Infant and Childhood Development: Final Exam

Which statement about joining community athletic teams is true?

For most children, it is associated with increased self-esteem and social skills.

Which conclusion is supported by research on aggression?

In early childhood, verbal aggression gradually replaces physical aggression.

Which statement about the judicial system and child maltreatment is true?

In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort.

Which statement about the causes of obesity is true?

Obese children's maladaptive eating habits result in greater responsiveness to external stimuli associated with food.

Which statement about gender identity and behavior is true?

School-age children of both sexes rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.

Which statement is supported by research on the role of knowledge in test bias?

The amount of time children spend in school predicts scores on measures of verbal intelligence.

Which statement about the consequences of sexual abuse is true?

Women who were sexually abused are likely to choose partners who abuse them and their children.

As children enter school and receive more feedback about how well they perform compared to their peers, self-esteem usually ________.

adjusts to a more realistic level

DeShawn's parents frequently interrupt him, ridicule his ideas, and withdraw their affection when DeShawn makes choices they disagree with. These tactics are typical of the ________ style of child rearing.

authoritarian

Four-year-old Cain watches an adult dress a boy doll in girl's clothing. Cain is likely to insist that the doll is ________.

now a girl

Between ages 6 and 12, children become more aware ________.

of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions

Which of the following statements about chronically ill children is true?

A strong link exists between good family functioning and child well being for chronically ill children

Which statement about ethnicity and self-esteem is true?

Among African-American children, more TV viewing is associated with lower self-esteem.

ch 13: Which statement about divorce is true?

Among developed nations, the United States has one of the highest divorce rates.

Which statement about parent-child relationships is true?

Both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex.

Which statement about gender and self-esteem is true?

By the end of middle childhood, girls feel less confident than boys about their physical appearance.

Which statement accurately reflects the change in self-description that typically occurs between ages 8 and 11?

Children organize their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it hard to ignore irrelevant information.

A study comparing the storytelling practices of Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan found that ________ parents were more likely to ________.

Chinese parents; tell stories about the child's misdeeds

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that ________.

IQs have increased steadily from one generation to the next

Which statement about obesity rates is true?

In developing countries, obesity risk tends to be greater for higher-SES families.

Which statement about the V-chip is true?

It is mandated in all new TV sets sold in the United States.

Which statement about children's understanding of health is true?

Maintaining health is seldom an important goal for most school-age children, who feel good most of the time.

Which statement about cultural differences in play is true?

Preference for solitary activities is associated with poor academic development in cultures that value interdependence over independence.

__________ was designed to downplay culture-dependent information, which is emphasized on only one of its factors.

The <i>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)</i>

Which statement is supported by research on group differences in IQ?

The IQ gap between middle- and low-SES children accounts for some of the ethnic differences in IQ.

Which statement about divorce and custody is true?

The divorce rate for second marriages is higher than for first marriages.

Which statement about trends in obesity is true?

The largest population weight gains in the past four decades have occurred in Canada, Mexico, England, and the United States.

Which statement about delayed school entry and school readiness is true?

There are few long-term academic or social benefits for delaying school entry.

Which statement about interventions designed to teach social problem solving is true?

They yield consistent gains in children's social competence.

Which statement about the effects of ethnic and political violence on children is true?

War-related consequences for children seem to be culturally universal, appearing in children of every war zone studied.

Programs like 4Rs (Reading, Writing, Respect, and Resolution) recognize that resilience is not __________ but rather __________.

a preexisting attribute; a capacity that develops

Four-year-old Rayna says, "I'm Rayna. I'm a girl. I can run fast. I like yellow." Her statements show that Rayna is beginning to develop ________.

a self-concept

The most effective treatment for enuresis is ________.

a urine alarm

Margaret is high in academic self-esteem and motivation. She probably credits her successes to

ability and effort

A child in the concrete operational stage will have the most trouble understanding ________.

abstract ideas

Research on child maltreatment shows that ________.

abuse depends more strongly on parental characteristics than on characteristics of the child

ch 11: A study of projected obesity rates for selected industrialized nations predicted higher adult rates of obesity ________

among all nations in the study, with rates in the United States higher than those of any other nation

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence is comprised of which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences?

analytical, creative, and practical

In the sandbox, Amelia makes a pie while Franklin pours sand from one container into another. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaged in ________.

associative play

In two investigations, African-American children adopted into economically well-off European-American homes during the first year of life ________.

attained mean IQs of 110 and 117 by middle childhood

Fifteen percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to ________.

bedwetting during the night

After age 8, girls ________.

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate

When neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances, children may suffer from serious developmental problems such as epilepsy, which is characterized by ________.

brain seizures and loss of motor control

According to Sternberg, analytical intelligence includes ________.

executive function and cognitive self-regulation

At age 6, Ofelia probably ________.

can print the alphabet and numbers 1 through 10 with reasonable clarity

Reading instruction based entirely on phonics training would likely ________.

cause children to lose sight of the goal of understanding written material

Preschoolers typically do not realize that ________.

characteristics associated with one's sex do not determine whether a person is male or female

During associative play, ________.

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior

Research on friendships shows that __________.

children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably

Research on peer victimization shows that ________.

chronic victims tend to be passive when active behavior is expected

Miguel is bilingual. He sometimes speaks sentences in English that contain one or more Spanish words without violating the grammar of either language. Miguel engages in ________.

code switching

Ethnic minority parents without extensive education often prefer a(n) ________ style of communication when completing tasks with children; this style ________ the style of communication used in typical classrooms and academic tests.

collaborative; contrasts with

Parents typically give their sons toys that emphasize ________.

competition

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires ________.

considerable effort and space in working memory

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme during their preschool's dramatic play period. They are engaging in ________.

cooperative play

Piaget believed that the development of concrete operational thought reflects ________.

discontinuous restructuring of children's thinking

ch 10: Empathy ________ a sympathetic, prosocial behavior because ________.

does not always prompt; poor emotion regulators can be overwhelmed by their feelings when faced with someone in need

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?

elaboration

Compared with past generations, children today spend less time ________.

engaged in informal outdoor play

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she ________.

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor actions

Numerous child welfare and mental health organizations have publicly denounced recent U.S. separation and deportation practices based on ________.

evidence that children separated from their parents are at greatest risk for long-term maladjustment

Four-year-old Nancy, whose birth sex is female, strongly identifies as a boy and has experienced substantial distress related to gender identity. Nancy is experiencing ________.

gender dysphoria

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that ________.

girls experience exclusion more often than boys and are especially likely to regard it as unjust

Research on gender typing collected in diverse countries demonstrates that teachers ________.

give more overall attention (both positive and negative) to boys than to girls

Current research indicates that Freud was correct in concluding that ________.

guilt is an important motivator of moral action

Based in part on research comparing Zinacanteco children with North American children of the same age, some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks are ________.

heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions

Interventions with rejected children aim to help them attribute their peer difficulties to __________ causes.

internal, changeable

Chronic stress triggers ________, which in turn frequently induces a raging appetite and subsequent weight gain.

insulin resistance

Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice is through ________.

intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

Which statement about malocclusion is true?

it is a condition where the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly

Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for girls?

language arts

In a two-way language immersion program, ________.

language-minority students acquiring English and native English-speaking students are taught together

During middle childhood, the bones of the body ________.

lengthen and broaden

Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in ________.

middle childhood

In Enrique's fourth-grade class, the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels. Enrique's teacher is using ________ training to enhance children's ________.

mindfulness; executive function

The correspondence between the classmates children perceive as popular and those classified as popular based on peer preferences is ________, which suggests that children perceived as popular ________.

moderate; are not, and many children are more popular than they are perceived to be

According to social learning theory, ________.

moral behavior is acquired through modeling

Boys are ________ likely than girls to _________ to cyberbully another child.

more; distribute embarrassing photos or videos

Preschoolers' earliest descriptions of themselves are more likely to include accounts of their ________ than their ________.

physical appearance; psychological characteristics

Research indicates that the best way to reduce bullying is to ________.

promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors in youth environments

Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies?

questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting

Adam and Philip occasionally wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another, alternating roles while smiling and laughing. Adam and Philip are engaged in __________ play.

rough-and-tumble

Compared to the others, which school subject are children most likely to regard as being more appropriate for boys?

science

Gary, who is extremely active and impulsive, is difficult for his parents to control. His parents, in turn, are emotionally negative toward Gary and tend to use harsh, inconsistent discipline. As a result of this pattern of interaction, Gary is likely to ________.

see hostile intent where it does not exist

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood ________.

separate the language systems early and attain language milestones according to a typical timetable

Heather is lining up crayons in order from shortest to longest. This skill represents her understanding of ________.

seriation

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs ________.

strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated

During middle childhood, self-esteem ________.

takes on a hierarchical structure

As a result of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) and its 2015 replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), ________.

the curricular focus in public schools has narrowed, placing more emphasis on preparing students for achievement tests

Which factor plays the largest role in accounting for boys' superiority in gross-motor skills?

the social environment

By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations, which ________.

they combine into an overall psychological image of themselves

ch 12: Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to ________.

think about language as a system

Without effective teaching, children readily generalize their knowledge of familiar health conditions to less familiar ones. For example, they may ________.

understand risk factors for getting a cold but conclude that all diseases are contagious

The __________ factor on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is assumed to be less culturally biased than other factors because it ________.

visual-spatial processing; requires little specific information