INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
consists of a major premise (general statement), a minor premise (related but more specific statement), and a conclusion (which has to be drawn from those premises)
Syllogism
but when the gap between your evidence and your conclusion is too great, you may reach a __________ __________, or one that is not borne out by the facts
hasty conclusion
what does inductive reasoning require
all relevant evidence must be stated and that the conclusion fit the evidence better better than any other conclusion would
Why is this syllogism wrong? MAJOR PREMISE: all dogs are animals MINOR PREMISE: all cats are animals CONCLUSION: therefore, all dogs are cats
cats are not included in the major premise of the syllogism, which deals only with dogs. Therefore, the form of the syllogism is defective
Proceeds from a general premise to a specific conclusion
deduction reasoning
uses logical form- if all the statements in the argument are true, then the conclusion must also be true
deductive reasoning
unlike deductive, inductive reasoning has no specific ________
form
a tentative answer to such a question
hypothesis
the crucial step from evidence to conclusion always involves what is called an
inductive leap
move from specific examples or facts to a general conclusion
inductive reasoning
moves from individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form
inductive reasoning
moving evidence to a conclusion
inductive reasoning
you move from your evidence to your conclusion by making an_______________ that answers the question and takes the evidence into account
inference
Why is this syllogism wrong? MAJOR PREMISE: all dogs are animals MINOR PREMISE: ralph is an animal CONCLUSION: therefore, ralph is a dog
it is an error in logic because the minor premise refers to a term in the major premise that is undistributed- it covers only some of the items in the class that it denotes. In the major premise, dogs is the distributed items in the class it denotes. The minor premise however refers to
To be valid, the __________ premise must refer to the term in the _______ premise that is distributed- it covers all the _________ ___ _____ _________ _____ ____ __________
minor, major, items in the class that it denotes
the crucial step from evidence to conclusion always involves what is called an inductive leap. for this reason, inductive conclusions are .....
never certain, only highly probable
even though you don't have a specific form for inductive, making sure that your evidence is __________, __________, and __________ can increase the probability that your conclusion will be sound
relevant, representative, and sufficient
Toulmin Logic: the main point of the essay usually stated as the thesis or it can be implied
the claim
Toulmin Logic: the material a writer uses to support the claim- can be evidence (fact or opinion) or appeals to the emotions or values of the audience
the grounds
Toulmin Logic: the inference that connects the claim to the grounds
the warrant
another type of inductive reasoning
toulmin logic
this method is an effort to describe argumentation as it actually occurs in every day life
toulmin logic
when a conclusion follows logically from the major and minor premises, the argument is said to be ___________
valid