Infant/Child Development MIDTERM Chapters 1-4

Which is not a developmental cascade related to low birth weight?

None of the above—all are possible developmental cascades related to low birth weight

Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome provide evidence that

random negative mutations can occur

During the time when a woman's egg leaves an ovary and travels into the fallopian tube, is when the egg

releases a chemical substance that attracts a man's sperm.

Gait-mats are useful to assess infant walking ability, however they are limited in that they

require infants to walk in a straight line.

Research in brain growth and functioning has led to greater understanding of why some children are _______, while others suffer great harm under adverse environmental conditions.

resilient

Which of the following structures in the retina is responsible for determining the overall visual acuity of infants?

Fovea

Hubel and Wiesel's experiments with kittens helped to better understand

experience-expectant plasticity.

In contrast to cultural practices of sleep in the United States, the Kipsigi community in rural Kenya practice

allow infants to take many naps and wake several times throughout the night to nurse on demand

According to the Gestalt theory of perception, infants' perceptual skills would result in

an adultlike capacity to organize visual stimuli into meaningful patterns.

Which approach would limit the generalizability of study findings to the population of interest?

convenience sampling

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of

correlational studies of children in various home environments

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _______ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _______.

crawling; muscles in the arms

The weeks that precede and follow an infant's birth is known as the

perinatal period

When Juanwitnessed the birth of his newborn, he noticed that the tiny human was covered with a slimy, white substance and small hairs all over the baby's body. This slimy, white substance is called _______, and the small hairs are called _______.

vernix;lanugo

When viewing objects at different distances, the lens of the eye automatically changes shape in a process known as

visual accommodation

A person's _______ has a higher degree of phenotypic plasticity than their _______.

weight; eye color

Kendra is beginning to display evidence of prospective control. This means that

when reaching for objects, she will adjust her hand to match the object's size before touching the object.

Synaptogenesis begins prenatally and is especially rapid

before and after birth

One week after conception, a ball of 100 cells becomes firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus in the process of implantation. This ball of cells is called the

blastocyst

The process of implantation involves the

blastocyst becoming firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus.

The death of superfluous neuronal connections is referred to as

pruning

Which theorist claimed that children have an innate ability to rapidly acquire language?

Chomsky

What process occurs during the prenatal period that assists the development of the digestive system

The fetus swallows amniotic fluid regularly

Vygotskys Zone of proximal development is best characterized by which example?

A child counts to five but the teacher helps the child count a few more numbers to ten.

Cortisol regulates body processes such as metabolism and _______ and helps the body respond to _______.

the immune response; stress

Behavioral genetic studies generally involve observing

the same participants over time, typically months or years.

In comparing both animal studies and twin studies, researchers feel confident in the finding that

the same principles of gene-environment interactions observed in animals apply to humans.

Which is proof that regions of the brain specialized for experience-expectant plasticity are not necessarily locked into their "expected" paths of development?

A deaf child's auditory processing areas become specialized for visual processing.

Policies and programs are developed to improve and enhance the lives of families and children. Which national program has been implemented to benefit childrens learning?

A library reading program that encourages children to explore many books.

A child is confronted by an unfamiliar barking dog. The child's heart starts to race as he runs away. Which part of the brain helps prepare for the response to a fearful situation?

Amygdala

_______ appear(s) to adjust in line with human experience and can serve to accelerate or delay the opening of a sensitive period.

Brain plasticity

Which has not been proposed as a likely reason for the relatively high infant mortality rates in the United States?

Changes in access to health care, clean water, and nutrition over the twentieth century

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do?

Color the paper because the surface allows the colors to show but the wet plastic does not

A researcher wishes to study the electrical brain activity of infants as they process stimuli. They are likely to use which technology to record the electrical activity in the surface of infants brains?

EEG

While pregnant, Chloe suffered from depression. Her infant is likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Elevated heart rate, suppressed motor activity, high irritability

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the contribution of Thelen's research to the understanding of infant motor development?

Factors such as weight and muscle mass can impact the type of behaviors that infants display.

Aiden's parents consistently placed him on his tummy whenever he went to sleep. Gertrude, on the other hand, was consistently placed on her back. Based on the findings from the Back-to-Sleep campaign, it is likely that

Gertrude will likely be delayed compared to Aiden in skills related to related to rolling over, sitting, and crawling.

All studies involving humans must be reviewed by an institutional review board (IRB). Which of the following is an accurate reflection of IRB standards?

If there is a need for deception, participants must be debriefed after the study.

Which of the following best illustrates how infants' ability to perceive color is different from adults'?

Infants categorize colors in the same way as do adults.

Which of these scenarios best illustrates the concept of perceptual narrowing?

Infants raised by their fathers show greater ability to distinguish among male faces compared to female faces.

How do we know that infants remember the sounds that they heard prenatally?

Mothers read passages from Dr. Seuss's The Cat in the Hatduring pregnancy, and after birth theirbabiesincreased their sucking rate to the passages.

Bridget and Theo are parents of an infant. A friend encourages them to buy a learning system for their infant, citing the "use it or lose it" concept of maintaining existing neural connections. Is this the best advice?

No, pruning away excess neurons will improve the child's neural communication.

Zoe noticed that, while sleeping, she rarely dreams and does not change position in her bed. Zoe is likely to be mostly in what type of sleep?

Non-REM

Molly and her mother are playing with several different size balls in their living room. With the small balls, Molly has learned how to grasp them in her hands and throw them back towards her mother. With the larger balls however, when Molly attempts to grasp them, as she touches and tries to hold them, she finds it is too difficult to do. As a result, she switches to rolling them back and forth. Which concept explains Molly's behavior?

Perception-action feedback loop

As an infant, Bryan started using his hands to grasp objects with his whole hand before he was able to use his fingers to press small buttons and turn knobs. The ability to grasp objects before being able to use fingers individually is an example of what principle of growth

Proximodistal development

Jess was born with cataracts in both eyes. Considering brain expectant plasticity, which is the best course of action?

Remove the cataracts during infancy, as removing them after infancy increases the chance of visual implements.

What might be an outcome of an infant being exposed to heroin prenatally?

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Middle schoolers participated in a sex education and health program early in the year. They were tested at the end of the program to measure what they retained. A week later, they were tested again to see in individual children received similar scores. Which type of reliability is being assessed?

Test-retest reliability

The first six weeks after childbirth is what period of development?

The postnatal period

Six-year-old Maya was involved in a car accident. The doctors mentioned that Maya has some swelling of her occipital lobe. Which of these might be affected with an injury to this part of the brain?

Vision

Talia took the drug Thalidomide while pregnant in 1958. The probability that her infant will suffer deformities because of exposure to this drug would depend on which factor?

Whether the mother took the drug during the period that exposes the fetus to harm

A(n) _______ has been used to describe the unique components and interactive influence genetic and environmental aspects have on human development.

animalistic analogy

Four-month-old Emile watches as a researcher rolls a ball down a plank, through a colorful tunnel. Although he can smoothly track the progress of the ball's movement down the track, he doesn't look to the other side of the tunnel until the ball pops out. On the other hand, 7-month-old Bella anticipates its appearance after entering the tunnel and shifts her eyes to the end of the tunnel before the ball appears. Compared to Emile, Bella shows

anticipatory eye movements

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

approaching, grasping, and releasing objects

A researcher wants to measure the frequency of cyberbullying at different grade levels at an elementary school. Which type of study should be applied?

cross sectional study

The Barker hypothesis was established as a result of

detailed records of women's life histories and pregnancies being combined with national health records to reveal developmental origins of disease.

A child has difficulty processing information early on, leading to challenges in making friends and later experiences of being bullied. What are these related effects called?

developmental cascades

Regarding brain growth, during the first two years of life, the infant brain

doubles its volume

Champagne and Meaney's study of rat licking provided evidence that

early experience may alter gene expression

Talia is a very active preschooler who loves sports and active play. Her parents recognize her need to be active and choose to enroll her in a few programs at their local YMCA. The parent's reaction to Talia's activity level is an example of

evocative effects.

What surrounds and protects neurons and influences communication among neurons by helping in the formation and strengthening of synapses?

glial cells

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of

good continuation

A pregnant mother who spends more than half of her time sedentary behaviors during pregnancy is more likely to

have amacrosomic infant.

A main benefit due to the process of myelination is the

improvement in the conductivity of the nerve impulses.

the spread or variability among children in various aspects of development is called

individual differences

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the

infant's role in piecing together dynamic, visual experiences in their environment in a way that allowed them to make sense of their experiences.

One explanation advanced for the "attractiveness effect" in infants is that

infants prefer "attractive" faces as they resemble the "prototype" face that would result from averaging many faces.

Henry is being fed by his mother. Each time her mouth moves, he hears sounds ("Open wide! This is yummy!") and then feels the cold, smooth texture of the food in his mouth. After each bite of food, he hears the spoon lightly tapping against the applesauce container as his mother prepares another bite of food for him. Henry's integration of these experiences into an understanding of being fed is an example of

intermodal perception

An experiment that follows the same group of children over a period of time that is called a _______ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Tay is interested in examining at what age infants' visual acuity improves. She shows infants of various ages two photos of the same object, a flower. In one of the photos, the picture is slightly blurred. In the other photo, the picture is sharp. Based on the concept of preferential looking, if infants can see the difference between the two photos, they will likely

look longer at the clear photo compared to the blurred one.

In class, your professor states that there is a universal pattern of motor development in infants, and that all infants develop motor skills in the same order, regardless of biology or experience. Your professor follows the thinking of Gesell, by strongly endorsing the role of _______ in infant motor development.

maturation

By the end of the first year, infants have a distinct _______, which continues to develop until around 3 years of age.

microbiome

A researcher has designed a study that will involve obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations of children. This is a ________ study.

microgenetic

Imani grew up in a region of Africa where malaria is prevalent. Many in her community that have lived there for generations seem to have increased resistance to the disease compared to families who have recently moved to the area. However, others moved away from Africa to areas without malaria where the gene was not needed to protect against the disease. This instance is an example of a

mixed mutation

In a study on infant depth cue perception, researchers found that older infants could judge the distances of objects using only one eye, but that younger infants needed both eyes to do so. Older infants are therefore able to rely on _______ cues to gauge distance whereas younger infants need to still rely on _______ cues.

monocular; binocular

Ainsley was looking out the window of her parents' car as they were taking a trip to the beach. To her eyes, it appeared as though the trees and fences nearest to the car went past her very quickly, but the large clouds overhead moved very slowly, a phenomenon known as

motion parallax.

Danikas mom is angry on the phone, raises her voice, and yells before slamming the phone down. Later Danikas mom sees Danika yelling at her doll for being late and abruptly pushing the doll onto the floor. This is an example of

observational learning

when infants receive adequate care in adoptive homes, they become more affectionate, more cheerful. This is a example of

plasticity- infants can adapt and even charge in response to improved environments or experiences.

Children whose mothers consumed high levels of fish oil (DHA) while pregnant are more likely to

show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months.

Jeremy and Sam are identical twins. However, Sam is slightly taller than Jeremy. Differences such as this

show differences in phenotype.

_______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant size despite changes in the size of the retinal image, whereas _______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant shape despite changes to the retinal image.

size constancy; shape constancy

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored

sour

A child has impulse to hit other children when he gets upset. However the child realizes such behaviors are inapropriate and unacceptable and therefor the child refrains from hitting. According to Freuds theory, the

superego is imposing societal demands on the id.

Research shows that a large number of neural connections are formed during the first few months and years of life. This process is known as

synaptogenesis

Jessica is watching from her playpen as her mother plays on the piano. Every time her mother moves her fingers on the keyboard, a sound is made. Jessica is able to connect her mother's fingers on the keyboard to the sounds that she hears because of

temporal synchrony

Scientists' ability to locate a gene thought to be involved in an inherited disease has greatly increased because of

the Human Genome Project.