infancy and childhood development exam 2

milestones of language development in first years

-cooing - 2 months - pleasant vowel noises -babbling - 6 months - repetition of consonant vowel combinations -first word - 12 months -12-18 months naming explosion learn avg 5 new words day -telegraphic speech - 2 yrs 2 word utterances like a telegram focus on high content words "go car" "more cookie" underextension overextension

factor that affect attachment security

-early availability of consistent caregiver -quality of caregiving -babys characteristics -family context - inc. parents internal working model

goodness of fit

-fit between temperament of child and environment - creating child rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning -recognizing child's temperament -creating appropriate child rearing environment

7. How does sleep and emotional well-being play a role in physical development? What are some negative outcomes as the result of stress for sleep and emotional well-being? Explain psychosocial dwarfism.

GH released during sleep sleep difficulties associated with impaired cognitive performance -disrupted sleep pronounced for low SES total sleep declines in early childhood -psychosocial dwarfism - high stress suppresses release of GH and emotional deprivation leads to short stature immature skeletal age and adjustment issues

factors that influence when children lose their baby teeth

cultural ancestry nutritional factors - malnutrition delays obesity accelerates exposure to tobacco - tooth decay

bowlbys theory of attachment

attachment is an enduring strong socioemotional relationship goal is to maintain emotional security parent behavior determines quality of attachment -available and responsive -intervene when child heading for trouble -inconsistent or unresponsive care leads to insecure attachment

core knowledge perspective

babies born with set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new related information and therefore supports early rapid development genetically set up in course of evolution to comprehend crucial aspects of complex stimulation distinguish between large sets of items

3 theories of language development

behaviorist: language acquired through principles of learning -operant conditioning - adults reinforce sounds and words similar to own language nativist: language is biologically based ability present at birth -language acquisition device -language are in brain interactionsit: interaction between biology and environment -born with basic perceptual learning abilities -abilities molded by culture and experience

when are the best times to start toilet training? what are the signs of readiness?

best time around 3 years readiness: stay dry for several hours, stop playing during during urination or bowl movement, bothered by a full diaper

language area in brain

brocas area - grammatical processing, language development wernickes - comprehending sensitive period difficulty identifying a single system

bayley III

depends on parent report of social emotional development and adaption

speech segmentation

divide speech streams into appropriate segments

temperament

early appearing stable individual differences in reactivity and self regulation 3 - easy (40%) quickly establishes regular routines in infancy is generally cheerful and adapts easily to new experiences -difficult child (10%) irregular in daily routines slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely -slow to warm up child (15%) inactive slows mild low key reactions to environmental stimuli is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences (fewer problems than difficult) 35% not any categories

equilibrium v disequilibrium

equilibrium: children not changing, assimilate more than they accommodate, steady comfortable condition disequilibrium: cognitive discomfort - when realize new info doesn't match current schemes they shift away from assimilation toward accommodation

mirror neurons

fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment

gathering info about quality of children's home lives through observation and parental interview regardless of SES and ethnicity- stimulating setting and parental affection encouragement predict better language and iq scores in toddlerhood and early childhood

habituation

gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation when this occurs -- a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level = recovery respond more strongly to a new element in environment an inclination that ensures they will continually add to their knowledge base

violation of expectation method baillargeon

habituate babies to a physical event to familiarize them with a situation in which their knowledge will they will be tested. or they may show babies an expected event or unexpected event. heightened attention to unexpected event suggests the infant is surprised by deviation from physical reality and therefore is aware of that aspect of the physical world baillergeon - short and tall carrot -- emphasize infants look longer at wide variety of unexpected events involving hidden objects critics- babies looking preference vs what they actually know

handedness

handedness reflects greater capacity of one side of the brain - the individuals dominant cerebral hemisphere-to carry out skilled motor action twins more likely to differ in hand preference because twins usually lie in opposite orientations in the uterus

A not B error

if they reach several times for an object at a first hiding place (A) then see it moved to a second (B) they still search for it in the first hiding place (A) piaget concluded they don't have a clear image of the object as persisting when hidden from view

What is the relation between infant intelligence tests and later IQ scores?

infant tests predict later intelligence poorly-- labeled DQs for this reason mostly used for screening- used to identify for further observation the babies with very low scores likely to have developmental problems mean 100

operant conditioning

infants act or operate on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is a reinforcer--sweet liquid reinforces the sucking response in newborns removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called punishment -- a sour tasting fluid punishes newborn babies sucking response

habituation/recovery

infants learn and retain info by watching objects and events

kagan inhibition v unhibited

inhibited, shy -react negatively withdraw from new stimuli -high heart rates stress hormones and symptoms -higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity uninhibited -react positively approach new stimuli -low heart rate stress rate stress hormones and stress symptoms -higher left hemisphere from cortex activity

language acquisition device

innate system that contains set of rules common to all languages

classical conditioning

neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response unconditioned stimulus: breast milk unconditioned response: sucking neutral: forehead stroke conditioned stimulus: forehead stroke conditioned response: sucking

prereaching

newborns make poorly coordinated swipes toward an object - poor arm and hand control rarely contact object

emotional expression in infancy

newborns: pleasure and distress 6-9 months all basic emotions anger and sadness -newborn too much/little stimulation 4-6 months fear -6 months recognizing others emotional expressions 4-5 months newborns can discriminate btw happy sad surprise

age related changes in smiling over first year

newborns: smile reflex -biological basis to stimulation -during sleep -to elicit: present high pitched tone social smile 6-10 weeks -response to human face or parent child interaction -emergence of joy laughter 3-4 months

scheme

organized ways of making sense of experience - change with age adaption and organization adaption: building schemes through direct interaction with the environment and consists of 2 complementary activities -assimilation: use current schemes to interpret the external world -accommodation: new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely organization: process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. once children form new schemes they rearrange them linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system

4 components of language

phonology - rules governing structure and sequence of speech sounds semantics - meaning of words and combinations syntax - rules governing how words are arranged pragmatics - rules how determine to engage in communication with others

6. Which part in the brain plays a critical role in physical growth? How do growth hormones impact size and growth during early childhood?

pituitary gland release GH and TSH GH- body tissues -stimulates another hormone to be released to trigger cell duplication TSH-release thyroxine necessary for brain development and for GH to have full impact on body size -infants with deficiency must receive at once -when rapid period of brain development complete children with too little thyroxine grow below avg rate but central nervous system not affected

What are some individual differences in childhood injury? How can parents prevent injury? What are some ways that parents and children compromise safety?

poverty single parenthood and low parental education associated with injury rapid population growth, over crowding, heavy road traffic, weak safety measures in developing countries prevention - car seat, flameproof clothing, child resistant caps, fences public transportation children need supervision parents must have time and emotional resources knowledge and skills

circular reaction

provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the babys own motor activity the reaction is circular because as the infant tires to repeat the event again and again the sensorimotor response that originally occurred by chance becomes strengthened into a new scheme

zone of proximal development

range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with help of more skilled partners -- scaffolding

Galloway and thelen's micro genetic study

rather than following a strict predetermined cephalocaudal pattern the order in which motor skills develop on the anatomy of the body part being used the surrounding environment and the babys efforts

displaced reference

realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present - a symbolic capacity emerges around 1 year ex: respond to label absent toy by looking and gesturing toward the spot where it usually rests hearing name of family member that has left the room infant will look at door

recall & recognition memory

recognition - noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced recall - more challenging because it involves remembering something without perceptual support - improves with age

referential v expressive

referential style- vocab consists of woods that refers to objects expressive- compared to referential they produce more social formulas and pronouns -- use words to talk about feelings and needs

self awareness

rouge test - 15 months touch own nose - 18-24 months recognize self as separate entity that continues to exist

strange situation

securely attached infants and toddlers should use parent as secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar playroom when parent leaves an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than parent

internal working model

set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures their likelihood of providing support during times of stress and the selfs interaction with those figures becomes vital part of personality serving as a guide for all future close relationships

fine motor development

smaller movements - reaching, grasping ** chart p. 184

bailey scales of infant developmen

suitable for children btw 1 and 3.5 years measures attention language and motor skills

What are some gross and fine motor skills that children can do in early childhood that they could not do in toddlerhood? What are some examples of self-help behaviors? Which two areas of fine-motor progress more apparent?

throw and catch buttons fine motor development apparent: care of own body and drawings become self sufficient at dressing and feeding

object permanence

understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight

How does a child's nutrition and diet change during early childhood? What are some examples of social environment influences on preschoolers' food choices?

unpredictable picky eaters need same foods as adults in smaller amounts tend to imitate food choices and eating practices of people they admire

princer grasp

9 months infants use thumb and index finger in well coordinated

what does cross-cultural research show regarding cosleeping?

90% of worlds population collectivist cultures

sensorimotor period

*** table pg 205***

attachment forms

1. secure (60) - use parents as secure base -when separated they may cry or not cry but when they do it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger -when parent returs they actively seek contact and crying reduced immediately 2. avoidant (15) - unresponsive to the parent when present -when leaves not distressed and react to stranger same as parent -during reunion avoid or slow to greet parent and when picked up fail to cling 3. resistant (10) -before separation infant seek closeness to parent and fail to explore -parent leaves usually distresses -upon return - combine clinginess with angry resistive -not comforted easily 4. disorganized/disoriented -greatest insecurity -confused contradictory behavior -ex: look away while parent holding or flat emotion

attention

1st year - infants pay attention to novel events gradually take in infer more quickly with age toddlerhood - intentional behavior and sustained attention

basic trust and autonomy

1st year: trust v mistrust -healty outcome during infancy depends on quality of caregiving -resolved through balance of care that is sympathetic and loving 2nd year: autonomy v shame and doubt -resolved if prints provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices -healthy sense of individuality

body growth, skeletal growth, brain development early childhood

2-3 inches and 5 lbs per yea boys slightly larger than girls 45 new epiphyses - cartilage hardens to bone X-ray show age loose baby teeth brain inc. from 70 to 90% adult weight synaptic growth and myelination

face

3 months distinction between faces

information processing paradigm

3 parts: -sensory register - sights and sounds are represented directly and briefly - working or short term memory - actively apply mental strategies as we work on limited amount of information -central executive - directs flow of info - what to attend to coordinate incoming info with info already in system -- problem solving, reasoning, comprehension -long term memory - permanent knowledge base, unlimited retain info- gains in info processing capacity due to brain development and improvements in strategies - categorizing begin 2 yrs life

categorization

6 months - infants can categorize based on shape and color ear lies categories are perceptual but by second half of first year more categories are conceptual vocal growth fosters categorization -- cultural differences rom variation in language

gibson and walks visual cliff

6-14 months - had binocular vision - saw cliff and refuse to move 2-3 months - interested but not afraid

hearing

6-7 months: distinguish musical tones 6-8 months: screen out other languages 7-9 months: divide speech into word like structures locate words by discriminating syllables

screen out other languages

6-8 months

how are intelligence test scores computed

IQ- indicates extent to which raw score deviates from the typical performance of same age individuals -- standardization

brain undergo reshaping and refining in early childhood

PFC double amount of synapses of adult plasticity brain-child acquire abilities pruning follows-neurons not stimulated lose connected fibers and number of synapses is reduced 8-10 energy consumption of cortical regions almost adult levels and cognitive functions increasingly localized

deferred imitation

ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present --- make believe play in which children act out everyday and imaginary activities follow up - present at 6 weeks btw 12-18 months, use deferred imitation skillfully to enrich range of schemes more likely imitate purposeful than accidental behavior

social referencing

actively seeking emotional info from trusted person in uncertain situation

emotional regulation

ability to modulate or adjust expression of emotions

infantile amnesia

cannot retrieve events before age three -immature brain development -memory processing in infants is nonverbal -lack of focused self image

early intervention

center based interventions - children attend organized childcare or preschool program where receive educational nutritional and health services and parents receive childrearing and other social service supports home based- adult vista home and works with parents providing social support and teach how to stimulate young child's development earlier intervention lasts longer better performance carolina abecedarian project--- positive results

Describe changes in brain development that occur in the various parts of the brain: prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, reticular formation, hippocampus, amygdala, and corpus callosum. How do each of these brain regions contribute to physical and/or motor development during early childhood?

cerebellum-balance and control fibers linking to cortex grow - gains in motor coordination reticular formation- alertness and consciousness- improvements in attention hippocampus-memory and images of space that help us find our way- memory, spatial understanding, autographical memory -end to infantile amnesia amygdala-emotional information-enhances memory for emotionally salient events corpus callosum-connecting two cerebral hemispheres - smooth coordination of movements of both sides and integration thinking-attention memory language and problem solving more complex fast more essential communication btw hemispheres

ulnar grasp

clumsy motion in which young infants fingers close gainst the palm 3-4 months adjust grasp to size of object 4-5 months - transfer hand to hand

gross motor development

control over actions that help infants get around in the environment - crawling

intermodal perception

integrate and coordinate sensory information 1 month: integrate and coordinate sensory info 4 months: integrate visual and auditory 8 months: coordinate visual and auditory

mental representation

internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate

differences in motor development btw cultures that promote cross motor skills and those that limit gross motor skills how much matters

iranian orphans - limit - always on backs with no toys kenya, jamaica - promote earlier walking - hold upright w- delayed gross motor - babies sleep on back to prevent SIDS

ethnic differences in cosleeping

japanese and korean common until adolescence maya only interrupted with birth of new baby african american mayan babies doze off and are carried to bed

what factor help children learn language

joint focus of attention - adult and children attend same object speak to children and infants often read books name and identify objects

imitation

learn by copying the behavior of another person

infant directed language

make language features more noticeable

what is cosleeping association with breast feeding?

makes it more convenient during night cosleeping babies breastfeed longer

dynamic systems theory

mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action when motor skills work as a system separate abilities blend together each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment ex: control of head and upper chest combine into sitting with support

vision

maturation in visual cortex 2-4 months: focus and color vision 6 months: 20/20 vision and tracking objects improves scan environment more systematically 2 months: sensitive to contrast contrast sensitivity - preferences for patterns with greater difference between amount of light between adjacent regions prefer mothers face

memory

memories increase dramatically during infancy childhood move from highly context dependent to context free