infancy

Twelve-month old Dennis accidentally knocks his bowl off the table. The bowl spins on the floor before coming to a stop. Dennis's mom picks up the bowl and places it back on the table, so he knocks it down again to see if it will spin. Dennis knocks the bowl down each time his mother picks it up. What substage of sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect? Mental representations Secondary circular reactions Primary circular reactions Active experimentation

Active experimentation

Nils believes children learn language through reinforcement and repetition. With which school of thought do Nils' beliefs align? Nativist Expressionist Pragmatist Behaviorist

Behaviorist

Infants develop motor skills in an organized manner, with motor skills developing in a top-down and center-out manner. What two principles describe this process of development? Sensation and perception Dendritic and proximodistal development Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development Cephalocaudal and gross motor development

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development

Many children learn sign language as infants and toddlers. How does this enhance their communication abilities? Children understand less than they can hear, so sign language helps them express confusion. Sign language negates the need for speech until the child is able to articulate full thoughts. Children understand more than they can vocalize, and gestures help convey meaning. Children have more acute vision than hearing, so seeing signs is easier than hearing words.

Children understand more than they can vocalize, and gestures help convey meaning

Noah doesn't seem to know what to expect from his mother, so he is fearful, easily upset, and confused. The world does not make a lot of sense to him. What type of attachment does Noah probably have with his mother? Secure Insecure-avoidant Insecure- resistant Disorganized

Disorganized

Which of the following phrases is most likely to come from an 18-month old, and mean, "Mother, I would like to take the dog to the park."? I want to go park with dog Me take dog to the park, please! Let's go to the park with dog! Doggie, go park

Doggie, go park

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent? Babbling Underextension Holophrasic speech Overextension

Holophrasic speech

What layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another? Myelin sheath Transient exuberance Axon shield Neurogenesis

Myelin sheath

Using inferences from the puppet experiments about in-group and out-group preferences can we make about how infants as young as 8 months old choose playmates and friends? Infants like people who can help them obtain things they want Infants make friend choices based solely on who is nice to them Infants like everyone, regardless of their preferences Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes

Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes

In the strange situation test, baby Randall sits passively and waits until it is time to leave. His behavior is indicative of what type of attachment? Insecure-avoidant Disorganized Insecure-resistant Secure

Insecure-avoidant

Jesse lived with a foster family when she was about a year old. Now, as a six-year-old, she lives with a different family and does not recognize her former foster parents when they pass each other in the grocery store. What is the most reasonable explanation for this lack of recognition? Jesse would remember their names, but not their faces, so running into them did not trigger her memory. Jesse has blocked the memories of her former foster parents, so she will not consciously remember them. Jesse's memories of the foster parents were not encoded verbally, and she has lost those memories Jesse did not live with that family long enough to have made any memories with them.

Jesse's memories of the foster parents were not encoded verbally, and she has lost those memories

In their puppet experiments, Hamlin and Wynn demonstrated a possible difference in motive between 5-month olds and 8-month olds. What was this proposed difference? There was no difference Color preference Puppet animal preference Just World Belief

Just World Belief

Noam Chomsky believed all children were born with an innate ability to understand any language, and as they grow, they specialize in a specific, native language. What neurological construct did Chomsky cite as responsible for this ability? Hippocampus Language Acquisition Device Prefrontal Cortex Language Learning Center

Language Acquisition Device

Iron is an essential nutrient for brain development, and breast milk provides a steady source of iron for infants. After weaning, what nutritional concern arises when children start drinking cow's milk? Marasmus Calcium deficiency Kwashiorkor Milk anemia

Milk anemia

The basic presentation of the Hamlin and Wynn giver-taker puppet show revealed that children had a preference for what type of behavior? Reciprocal Neutral Prosocial Taking

Prosocial

Jana, a 15-month old child, looks at herself in a mirror. Without her knowledge, an adult applies a dot of lipstick to Jana's nose. If Jana tries to rub the lipstick off her own nose in this test, what developmental milestone has Jana reached? Self-awareness Embarrassment Theory of mind Reflexive behavior

Self-awareness

Lucy is an overprotective mother, constantly trying to keep her toddler out of potentially dangerous situations, like playing on the slide at the playground. What message does Lucy's overprotective tendency send her child, who is trying to establish autonomy? Shame and doubt Guilt Inferiority Mistrust

Shame and doubt

Barbara has a toddler, a boy, and another child, a girl, on the way. She's accustomed to her boy's fussiness, so she thinks she will be just fine adjusting to her second child's temperament. What is Barbara failing to take into consideration? Boys' and girls' temperaments are inherently different. She may have to rearrange her schedule to fit two children's needs. If one child is a boy and the other is a girl, she is not prepared for gender differences. Temperament and goodness of fit may differ.

Temperament and goodness of fit may differ.

The idea that children are resilient helps compensate for possible missteps or downright failures in caregiving early in life. If a baby is resilient and learns to believe the world is a safe place, which Eriksonian task has the child tackled? Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt

Trust vs. mistrust

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________. dendritic connection transient exuberance. pruning neural grafting

transient exuberance.