System Analysis Chapter 4

JAD Advantages

*JAD allows key users to participate effectively *Users more likely to feel a sense of ownership *Produces a more accurate statement of system requirements

Agile Method Disadvantages

*Team members need a high level of technical and interpersonal skills *May be subject to significant change in scope

cutover tasks

- Data conversion - Full-scale testing - System changeover - User training

JAD Disadvantages

-JAD is more expensive than traditional methods -Can be cumbersome if group is too large

documentation

1. record as soon as possible 2. simplest method 3. understandable 4. organized and easy to find

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

unstructured brainstorming

A group discussion where any participant can speak at any time.

Zachman Framework

A logical structure for identifying and organizing the descriptive representations (models) that are important in the management of enterprises and to the development of the systems, both automated and manual, that comprise them. (Why)

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

A team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

All of the costs associated with the design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training and maintenance of a software system. including indirect cost

informal structure

Based on interpersonal relationships and can develop from physical proximity

document review

Can help in understanding how the current system is supposed to work

range-of response questions

Closed-ended questions that ask the person to evaluate something by providing limited answers to specific responses or on a numeric scale.

interview process

Determine people, establish objectives, develop questions, prepare, conduct, document and evaluate

RAD Disadvantages

Does not emphasize strategic business needs (system might work well in short term but miss long-term objectives) Less time to develop quality, consistency, and design standards

Modeling Tools and Techniques

FDD, BPM, DFD, UML, use case diagrams, sequence diagram

productivity software

Includes word processing, spreadsheet, and collaboration software programs

Term based techniques

JAD, RAD and agile

closed-ended questions

Limit the patient's answers to one or two words such as "yes" or "no" or a number or frequency of a symptom.

engaged listening

Process of listening carefully and observing nonverbal communication

System Analysis phase tasks

Requirements modeling, data and processing modeling, object modeling and development strategies

Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Shows how a system stores, processes, and transforms data

Sequence Diagram

Shows the timing of interactions between objects as they occur

structured brainstorming

Small group discussion in which each participant speaks when it is his turn

RAD Advantages

Systems developed more quickly with significant cost savings

Agile Method

Systems development method that attempts to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements. Related to adaptive method.

fact-finding

The collection of data, used in a computing by a system analyst in order to properly analyze things

functional decomposition diagram

Top-down representation of a function or process

use case diagram

Visually represents the interaction between users and the information system

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Widely used method of visualizing and documenting software systems design, o-o independent language

interview

a planned meeting during which the analysts obtain information from another person

sampling

a process where an analysts collects example of actual documents, which can include records, reports or various forms.

leading questions

a question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks

systematic sampling

a sample that occurs at a predetermined periodicity, for example every 10th

random sampling

a selection taken in a random, unplanned manner

stratified sample

a set metric is collected across functional areas, for example zip code

requirements planning

agree upon scope and requirements, approval

observation

allows analysts to verify statements made in interviews and determine whether procedures really operate as they are described

user design

build model and prototype

object modeling

combines data and the processes that act on the data into things called objects

scalability

describes how well a system can scale up, or adapt to the increased demands of growth

questionnaire

document containing a number of standard questions that can be sent to many individuals

Other Fact-Finding Techniques

document review, observation, questionnaires & surveys, brainstorming, sampling, research

Scrum (Agile)

emphasize time blocks, interaction, and team based activities that result in desirable software

open-ended questions

encourages spontaneous and unstructured responses

Agile Method Advantages

flexible and efficient in dealing with change. reduce risk

requirements modeling

involves fact-finding to describe the current system and identification of the requirements for the new system, such as outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and security.

joint application development

is a popular fact finding technique that brings users into the development process as active participants, requirements model

project data management

one note

pim

outlook

system requirements checklists

output, input, processes, performances , control

Construction Tasks

program and application development ,coding

JAD Participants

project leader, top mgmt, managers, users, system analysts, recorder

RAD relies heavily on ____.

prototyping and user involvement

output

refers to electronic or printed information by the system

security

refers to hardware, software, and procedural controls that safeguard and protect the system and its data from internal or external threats

input

refers to necessary data that enters the system, either manually or in an automated manner

Brainstorming

refers to small group discussion of a specific problem, opportunity or issue

performance

refers to system characteristics, such as speed, volume capacity, availability, and reliability

process

refers to the logical rules that are applied to transform the data into meaningful information

Data and Process Modeling

represents graphically system data and processes using traditional structured analysis techniques

Business process model

represents one or more business processes, various shapes and symbols for events. CASE tool, swim lanes, pool

RAD phases and activities

requirements planning, user design, construction, cutover

Designated customer areas in the BPMN are called _______.

swim lanes

research

the review of journals, periodicals and books to obtain background information, technical material and news about industry trends and development

pool

using BPMN terminology, the overall diagram

Development Strategies

various development options and prepares for the transition of the system design phase

graphic modeling software

visual software

scrums

where team members lunge at each other to achieve their objectives

Fact finding five questions

who, what, where, when and how