INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

consists of a major premise (general statement), a minor premise (related but more specific statement), and a conclusion (which has to be drawn from those premises)

Syllogism

but when the gap between your evidence and your conclusion is too great, you may reach a __________ __________, or one that is not borne out by the facts

hasty conclusion

what does inductive reasoning require

all relevant evidence must be stated and that the conclusion fit the evidence better better than any other conclusion would

Why is this syllogism wrong? MAJOR PREMISE: all dogs are animals MINOR PREMISE: all cats are animals CONCLUSION: therefore, all dogs are cats

cats are not included in the major premise of the syllogism, which deals only with dogs. Therefore, the form of the syllogism is defective

Proceeds from a general premise to a specific conclusion

deduction reasoning

uses logical form- if all the statements in the argument are true, then the conclusion must also be true

deductive reasoning

unlike deductive, inductive reasoning has no specific ________

form

a tentative answer to such a question

hypothesis

the crucial step from evidence to conclusion always involves what is called an

inductive leap

move from specific examples or facts to a general conclusion

inductive reasoning

moves from individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form

inductive reasoning

moving evidence to a conclusion

inductive reasoning

you move from your evidence to your conclusion by making an_______________ that answers the question and takes the evidence into account

inference

Why is this syllogism wrong? MAJOR PREMISE: all dogs are animals MINOR PREMISE: ralph is an animal CONCLUSION: therefore, ralph is a dog

it is an error in logic because the minor premise refers to a term in the major premise that is undistributed- it covers only some of the items in the class that it denotes. In the major premise, dogs is the distributed items in the class it denotes. The minor premise however refers to

To be valid, the __________ premise must refer to the term in the _______ premise that is distributed- it covers all the _________ ___ _____ _________ _____ ____ __________

minor, major, items in the class that it denotes

the crucial step from evidence to conclusion always involves what is called an inductive leap. for this reason, inductive conclusions are .....

never certain, only highly probable

even though you don't have a specific form for inductive, making sure that your evidence is __________, __________, and __________ can increase the probability that your conclusion will be sound

relevant, representative, and sufficient

Toulmin Logic: the main point of the essay usually stated as the thesis or it can be implied

the claim

Toulmin Logic: the material a writer uses to support the claim- can be evidence (fact or opinion) or appeals to the emotions or values of the audience

the grounds

Toulmin Logic: the inference that connects the claim to the grounds

the warrant

another type of inductive reasoning

toulmin logic

this method is an effort to describe argumentation as it actually occurs in every day life

toulmin logic

when a conclusion follows logically from the major and minor premises, the argument is said to be ___________

valid