architecture under Shahjenhan. 1631 Example of Pietra Dura

Muraqqa

Album in book form containing Islamic miniature paintings and Islamic calligraphy, Persian book, patched

Humayun's Tomb

Architecture under Mughal emperor Akbar. In Delhi. on the banks of the Yamuna river, Central Asian and Persian styles of Islamic architecture. used arches and beams, decorative corbel brackets, balconies and kiosks. red sandstone and white marble. 1571

Vitthala Temple

At Hampi, a hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu, build in 15th c AD, ruins of a great town surround the complex

The King's Balance

At the Vitthala Temple. Two granite pillars in a post and lintel system that support a granite transom. used for ceremonies to weigh the emperor against riches.

Garuda shrine

At the Vitthala temple in Vijayanagar. Garuda is Vishnu's eagle which is expressed as a chariot. They have pilasters (fake pillars glued to the walls). The wheels are a separate piece and can move.

Bijarpur

City of Victory 16th-17th c CE, northern India. Gol Gumbaz, Rauza (tomb of Ibrahim Adil Shah II), Yogini with Bird. Islamic city

Bhagavata Purana

Divine-Eternal tales of Supreme God, Vishnu.

Vijayanagara

Established in the Deccan in 1336 by Harihara, lasted until 1646. Was strongly influenced by Hinduism. Constantly in conflict with northern muslim powers. "city of Victory", Great Platform, Vitthala, Lotus Mahal, hear Hampi. Hindu

Char-bagh

Garden divided into four squared by connecting water channels; paradise garden, refers to humayan's tomb and garden complex has this, the tomb usually is placed right in the middle

Sacred Center

Hampi Village to Matanga Hill. Includes Vittala Temple, King's Balance.

Ramayana

Hindu epic, ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki. Portrays the ideal father, servant, brother, wife and king. Rama's (avitar of Vishnu) journey with his brother Lakshmana (Shesha), wife Sita is kidnapped by Ravana king of Lanka, explores dharma and human values.

Harivamsa

Hindu scripture, mostly dedicated to religion, describes creation of the cosmos

Sufism

Islamic mystic sector. Branch of Islamic beliefs. ie Emperor's Choice Painting

Punjab Hills

Location where Rajput painting took place, the "studios" or living quarters

Krishna and the Gopis Gita Govinda (manuscript) Mewar 1550

Looks visually similar to this but it isn't the image

Sita

Lover of Rama, has son Lava, Ramayana

Balwant Singh Relaxing by the Fireplace Nainsukh Punjab Hills opaque watercolor on paper 1755 Daily life of prince, quiet relaxation, peace rasa. Returned from a journey, and wants to settle down.

Man in front of fire with women outside of the white complex (no image)

The Emperor's Choice Bichitr Court of Jehangir opaque watercolor on paper 1625

Man sitting receiving something from a Sufi mystic (no image)

Tutinama

Manuscript, Tales of a parrot. Commissioned by Akbar, Mughal painting style

Jagat Singh

Mewar King, library of his empire burned down so he recommissioned the Ramayana 1650, 17th century. Sahibdin was his master painter.

Hanuman Brings Mountain of magic Herbs Sahibdin Jagat Singh Ramayana (book) Mewar opaque watercolor on paper 1648

Monkey with mound, flying over a garden landscape (no image)

Basavan

Mughal Painter, skilled colorist, paid close attention to human nature, illustrated the Akbarnama for Emp. Akbar. Was interested in Western techniques. Strong contrasts of light and shading, his people always seemed to have great movement. Very skilled in the application of gold paint.

Fatehpur Sikri

Mughal architecture under Akbar. City of Victory in 1569 , was the capital of the Mughal empire, city planned by Akabar to be capital from 1569 to 1585; contained private residence for rulers along with a mint. Contained a mosque and mausoleum of guru Shaykh Salim Chisti; soon was abandoned 1570

Akbar

Mughal emperor that expanded the arts in his reign. 16th century. Commissioned a lot of pieces.

Akbarnama

Mughal manuscript commissioned by Akbar. Chronicle of his reign as the 3rd Mughal emperor, written by Abul Fazl

Mansur

Mughal painter for Jahangir. Very well known for his animals and plants, painted a lot of birds and made up creatures.

Abu'l Hasan

Mughal painter, had a special treatment of animals, documented events at the imperial court, worked for Jahangir, collaborated with Mansur once

Miskin

Mughal painter, in court of Akbar, elegant Persian rhythms with new European conventions of volume and depth.

Payag

Mughal painter, older brother of Balchand. Worked for Shah Jahan. Tightly structured scenes, with various arrangements of landscapes, directed his attention to small details like attire, used a dark palette.

Bichitr

Mughal painter, patronized by Jahangir and Shahjahan, strong use of gold and illumination, large European influence, included a self portrait in some of his works, he was known for his hard lines and bright colors. used cherubs and putti in his works, Indian landscapes in European perspective

Balchand

Mughal painter, worked for Jahangir, had a very European style and used gold with deep colors, European clothing, did pen and ink drawings

Krishna Stealing Butter Bhagavata Purana Early Rajput opaque watercolor on paper 1550

NOT the image, but same idea

Kitabkhana

One of the oldest book publishing companies. deals with books, book production and where the books were prepared. Akbar era, artist would work together on artwork and they were less known by name

Fatehpur Sikhi

Place, City of Victory, First capital of the Mughal Empire under Akbar, location of Diwan-e-Khas, abbandoned in his early reign for no apparent reason. Near Delhi.

Deccan

Province in india, home of the Bahmani Sultanate which then became the Mughal empire. A high area of land at the center of the Indian subcontinent., it lies between the Adrian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and it is made of lava (Deccan Trap flows), which produces a rich black soil; it's bordered on the west and east by the East and Western Ghats Mts.

Alai Darwaza

Qutb complex with an array of monuments and buildings in Delhi, India. Meant to celebrate the victory of Mohammed Ghori, the first Sultan of Delhi.

Sahibdin

Rajput painter, employed by Muslims and Hindus. combined Rajput and Mughal style, large garden scenes and mountainous terrain, redid Ramayana for Jagat Singh. Continuous narration, split scenes, views inside the architecture.

Nainsukh

Rajput painter, son of Pandit Seu, impromtu drawing and painting, fluent naturalism, strong use of white, Balwant Singh of Jammu sees a painting with Nainsukh, Balwant Singh Relazing by the fireplace. Rare because he shows patron and painter together.

Manaku

Rajput painter, various landscapes, a lot of detail in the people, typical flatness, son of Pandit Seu

King Recieves Foreigners Great Platform Vijayanagar 15th c CE Sandstone

Seated man with servant taking to two bowing people, relief on sandstone

Jahangir (Jenhangir)

Son of Akbar and 4th mughal emperor, artists during this time became more interested in the European style, the amount of artists employed was a lot smaller, focused on their own style more, his son is Shahjehan.

Shahjahan

Son of Jahangir, 5th Mugal Empreror, most parallels with European styles of art and architecture, Taj Mahal for his wife Mumtaz Mahal

Darbar

Term for a Persian court or a formal meeting place that held all discussions of the state or reveal sacred scripture.

Caurapancasika

The Love Theif by Bilhana, an indian love poem, pale, cool colors

Agra Fort

This complex was the seat of the most powerful Mughal emperors Shahjenhan. 1631-43. trapped his father Jahangir in the Agra fort and took over power.

Tomb of Iltutmish

Tomb at the Qutb Minar complex in Delhi, or second sultan Iltutmish (founder of the Delhi sultanate), slave dynasty ruler. Part of the Minarat cental chamber with dome that has collapsed. Iltutmish is known for adding on to the Alai Darwaza complex.

Ravana's Golden Palace Jagat Singh Ramayana Sahibdin (painter) Mewar opaque watercolor on paper 1650 (same image occurs darker with the gold showing)

VERY busy image with gold illumination and the battle between a many headed man and his foe over a woman

Gita Govinda

Work of 12th c poet Jayadeva, relations between Krishna and the gopis (female herders) and Radha, heroine moods in the book, Krishna's love of Radha.

Sultanate Delhi

a Muslim State, created by Gaznas, but was eventually taken over by Timur Lenk

Sultanate

a state or country, generally Islamic, governed by a ruler known as a sultan. Northern India from1206-1526. Builders and painters adapted their indigenous mode to work for new patrons, making mosques, tombs, forts and painted manuscripts

Krishna Lifts Mount Govardhan (to protect the villagers of Braj from the Harivamsa, the rain sent by Indra) Harivamsa (manuscript) Court of Akbar 1590 opaque watercolor on paper Mughal painting, Vishnu incarnate, Persian rocks, very realistic

blue man lifting up a mountain

Mughal Painting

book illustrations, miniatures 16th to 19th c, blend of Indian and Persian ideas, usually multiple artists, one decides the composition, one to paint, and the other to do faces. akbar- illustrated hindu epics with animals, portraits, elements of realism and naturalism. Jahangir- finer brushwork, lighter colors and European influence, scenes from his life. Shah Jahan- became colder and rigid, parties lovers, intimate scenes, Things in the background were painted smaller, where things closer were larger.

Rama and Lakshmana Bound by arrow snakes Sahibdin Jagat Sing Ramayana (manuscript) Mewar opaque watercolor on paper 1650

busy 11 scene image shown in class with men tied up and woman in garden (no image)

Jenhangir Receives Prince Shahjehan in Darbar (court assembly) Balchand Padshahnama (manuscript) Court of Shahjehan 1632 artist is in the left corner, there is a lot of detail in the glass in the upper right of the image Shahjehan is returning from Deccan, his ceremonial elephant mount represents a strong leader, great in battle and royal presence.

busy foreground, subtle background of a court where a man holds his son, elephant in left corner (no image)

Pietra Dura

carved out space in white marble that then were filled with colored carvings, extremely labor intensive and found in architecture ( taj mahal) most are flowers or plants, are associated with garden theme

Rasa

concept in Indian arts of moods or emotions being captured in and image "juice" or essence that is provoked in a viewer/reader. Love (light green, Vishnu), Laughter (white, Pramata), Fury (red, Rudra) , Compassion (Yama, grey), Disgust (blue, Shiva), Horror (Kala, Black), Heroism (Indra, gold) , Wonder (Brahma, yellow). extra: Peace, Parental love, Spiritual Devotion.

Gol Gumbaz

dome structure at Bijapur, on large platform with a garden surrounding it. Second largest dome in the world. Mausoleum of Mohammad Adil-Shah

Akbar Restrains Mad Elephant Havai Basavan (painter) Akbarnama (book) Akbar's court 1590

elephant destroying boats and man chasing him (no image)

Hamzanama

epic of Hamza bin Azrak, romantic, adventurous, escapades and violent acts. Commissioned by Akbar. Islamic in nature. Mughal painting

Rasamanjari

erotic painting manuscript, classifies women in love, damsels in love, "nayakas" males

Rajput painting (mewar)

extremely colorful, two dimensional, large facial features, less concerned with imitation than with expression of ideas, importance of flavors of mood and sensation, beautiful landscapes, on palace walls and miniatures.

Pandit Seu

family of influential painters, consulted on a lot of work, division of space, solidity and formality of figures, frozen hands

Narasimha

fourth avatar of Vishnu: lion man avatar: slayed a demon that had received a boon of protection from demigods, avatars did not fall into the category.

Monolithic Narasimha

idol of Narashima, fierce vishnu located in the sacred center

Yogini with Bird Bijapur early 17th c CE opaque watercolor on paper

illuminated painting of Lady holding a myna bird (Image)

Rauza, tomb and garden complex of Ibrahim Adil Shah II Bijapur 1615 Sandstone

image is of one of the complexes (there is another mirrored on the other side)

Processions and Hunting Scenes Great Platform Vijayanagar 15th c ce Sandstone

image of sandstone reliefs with camels, horses and soldiers and animals

Hero fights with tiger Great Platform Vijayanagar 15th c CE sandstone

man facing a tiger, sandstone

Akbar Hunts in Enclosure Miskin (painter) Akbarnama (manuscript) Court of Akbar 1590

man shooting animals (no image)

Gopis

milkmaids, "cow herd girl" the most famous is Krishna's love, Radha in Gita Govinda

Hanuman Crosses the Ocean Again Pandit Seu Ramayana Punjab Hills opaque watercolor on paper 1730

monkey man flying over water with creatures in it

Yali

mythical creature seen in hindu temples. mix between a lion and an elephant. can be a symbol of Siva. Pillars at Vittala temple are Yalis.

Rauza Garden and Tomb complex

of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, in Bijapur faces Mecca, Islamic, domed structures with multiple minarets. Has a mosque and a walled garden. Inspired the Taj Mahal

Squirrels in a Plane Tree Abu'l Hasan and Mansur Court of Jenhangir opaque watercolor on paper 1610

squirrels in a tree... (no image)

Padshahnama

visual history of Shah Jahan's reign.

Foreigners Dancing Great Platform Vijayanagar 15th c CE Sandstone

weird men with hats moving, relief on sandstone

Balwant Singh of Jammu Sees a painting with Nainsukh Nainsukh Punjab Hills opaque watercolor on paper 1745 Rare because he shows patron and painter together. Daily scene of the prince looking at a painting, white marble terrace, receeding view, pale yellow floor, and lack of detail shows a lot of space to make it look cooler. No tension.

white courtyard with a man looking at a painting (no image)

Women Dancing Great Platform Vijayanagar 15th c CE sandstone

women with their arms raised, relief on sandstone