Chapter 1: Lesson 6,7, 8, 9, 10
_______ _________ are a nice colorful visual that shows percentages based on a section of a pie.
Pie charts
_______ Kelvins is the lowest possible temperature ever! Zero Kelvins is about _________ degrees Celsius and each Kelvin is the same size as a degree Celsius. So, ______ degrees Celsius is equal to about ______ Kelvins.
Zero -273 0 273
How many significant figures are in 54,050? a). 4 b). 5 c). 1 d). 2 e). 3
a).4
Mass is measured using a ______, and the basic unit for mass is the _______.
balance grams
A _________ graph method works better for when you are trying to show actual numbers instead of percentages.
bar
________ is information collected from the population.
data
Trailing zeros are only significant in numbers with a _______ _________, as in the number 7.50, which has three significant figures. Trailing zeros in numbers that do not contain a decimal point are _________ ________, as in the number 25,000, which only has two significant figures. These zeros also just serve as placeholders. For example, when finding the population of a town, the number 25,000 implies that the actual value is around 25,000 rounded to the nearest thousand, whereas the number 25,000. - with a decimal at the end - implies that the actual value is 25,000.
decimal point not significant
Tables and charts, such as bar graphs and pie charts, visually show ______ and ______ _______ are in each section.
percentages how many
This is because no measuring device is _________. Usually the more high-quality the measuring instrument is the more precise your measurement will be.
perfect
a ________ chart is a circle with different colored sections, each color represents a different object or activity. The ______ the section on the 'pie' the larger the percentage that object or activity represents.
pie larger
whereas measurements that are close to each other are said to be ___________
precise
The __________ of an instrument refers to the smallest repeatable digit that the instrument can measure to.
precision
________________, meaning that it is based on an observation, but it's not directly measured and recorded numerically. For example, 'The water in the beaker is warm' would be a qualitative observation. I didn't actually go and measure the temperature of the water in the beaker.
qualitative
_________________, meaning that it is based on a measurement, and it's reported numerically. An example would be 'The water in the beaker is 87 degrees.' Notice how there's a number in the quantitative observation and not in the qualitative observation.
quantitative
If you moved the decimal to the right, you'll multiply by ten times the negative number of times you moved it to the_________, so 0.0045 would be 4.5 x 10^-3, and ____________would be 5.340 x 10-4.
right 0.0005340
First of all, all non-zero numbers are considered ________, as in the number 524, which has three significant figures. Also, zeros between two non-zero numbers - I like to call them '________ __________' - are significant, as in the number 9,201, which has four significant figures.
significant sandwiched zeros
A________ ___________ is a number that plays a role in the precision of a measurement.
significant figure
The vertical line is the ________ -axis, and the horizontal line is the _______ -axis. Typically the _______ (where the two lines meet) denotes (0, 0). In other words, this is 0 for both the x-axis and for the y-axis. As you move up the y-axis or to the right along the x-axis, you get ________ higher positive numbers. As you move down the y-axis or to the left along the x-axis, you get ______ lower negative numbers.
y x origin increasingly decreasingly
____________ indicates a group that has been designated for gathering data from.
'Population'
_______ have very low densities because their particles are very spread apart. That's why if you blow bubbles under water, the bubbles float to the surface. Things that are less _____ float on things that are more dense.
Gases dense
Which of the following is the closest to a mass of 500 mL of water? 500 g 0.500 g 5 kg 50 g 500 kg
If you use the density of water (1 g / 1ml), 500 ml of water will have a mass of 500 g. 500 ml ∗ (1g / 1 ml) = 500 ml
__________ statistics makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data taken from the population in question.
Inferential
______ _________ makes inferences about populations using data drawn from the population. Instead of using the entire population to gather the data, the statistician will collect a sample or samples from the millions of residents and make ______ about the entire population using the sample.
Inferential statistics inferences
In statistics, a sample: Is only used in descriptive statistics. Is a set of data taken from the population to represent the population. Is another word for population. Can be used for inferences but not for predictions.
Is a set of data taken from the population to represent the population.
Kilo=__________ units Centi= =__________ units Milli=__________ units
Kilo= 1000 units Centi= = .01units Milli=.001 units
_____________ ____________ are not significant, as in the number 0.003, which has one significant figure. These zeros just serve as placeholders.
Leading Zero
Which two are examples of descriptive statistics? Hypothesis testing and histograms. Variance and regression analysis. Mean and standard deviation. Median and correlation.
Mean and standard deviation.
What is statistical estimation? Methods for reducing errors in descriptive statistics. Methods for reducing errors in inferential statistics. Methods to determine the best graph to represent statistical data. Methods for rounding answers in statistical calculations.
Methods for reducing errors in inferential statistics.
Graphs, tables, and charts are helpful ways to quickly see ____ results. X- and y-axis graphs are common for representing data, such as enzyme activity, to see how increasing one condition affects something else.
...data
Mass
...is how much of something you have, or the amount of matter in an object.
This also helps me remember that the freezing point of water is _____ degrees Celsius and the boiling point of water is ______ degrees Celsius.
0 100
What is the density of a solid that has a mass of 9.2 grams and a volume of 12.3 cm^3? Would this object float or sink in water? 0.75 g/cm^3, float 0.75 g/cm^3, sink 3.1 g/cm^3, sink 1.4 g/cm^3, float 1.4 g/cm^3, sink
0.75 g/cm^3, float Density can be calculated by taking the mass of an object divided by its volume. The units for density remain the same as the units you used for mass over the units you used for volume. This gives us 0.75 g/cm3 which is less than water, meaning it will float.
An empty container has a mass of 62.000 grams. You fill it with 24.6 mL of a liquid. The final mass of the container is 81.34 grams. What is the density of the liquid to the correct number of significant figures? (density of the liquid = mass of the liquid divided by the volume of liquid) 0.7862 g/mL 1.272 g/mL 0.79 g/mL 1.27 g/mL 0.786 g/mL
0.786 g/mL
The last prefix you should be familiar with is milli-. There are exactly _______ _______ in a meter.
1,000 millimeters
A centimeter is about the width of your pinky. There are exactly _______ _______ in a meter.
100 centimeters
What is the mass of a liquid with a density of 2.12 g/mL and a volume of 53.0 mL (to the nearest gram)? 50.9 g 0.0400 g 112 g 55.1 g 25.0 g
112 g
When doing this, be sure to preserve the significant digits, so 2,400. (with a decimal point at the end) would be _____________
2.400 x 10^3
How many mL are in 3.4 L? 0.0034 mL 3,400,000 mL 3.4 mL 0.34 mL 3,400 mL
3,400 mL
rhym for temperature measurements in Celsius:
30 is hot 20 is nice 10 is cold 0 is ice
Simge's guinea pig weighs exactly 560. grams. Which of the following most accurately expresses the weight of Simge's guinea pig in scientific notation? 56.0x 10^1 5.60 x 10 ^-2 5.60 x 10^2 5.6x10^-2 5.6x10^2
5.60 x 10^2
The area of a rectangle can be found by multiplying its length by its width. What is the area of a rectangle that is 5.6 cm in length and 9.24 cm wide? Report your answer with the correct number of significant figures. 50 cm^2 51.74 cm^2 52 cm^2 51.7cm^2 51.744cm^2
52 cm^2 significant numbers have to be whole numbers, so needs to be rounded to the nearest whole, being 52 cm2
If you add 50.0 mL of water to a beaker containing 22 mL of water, then how much water do you have in the beaker? 72 mL 70.0 mL 70. mL 72.0 mL 70 mL
72 mL Explanation 55 + 22 = 72. Since the .0 has no purpose as a place holder, it can be dropped off.
__________ refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value
Accuracy
_______ __________ show how many are actually in each section.
Bar graphs
____________ are meant to be a good visual aid where someone can easily see what is going on.
Charts
What is density formula? What is its units?
D= m/v units m/l
____________ statistics uses the data to provide descriptions of the population, either through numerical calculations or graphs or tables.
Descriptive
________ _____________ give information that describes the data in some manner. For example, suppose a pet shop sells cats, dogs, birds and fish. If 100 pets are sold, and 40 out of the 100 were dogs, then one description of the data on the pets sold would be that 40% were dogs.
Descriptive statistics
What are the statistics can be categorized into two main branches. 1 2
Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics.
How do descriptive and inferential statistics differ? Descriptive statistics are more computationally sophisticated than inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics only attempt to describe data, while inferential statistics attempt to make predictions based on data. Inferential statistics only attempt to describe data, while descriptive statistics attempt to make predictions based on data. Inferential statistics are more computationally sophisticated than descriptive statistics.
Descriptive statistics only attempt to describe data, while inferential statistics attempt to make predictions based on data.
What are two examples of inferential statistics? Variance and correlation. mean and probability distributions. Regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Range and percentiles.
Regression analysis and hypothesis testing.
__________ ____________ is often used in chemistry as a way of representing either very large or very small numbers, and chemists often use very large or very small numbers.
Scientific notation
__________ have very high densities because their particles are super-close to each other.
Solids
Some other measurements in ______ _______ answer questions such as 'How widely dispersed is this data?', 'Are there a lot of different values?' or 'Are many of the values the same?', 'What value is in the middle of this data?', 'Where does a particular data value stand with respect with the other values in the data set?
descriptive statistics
same mass=_____________ weight example: 1kg on earth+ gravity vs 1kg on the moon + gravity
different
We often use x- and y-axis graphs for showing the activity of -----------, reaction rates, and activation energy.
enzymes
When adding or subtracting your answer can only show as many decimal places as the measurement having the _________________________
fewest number of decimal places.
A _________ ________ of data is another method of descriptive statistics. Examples of this visual representation are histograms, bar graphs and pie graphs, to name a few. Using these methods, the data is described by compiling it into a graph, table or other visual representation.
graphical representation
For any graph, chart, or table, one of the first things you want to look at are the _______ and ______ used. This will tell you a lot about what is being represented in the data.
headings & units
Probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation testing and regression analysis all fall under the category of _________ __________.
inferential statistics
Density
is how tightly packed the particles of an object are.
weight
is the force of gravity on an object.
volume- The basic unit for volume is the ______
is the measure of how much space it takes up. Liter
When multiplying and dividing, your answer must have the same number of significant figures as the number with the ______ _______ of significant figures. For example, if you are multiplying 40 (with one significant figure) and 9.2 (with two significant figures), your answer should contain only one significant figure, so it should be reported as 400 instead of the 368 your calculator would give you.
least number
If you moved the decimal to the left, you'll multiply by ten times the number you moved it to the ________, so 56,000,000 would be ___________
left 5.6 x 10^7.
The meter is the basic unit of ________ in the metric system. A meter is a tiny bit longer than a ___________.
length yard
Meter at the end of a word means ______________.
measure.
. A kilometer is the metric version of our _____, even though it's a bit shorter than our mile. A kilometer is equivalent to exactly _______ ________
mile 1,000 meters.
Which of the following are arranged from smallest unit to largest unit? cm, m, mm, km cm, mm, m, km km, m, cm, mm mm, m, cm, km mm, cm, m, km
mm, cm, m, km
measuring temperature: the Kelvin. This is a very convenient scale to use because it is directly related to degrees Celsius and it's an absolute scale, meaning it doesn't go__________.
negative
In inferential statistics, the answers are _____- 100% accurate because the calculations use a sample taken from the population. This sample doesn't include every measurement from the population, and the methods use probability to fill in missing gaps. To account for this, another aspect of inferential statistics covers ways to lessen the _______ _____ ______ and ways to control how much error you introduce into your calculations. This is known as ______ ________
never margin of error statistical estimation.
