Industrial Revolution

Natural Laws of Economics

*1. supply and demand* -enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy *2. competition* -competition forces people to make a better product -good for the consumer *3. self-interest* -people work for their own good.

Scavengers and Piecers

*Scavengers* The youngest children, around 6 crawled under machines to gather small pieces of cotton. They were assigned this job because they were small enough to fit into the tiny spaces. *Piecers* Once the children grew a little older, they worked as piecers, a task requiring them to step up on machines to retie loose threads. While working on the machines, they walked up and down rows of machines, adding to several miles walked each day.

Farm life of children

During agricultural times, children in England were expected to work on family farms. These useful skills were translated into their adult lives and helped children become stronger and more responsible. This lifestyle was healthy because people who cared about them supervised them and they had time for recreational activities.

Explain how industrialization impacted transportation.

Later innovations, such as the steam train and boat used steam engine technology to revolutionize transportation. Industrialization sped up transportation by land and sea and allowed for goods and people to be transported much longer distances.

Orphans during the Industrial Revolution

Orphans were taken from orphanages or workhouses and signed over to the factory to work until their 21st birthday. These children lived in dormitories where they were watched by overseers and slept in bunk beds along the walls. Two kids slept in one bunk together and were locked in at night to stop them from running away. Orphans usually weren't paid for their work.

Who is Adam Smith and what were his ideas?

Scottish economist -considered part of the Enlightenment He believed that the government shouldn't be involved in the economy and should just let the economy take its course.

Type of school that began appearing around 1902

Secondary

What did societies in Europe and America change from and to, during the Industrial Revolution?

Societies changed from being based on agriculture production to industrial production.

Impact of the inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

-Child labor -Concentration of wealth among a few who had the money to invest -Before the inventions, most owned very little clothing but after, people had closets full of clothes -Increase of foreign trade and population booms, especially in factory cities

Cholera

A disease that originated in India and quickly spread to Asia, Russia, and Europe, first started in Britain. When some first got it, they became violently sick and had diarrhea, causing them to become dehydrated and lose body fluids. Over half of the people who developed it ended up dying within a day. Eventually they discovered that the cholera bacteria was from polluted water.

Education Act

A law was passed in 1870 providing free public education in Britain. This wasn't a quick change and not all children began attending right away. There was a discrepancy in the quality of boys vs girls schools. In 1880, the Education Act made the attendance of school mandatory for any child under 10. A National Board of Education was established in 1899, to further the quality of British education. Most elementary-age children finally had a school to attend. Wealthier families typically sent their children to private and college preparatory schools.

Why were the orphans who were "sold" to the factories most likely not paid? A. Because they were working for their housing and food B. Because the factory owners didn't have enough money to pay them C. Because the factory owners never agreed to pay them D. Because the orphans didn't work as hard as the other children

A. Because they were working for their housing and food

Factory Act of 1833

Act reduced the hours a child could work. -children ages 9-13 could only work 8 hours -children ages 14-18 couldn't work more than 12 hours -children under age 9 couldn't work -children had to attend school for at least 2 hours Government officials were assigned to enforce these laws. Before, many parents tried to avoid having their children work and reformers made changes to child labor.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, about 80% of England's population lived in rural areas. Cities in England grew rapidly during the early 1800s as farm workers were replaced by machines causing people to move to the cities. -when people moved, they need a job & house -jobs were easy to find at the start, housing was not London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool were some of the large cities people moved to.

Rookeries

Areas with homes on dead-end streets or narrow alleys became known as rookeries because they had a lot of crime. People didn't make a lot of money so crime rose during this period. Thieves and criminals were common because they could escape from the police due to crowded and confusing streets.

Sanitation during the Industrial Revolution

Awful smells from factory pollution, river polluted from factories and human waste, pollution leads to disease. Houses didn't have ventilation and there was a lack of plumbing. Typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, and influenzas caused many problems throughout the cities. Life expectancy was much shorter in the city than in the country. If people had bathrooms, they usually shared with neighbors and most people didn't bathe because it was too much effort. City streets weren't usually paved so after rain, there were large amounts of mud, polluted ruts, and puddles.

What is the most likely reason children worked during this time period? A. School was not available for all children B. Parents needed their children to work to survive C. Parents did not want to work D. Parents did not want to be around their children

B. Parents needed their children to work to survive

What was the role of an overseer in a factory? A. To ensure the children were not injured B. To ensure the children did their jobs correctly C. To protect the workers from the machines D. To inform workers when they were allowed to go home

B. To ensure the children did their jobs correctly

How was manufacturing done before the Industrial Revolution?

Before the Industrial Revolution, the production of goods was done on a very small scale by a method called *'cottage industry'*. Cottage industry refers to a period in time in which goods for sale were produced on a small scale, usually in a home. In the cottage industry, people produced goods in their homes or on their farms and sold it to local communities. Production was slow and inefficient and people had a hard time keeping up with demand; as a result, prices increased.

Why would the invention of the cotton gin lead to an increase in the need for slaves? A. More slaves were needed to grow cotton B. More slaves were needed to run gins C. More slaves were needed to pick cotton D. More slaves were needed due to deaths

C. More slaves were needed to pick cotton

Coal Mines

Children often worked in coal mines, putting them in extreme danger. Ponies were used to carry coal into confined mines, but sometimes wouldn't fit. Children known as *"putters"* were chained to the carts and required to carry the coal while crawling on their hands and knees. *"Trappers"* opened and shut the wooden doors of the mine to allow air to travel through. They sat alone in the dark with a small candle. Children in the mine started work around 2 AM and stayed underground for up to 18 hours. Others worked on the surface sorting coal.

Poorhouses/Slums

Cities became too populated and tiny houses were built in the backyards of existing homes. Many working factory families ended up in one-room houses or apartments together. Places called *poorhouse* were created by the government for those people, specifically factory workers, who had no other option for housing because they were so impoverished. -people didn't make a lot of money and most of what they made went to feeding their families so they couldn't afford housing They were designed to be terrible so people wouldn't want to stay and live off the government. When people entered, they were separated from one another and confined like prisoners and forced to work daily.

Which of the following is most likely NOT an impact of the Cotton Gin? A. More slaves were needed to pick cotton B. Plantations in the South increased C. Cotton could be cleaned much faster D. Fewer slaves were needed in the American South

D. Fewer slaves were needed in the American South

What was the power loom and who invented it?

Edmund Cartwright, an Englishman, invented the power loom. It was a machine that allowed quicker production of cloth.

What was the cotton gin and who invented it?

Eli Whitney, an American, invented the cotton gin. It was a machine that allowed for quicker production of cotton. Whitney's cotton gin sped up the process of removed the seeds from cotton fiber and allowed for faster harvesting. Cotton farming was popular in the southern US. The cotton gin meant that slaves could pick faster, there was more cotton to sell to Britain, and people could make their plantations bigger.

Factory working conditions

Factory work was extremely dangerous and workers faced safety and health hazards and cruel treatment. Factory owners weren't concerned with safety but with the latest machines to increase production. Dangerous parts of the machines weren't blocked off and there wasn't any safety features. Young women and girls often worked in textile mills, paid less than men, and forced to work around dangerous machinery. Workers in these positions were often injured and mill towns were full of workers who lost limbs in a machine.

True or False: Child labor did not exist prior to the Industrial Revolution

False, children still worked on their family farms

School during the Industrial Revolution

Families started to demand services like education for their children as the city populations increased. Education was already around and used by working class families, but many factory children has little or no education. Prior to 1800s, public schools weren't available, but some charity and Sunday schools had been around since 1600s. At the end of the 19th century, most factory families sent their children to Sunday school which was on the one day industrial workers weren't required to work. The teachers were mostly volunteers and had no formal education training. By the 1830s, parents demanded better schools. Some protested in cities until the English government took note and started becoming more involved. The Factory Act of 1833 made 2 hours of education mandatory. In 1844, the Ragged Schools Union was established to set up education for poor children. Training for teachers started in 1839, so young women were more prepared to teach. By 1845, children of textile workers started attending school for 3 hours each day, 5 days a week. Other industries, like mines and mills, followed.

Punishments in factories

If a worker was injured on the job, they were fired. The workers, especially children, were often treated cruelly. They were usually sleepy in the mid-afternoon and became too tired. Overseers often beat children to keep them working and all workers suffered from fatigue due to long workdays, constant standing, and 6-day work weeks. Some other punishments were *strapping*, hitting people with leather straps as a common type of punishment. Also, hanging iron weights around kids' necks, hanging children from the roof in baskets, nailing their ears to tables, and dunking them in water to keep them awake. Girls were often chained to stop them from escaping and if workers caught trying to run, or caught as a runaway, they were put in prison. Children suffered the worst because they couldn't defend themselves. If a worker talked, whistled, left a room without permission, or had any dirt on a machine, they were fined. Many workers said employers adjusted clocks to make employees late so they could be fined. Workers weren't allowed to wear watches so they had to rely on their overseers. Often employers demanded a minimum amount of fines.

What was the Spinning Jenny and who invented it?

James Hargreaves, an Englishman, invented the Spinning Jenny. It was a machine that allowed many spindles of thread to be spun at one time. A skilled operator was vital in producing quality thread.

Physical deformities from factories

Many children had to stoop under machines constantly and wore out their foot arches which often gave way after a few years. Ankle injuries were common because workers stood around for up to 15 hours. The knees of workers tended to give out after years of working and lead to knock-knees, a condition where the knees turn inward because they can't support their weight. Deformities lead to workers in their 30s and younger, finding they couldn't keep up with the work, and they had to give up their jobs and often, couldn't find new ones.

Workhouse schools

Poor children without families were often educated in workhouse schools. Worker' unions ensured children went to school at least 3 hours a day. They studied basic reading, writing, math, religion, and job skills. A typical school day involved students standing to say, "Good morning" when the teacher arrived. They also stood anytime an adult entered. Students were taught to write with their right hands because good penmanship was important and often practiced. Teachers had high expectation of students, such as not asking questions, talking, or fidgeting. They were punished for misbehaviors, but given prizes for good attendance.

Poor Law 1843

Provided workhouses for people with nowhere else to go.

What was the water frame and who invented it?

Richard Arkwright, an Englishman, invented the Water Frame. It was a spinning machine powered by running water which allowed over 100 spindles of thread to be spun at once. The machine could also be operated by a single unskilled worker. Arkwright was also an investor who bought land and a factory where large amounts of cloth were produced quickly. Houses were built around the factory to house workers. Men wove cloth and their wives and children worked in the mills to spin thread needed by weavers, Arkwright's cotton mill model spread and became normal all over England.

When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? Why did it begin there?

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 1700s and soon expanded to the rest of Europe and North America. It began in Britain because: *They had lots of people* -Agricultural revolution makes farming easier -Farmers move to city and create large labor force *Natural resource* -Britain had large supplies of coal *Geography of the country* -Britain was surrounded by water allowing for easy trade by ports -Lots of rivers provide a lot of energy sources *Positive political climate* -Already went through a civil war -Changed to constitutional monarchy *Vast colonial empire* -Colonies had resources and could be a market for goods

Explain what is meant by the term 'factory system'.

The factory system is a term that historians use to refer to the development of centralized factories or mills that produced goods on a large scale which caused prices to go down. People had jobs and money so they could pay for the products.

Why was the steam engine so important to industrialization?

The first main use of the steam engine was for removing water from mines in a more efficient way that allowed quicker removal of important minerals. Steam engines helped to power the Industrial Revolution and they improved productivity and increased efficiency. Watt's improvements led steam engines to be used in many different industries and for many purposes. The steam engine also led to later inventions like the steam train and boat.

Which economic system developed out of the ideas of Adam Smith?

The ideas of the Wealth of Nations laid the foundation for the principles of capitalism. *Capitalism is an economic system that supports the idea of free trade and choice as a way of achieving prosperity.* The start of capitalism was important to the start of industrialization and the Industrial Revolution.

Medical problems from factories

The mill's air was full of pollution and dust leading to an illness called mill fever. It caused headaches and general sickness for no real reason. Many people caught this, suffered, and died. Factory workers had to eat while working and often ingested cotton fibers. Lung diseases, like tuberculosis, bronchitis, and asthma were common due to polluted air. Many developed pneumonia from the cold night air after being in the warm factory. People also had hearing damage from the loud machines.

What industry was particularly transformed by industrialization? What did this industry produce?

The textile industry was the main industry that benefitted from the early developments of the Industrial Revolution because everyone needed clothes. The textile industry was based on the development of cloth and clothing.

Who first invented the steam engine?

Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, invented the machine that used steam power to perform mechanical work through the use of the agency of heat.

Who improved the steam engine?

Thomas Savery, an Englishman, improved the original design and produced a new one that pumped water out of mines. James Watt, a Scotsman, made the steam engine more efficient with his improvement to Newcomen's engine.

Industrial Revolution for children

Typically, a child rose around 5 AM, had a quick breakfast of porridge, and started their long walk to the factory. They had long days around 13-15 hours per day, 6 days a week. Sundays were "off" but usually, people had to come in and clean machines. Some factories gave a 30-minute break for dinner, but they had to eat while working. They mostly ate porridge, oatcakes, and potatoes. Factory owners preferred hiring young children because they didn't have to compensate/pay them much money. They could train them early to be great factory employees who followed orders and worked consistently. A good worker tolerated dirty, noisy, crowded, and dangerous working conditions. These usually ended up being children. *Punishments* Children were beaten with a strap if they sat down or fell asleep while working. A common punishment for being late or not meeting quota was being weighted. An overseer tied a weight around the person's neck and they had to walk up and down the aisles of the factory for up to an hour to set an example. -caused many back and neck injuries -parents and siblings often had to carry them home

What famous book did Adam Smith write?

Wealth of Nations The book challenged the idea that the government should control the economy and instead gave the idea of free trade and competition with less involvement from the government. Laissez-faire: government should keep their hands off the economy

Agricultural Revolution

Wealthy land owners brought up tons of small farms in Britain and enclosed them with fences or hedges to create one large *enclosure*. Landowners tried new agricultural methods and forced the small farmers to become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to the cities. Jethro Tull invented a seed drill that spaced seeds out better and deeper in the ground which created better and stronger roots. *Crop rotation* was also developed so that not all of the nutrients in the soil were taken up. It worked by changing crop placement and allowing for better quality. Some plots called *fallows* were blank plots which had lots of nutrients for the next rotation. People also started breeding the best with the best for better quality animals. The agricultural revolution freed up farmers and allowed them to leave and find jobs in the city. The city had jobs because of the industrial revolution.