System Analysis Chapter 4
JAD Advantages
*JAD allows key users to participate effectively *Users more likely to feel a sense of ownership *Produces a more accurate statement of system requirements
Agile Method Disadvantages
*Team members need a high level of technical and interpersonal skills *May be subject to significant change in scope
cutover tasks
- Data conversion - Full-scale testing - System changeover - User training
JAD Disadvantages
-JAD is more expensive than traditional methods -Can be cumbersome if group is too large
documentation
1. record as soon as possible 2. simplest method 3. understandable 4. organized and easy to find
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
unstructured brainstorming
A group discussion where any participant can speak at any time.
Zachman Framework
A logical structure for identifying and organizing the descriptive representations (models) that are important in the management of enterprises and to the development of the systems, both automated and manual, that comprise them. (Why)
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
A team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
All of the costs associated with the design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training and maintenance of a software system. including indirect cost
informal structure
Based on interpersonal relationships and can develop from physical proximity
document review
Can help in understanding how the current system is supposed to work
range-of response questions
Closed-ended questions that ask the person to evaluate something by providing limited answers to specific responses or on a numeric scale.
interview process
Determine people, establish objectives, develop questions, prepare, conduct, document and evaluate
RAD Disadvantages
Does not emphasize strategic business needs (system might work well in short term but miss long-term objectives) Less time to develop quality, consistency, and design standards
Modeling Tools and Techniques
FDD, BPM, DFD, UML, use case diagrams, sequence diagram
productivity software
Includes word processing, spreadsheet, and collaboration software programs
Term based techniques
JAD, RAD and agile
closed-ended questions
Limit the patient's answers to one or two words such as "yes" or "no" or a number or frequency of a symptom.
engaged listening
Process of listening carefully and observing nonverbal communication
System Analysis phase tasks
Requirements modeling, data and processing modeling, object modeling and development strategies
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Shows how a system stores, processes, and transforms data
Sequence Diagram
Shows the timing of interactions between objects as they occur
structured brainstorming
Small group discussion in which each participant speaks when it is his turn
RAD Advantages
Systems developed more quickly with significant cost savings
Agile Method
Systems development method that attempts to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements. Related to adaptive method.
fact-finding
The collection of data, used in a computing by a system analyst in order to properly analyze things
functional decomposition diagram
Top-down representation of a function or process
use case diagram
Visually represents the interaction between users and the information system
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Widely used method of visualizing and documenting software systems design, o-o independent language
interview
a planned meeting during which the analysts obtain information from another person
sampling
a process where an analysts collects example of actual documents, which can include records, reports or various forms.
leading questions
a question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks
systematic sampling
a sample that occurs at a predetermined periodicity, for example every 10th
random sampling
a selection taken in a random, unplanned manner
stratified sample
a set metric is collected across functional areas, for example zip code
requirements planning
agree upon scope and requirements, approval
observation
allows analysts to verify statements made in interviews and determine whether procedures really operate as they are described
user design
build model and prototype
object modeling
combines data and the processes that act on the data into things called objects
scalability
describes how well a system can scale up, or adapt to the increased demands of growth
questionnaire
document containing a number of standard questions that can be sent to many individuals
Other Fact-Finding Techniques
document review, observation, questionnaires & surveys, brainstorming, sampling, research
Scrum (Agile)
emphasize time blocks, interaction, and team based activities that result in desirable software
open-ended questions
encourages spontaneous and unstructured responses
Agile Method Advantages
flexible and efficient in dealing with change. reduce risk
requirements modeling
involves fact-finding to describe the current system and identification of the requirements for the new system, such as outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and security.
joint application development
is a popular fact finding technique that brings users into the development process as active participants, requirements model
project data management
one note
pim
outlook
system requirements checklists
output, input, processes, performances , control
Construction Tasks
program and application development ,coding
JAD Participants
project leader, top mgmt, managers, users, system analysts, recorder
RAD relies heavily on ____.
prototyping and user involvement
output
refers to electronic or printed information by the system
security
refers to hardware, software, and procedural controls that safeguard and protect the system and its data from internal or external threats
input
refers to necessary data that enters the system, either manually or in an automated manner
Brainstorming
refers to small group discussion of a specific problem, opportunity or issue
performance
refers to system characteristics, such as speed, volume capacity, availability, and reliability
process
refers to the logical rules that are applied to transform the data into meaningful information
Data and Process Modeling
represents graphically system data and processes using traditional structured analysis techniques
Business process model
represents one or more business processes, various shapes and symbols for events. CASE tool, swim lanes, pool
RAD phases and activities
requirements planning, user design, construction, cutover
Designated customer areas in the BPMN are called _______.
swim lanes
research
the review of journals, periodicals and books to obtain background information, technical material and news about industry trends and development
pool
using BPMN terminology, the overall diagram
Development Strategies
various development options and prepares for the transition of the system design phase
graphic modeling software
visual software
scrums
where team members lunge at each other to achieve their objectives
Fact finding five questions
who, what, where, when and how
