Inft&Child.Dev FINAL Review

At what age are children able to make inferences about a person's behaviors in terms of that person's goals? A.18 months of age B.2 years of age C.3 years of age D.4 years of age

A.18 months of age

Which of the following statements best describes trends in cheating? A.A large number of elementary school children cheat and the incidence does not drop as they grow older. B.A large number of elementary school children cheat, but this decreases as they grow older. C.A small number of elementary school children cheat, but there is a large increase in cheating during middle school. D.A small number of elementary school children cheat, but there is a large increase in high school.

A.A large number of elementary school children cheat and the incidence does not drop as they grow older.

All of the following species have passed the mirror task EXCEPT: A.African gray parrots B.bottle-nosed dolphins C.chimpanzees D.humans

A.African gray parrots

Who originally proposed the three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive? A.Baumrind B.Brooks-Gunn C.Maccoby D.Ross

A.Baumrind

Christopher has begun to play a lot of video games whereas his best friend does not play video games but watches a lot of television. It is likely that: A.Christopher will show an improvement in attention skills compared to his friend B.Christopher will show a decrease in attention skills compared to his friend C.Christopher's attention skills will not be influenced by video game play D.both boys will be influenced similarly because one plays a lot of video games and the other watches a lot of television

A.Christopher will show an improvement in attention skills compared to his friend

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive and emotional empathy? A.Cognitive empathy is thought to develop later than emotional empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent. B.Emotional empathy is thought to develop later than cognitive empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent. C.Cognitive empathy is thought to develop earlier than emotional empathy and to be evolutionarily more distant. D.Emotional empathy is thought to develop earlier than cognitive empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent.

A.Cognitive empathy is thought to develop later than emotional empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent.

________ saw emotions as the basis for moral thought. A.Hume B.Golding C.Locke D.Rousseau

A.Hume

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children. Javier participated in this task in his small Mexican town. Jason participated in this task in Chicago. What is the most likely outcome? A.Javier cooperated considerably more than Jason. B.Jason cooperated considerably more than Javier. C.Jason and Javier both cooperated to the same extent. D.Neither Jason nor Javier considered cooperating.

A.Javier cooperated considerably more than Jason.

Shayla is an affluent mother and Candice is a poor mother who is struggling to make ends meet. What is the most likely outcome? A.Shayla is less likely than Candice to use authoritarian parenting. B.Shayla is less likely than Candice to use authoritative parenting. C.Shayla is less likely than Candice to use permissive parenting. D.The women are not likely to differ in their parenting styles.

A.Shayla is less likely than Candice to use authoritarian parenting.

Which of the following statements is true of 3-year-olds? A.Three-year-olds tend to fail both the false-belief task and the false-photograph task. B.Three-year-olds succeed on the false-photograph task but not the false-belief task because they do not need to think about others' minds. C.Three-year-olds succeed on the false-belief task but not the false-photograph task because they are able to think about others' minds. D.Three-year-olds tend to pass both the false-belief and the false-photograph test.

A.Three-year-olds tend to fail both the false-belief task and the false-photograph task.

Which type of parents is more likely to use psychological control? A.authoritarian B.authoritative C.permissive D.uninvolved

A.authoritarian

Children become able to reason about other's pretend play: A.before they pass classic false-belief tasks B.at the same time that they pass classic false-belief tasks C.after they pass classic false-belief tasks D.when they turn five and gain better perspective-taking skills

A.before they pass classic false-belief tasks

Chandler lives with her mother, stepfather, brother, and stepsister. These individuals represent her ________ family. A.blended B.extended C.merged D.nuclear

A.blended

Jenelle allows her child to watch violent television because she believes that experiencing violence in a pretend setting is a form of release that makes it less likely that her child will release aggressive impulses in real life. Jenelle's belief illustrates the ________ hypothesis. A.catharsis B.cleansing C.desensitization D.release

A.catharsis

All of the following statements about empathy are true EXCEPT: A.children are incapable of sharing others' distress until the second year of life B.empathy in young children enables them to engage in moral actions without having to rely on moral reasoning C.there is some evidence that genes contribute to differences in the ability to feel empathy D.there is consistency such that children who show prosocial behaviors are more likely to make charitable contributions as adults

A.children are incapable of sharing others' distress until the second year of life

Which sense of self is most influenced by others and by ambient culture? A.conceptual B.ecological C.individualistic D.interpersonal

A.conceptual

All of the following statements are true of cyberbullying EXCEPT: A.cyberbullies are often aggressive on the Internet but not in the real, physical world B.cyberbullies can be anonymous and search out a wider range of vulnerable targets than traditional bullies C.cyberbullies can more easily find willing accomplices compared to traditional bullies D.cyberbullies report lower feelings of remorse for their actions than do traditional bullies

A.cyberbullies are often aggressive on the Internet but not in the real, physical world

The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been: A.disconfirmed B.confirmed for only educational programming C.confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming D.confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming

A.disconfirmed

All of the following are levels of affiliation between peers that researchers have identified EXCEPT: A.dyads B.interactions C.groups D.relationships

A.dyads

Each of the following is one of the seven components of parenting outlined by Brooks-Gunn and Markman EXCEPT: A.evaluating B.discipline C.monitoring D.nurturance

A.evaluating

Which part of the brain plays a key role in inhibition? A.frontal lobes B.occipital lobe C.parietal lobe D.temporal lobe

A.frontal lobes

All of the following statements about the interactionist approach are true EXCEPT: A.genetic effects and child effects necessarily diminish the effects of parenting on children B.a particular kind of parenting may benefit some kinds of children much more than others C.critics of the interactionist approach claim that it is difficult to predict interactions in advance D.this approach implies that effective parents need to be sensitive to their child's nature and adjust parenting accordingly

A.genetic effects and child effects necessarily diminish the effects of parenting on children

Nadiya is 9 years old. Which moral principle is she most likely to abide by? A.good boy/good girl orientation B.instrumental-relativist orientation C.principled conscience-driven orientation D.social contract orientation

A.good boy/good girl orientation

Lisa knocks Jamie's notebook off of his desk. Rather than thinking this was accidental, Jamie gets really mad and quickly assumes Lisa did this on purpose. This illustrates: A.hostile attribution bias B.social attribution bias C.hostile processing deficit D.social ascription deficit

A.hostile attribution bias

Jerome steals an apple and then a branch falls on his head. Younger children are more likely to see the branch falling on Jerome's head as a kind of retribution caused by God or spirits rather than as a mere accident. This is an example of younger children's beliefs in: A.immanent justice B.impersonal justice C.inherent reprisal D.moral dumbfounding

A.immanent justice

All of the following statements about friendship are true EXCEPT: A.infants are capable of developing clear friendships B.toddlers purposefully choose their friends, usually picking those most like themselves C.elementary school students realize that friends do not just get assistances from each other, they also provide assistances D.elementary school girls may victimize their friends in social ways

A.infants are capable of developing clear friendships

Ms. Jane is a teacher in a local infant day care. She notices that if one child grows excited and happy, this tends to induce comparable changes in other children. This illustrates: A.joint arousal B.mutual emotion C.oversensitization D.relational amplification

A.joint arousal

In a study, children were led to believe that they had broken a toy belonging to the experimenter when he was out of the room. Those who appeared driven by shame did all the following EXCEPT: A.responded similarly to children who seemed motivated by guilt B.avoided the experimenter when he returned C.did not tell the experimenter about the mishap D.did not try to fix the toy on their own

A.responded similarly to children who seemed motivated by guilt

Miley believes that there are boy toys (for example, trucks) and girl toys (for example, dolls). When did she likely start to learn about gender-typical toys? A.18 months of age B.2 years of age C.3 years of age D.4 years of age

B.2 years of age

Noelany is a 12-month-old infant. When will she likely learn that she is a girl? A.18 months of age B.2 years of age C.3 years of age D.4 years of age

B.2 years of age

Donald hears two stories from his teacher. In the first story, a moral transgression was described as occurring between siblings. In the second story, the same transgression was described as occurring between more casual acquaintances. How is Donald likely to respond to the stories? A.Care-based reasoning will be most prominent in his responding to both stories. B.Care-based reasoning will be more prominent in his responding to the sibling story than the acquaintance story. C.Justice-oriented reasoning will be more prominent in his responding to the sibling story than the acquaintance story. D.Justice-oriented reasoning will be most prominent in his responding to both stories.

B.Care-based reasoning will be more prominent in his responding to the sibling story than the acquaintance story.

Which of the following statements is true of children's biases? A.Children did not find judgments about exclusion from activities based on either ethnicity or gender to be morally inappropriate. B.Children find exclusion from activities based on ethnicity to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on gender. C.Children find exclusion from activities based on gender to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on ethnicity. D.Children find judgments about exclusion from activities based on both ethnicity and gender to be equally high in moral inappropriateness.

B.Children find exclusion from activities based on ethnicity to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on gender.

Dillon is a bully and John is one of his victims. Which of the following statements is most likely? A.Both Dillon and John have low self-esteem. B.Dillon has a higher level of self-esteem than John. C.John has a higher level of self-esteem than Dillon. D.Both Dillon and John have high self-esteem.

B.Dillon has a higher level of self-esteem than John.

________ self is our sense of ourselves as progressing along an autobiographical timeline. A.Conceptual B.Extended C.Protracted D.Temporal

B.Extended

Which of the following statements is correct about gaze following? A.Human infants and great apes are both more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head as a whole. B.Human infants are more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head. C.Great apes are more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head. D.Human infants and great apes are both more likely to follow the direction of the head as a whole than the direction of gaze.

B.Human infants are more likely to follow the direction of gaze than direction of the head.

Jayden is 5 years old, and his brother, Zach, is 10 years old. Both boys are told a story about a child who was very fearful. When asked what the protagonist of the story would be like as an adult: A.both boys will believe the protagonist of the story will become even more fearful B.Jayden will expect more positive change for the protagonist than would Zach C.Zach will expect more positive change for the protagonist than would Jayden D.both boys will believe the protagonist of the story will become extremely brave

B.Jayden will expect more positive change for the protagonist than would Zach

Jim commonly discusses science problems with his teenage son and daughter. Which of the following is most likely in the context of these conversations? A.Jim will refrain from using cognitively demanding speech with either of his children. B.Jim will use more cognitively demanding speech with his son. C.Jim will use more cognitively demanding speech with his daughter. D.Jim will use an equally high level of cognitively demanding speech with both of his children.

B.Jim will use more cognitively demanding speech with his son.

Mei is a 5-year-old growing up in Japan. She and her mother hear a story about a young girl who is very aggressive. What are Mei and her mother most likely to think will happen to the protagonist when she grows up? A.Both will believe the protagonist of the story will become even meaner. B.Mei is more likely than her mother to expect positive change for the protagonist. C.Her mother is more likely than Mei to expect positive change for the protagonist. D.Both will believe the protagonist of the story will become nice.

B.Mei is more likely than her mother to expect positive change for the protagonist.

Jamal is a 3-year-old who participates in the false photograph task with his cousin Daniel, who is 5 years old. Each child is shown a camera on a tripod with a stuffed bear in front of it. The experimenter takes a picture with the camera. After doing this, she replaces the stuffed bear with a stuffed dog. She then asks each child to note what animal was in the photograph. What is the most likely outcome? A.Both boys will say the stuffed bear. B.Only Jamal will say the stuffed bear. C.Only Daniel will say the stuffed dog. D.Both boys will say the stuffed dog.

B.Only Jamal will say the stuffed bear.

amal is a 3-year-old who participates in the false photograph task with his cousin Daniel, who is 5 years old. Each child is shown a camera on a tripod with a stuffed bear in front of it. The experimenter takes a picture with the camera. After doing this, she replaces the stuffed bear with a stuffed dog. She then asks each child to note what animal was in the photograph. What is the most likely outcome? A.Both boys will say the stuffed bear. B.Only Jamal will say the stuffed bear. C.Only Daniel will say the stuffed dog. D.Both boys will say the stuffed dog.

B.Only Jamal will say the stuffed bear.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the portrayal of prosocial behavior in children's television programming? A.Prosocial behavior is rarely seen in either education-oriented or entertainment-oriented children's programming. B.Prosocial behavior is more common in education-oriented programming. C.Prosocial behavior is more common in entertainment-oriented programming. D.Prosocial behavior is equally common in education-oriented and entertainment-oriented children's programming.

B.Prosocial behavior is more common in education-oriented programming.

________ refers to people's beliefs about how capable they are of achieving their goals. A.Self-determination B.Self-efficacy C.Self-esteem D.Self-evaluation

B.Self-efficacy

Which of the following statements is true? A.Self-efficacy and self-esteem both have a moment-to-moment quality. B.Self-efficacy has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-esteem. C.Self-esteem has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-efficacy. D.Self-efficacy and self-esteem are both extremely stable.

B.Self-efficacy has more of a moment-to-moment quality than self-esteem.

Susie is in preschool and her sister, Stacy, is in fourth grade. Which outcome is most likely? A.Both Susie and Stacy have extremely positive views of self-esteem on all dimensions. B.Susie will have extremely positive views of self-esteem and Stacy will see clear negative attributes in the self. C.Stacy will have extremely positive views of self-esteem and Susie will see clear negative attributes in the self. D.Both Susie and Stacy see positive and also negative attributes in the self.

B.Susie will have extremely positive views of self-esteem and Stacy will see clear negative attributes in the self.

Bao is a 10-year-old boy growing up in China and Bradley is a 10-year-old boy growing up in the United States. Both boys have mothers who demonstrate what would be considered an authoritarian parenting style. What is the most likely outcome? A.This type of parenting style will be associated with positive outcomes for both boys. B.This type of parenting style will be associated with more positive outcomes for Bao compared to Bradley. C.This type of parenting style will be associated with more positive outcomes for Bradley compared to Bao. D.This type of parenting style will be associated with negative outcomes for both boys.

B.This type of parenting style will be associated with more positive outcomes for Bao compared to Bradley.

Tressa, Linda, and Rosemary are mothers who make very little money. Tressa is single, Linda is unmarried and living with a partner, and Rosemary is married. What is the most likely outcome? A.All three women are likely to show equal levels of mental and physical illness. B.Tressa will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness. C.Linda will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness. D.Rosemary will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness.

B.Tressa will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness.

Vicki just turned 3 and her sister, Gail, just turned 5. Both participate in an unexpected locations task. The researcher tells them about a girl who puts an object in a covered basket. When she leaves the room a boy moves the object from the basket to a covered box and then leaves the room. The researcher asks Vicki and Gail where the girl will look for the object when she returns to the room. What is the most likely outcome? A.Both children will say the girl will look in the basket. B.Vicki will say the girl will look in the box and Gail will say the girl will look in the basket. C.Gail will say the girl will look in the box and Vicki will say the girl will look in the basket. D.Both children will say the girl will look in the box.

B.Vicki will say the girl will look in the box and Gail will say the girl will look in the basket.

Justine is about to eat her sandwich at lunch. She realizes that the new girl at school did not bring lunch. Justine gives the girl her sandwich and just eats her apple for lunch. This is an illustration of: A.adaptive challenge B.altruism C.care-based reasoning D.emotional understanding

B.altruism

Low levels of arousal: A.are not associated with adult criminality B.are associated with increased adult criminality C.are associated with decreased adult criminality D.are associated with increased prosocial behavior

B.are associated with increased adult criminality

The fundamental attribution error leads people to: A.attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to situations B.attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations C.attribute negative behaviors in others to situations but the same behavior in themselves to trait-like dispositions D.attribute negative behaviors in others and themselves to trait-like dispositions

B.attribute negative behaviors in others to trait-like dispositions but the same behavior in themselves to situations

What parenting style is associated with the best developmental outcomes? A.authoritarian B.authoritative C.involved D.permissive

B.authoritative

Individuals with ________ have theory of mind deficits. A.anorexia B.autism C.bipolar disorder D.bulimia

B.autism

All of the following statements are true of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) EXCEPT: A.CAH is an inherited adrenal gland disorder that influences exposure to hormones in utero B.boys born with CAH show increased preferences for playing with gender-atypical toys C.girls born with CAH show increased preferences for playing with gender-atypical toys D.parents may respond differently to children with CAH because they notice differences in their genitalia

B.boys born with CAH show increased preferences for playing with gender-atypical toys

According to the ________ approach, the child evaluates the situation and the actors and takes into account culturally specific meanings in order to construct an interpretation specific to the context. A.collectivist B.constructivist C.conventional D.individualist

B.constructivist

All of the following statements are true of peer interactions through the elementary school years EXCEPT: A.peer group sizes increase B.cross-sex interaction increases C.children show a decline in pretend play D.the use of physical aggression in conflicts increases

B.cross-sex interaction increases

Miguel has started to make social comparisons, but only by comparing his current self to what he was like at a younger age. Miguel is likely in: A.preschool B.early school years C.middle childhood D.adolescence

B.early school years

At what point in development do children shift markedly toward interacting with peers of their own sex? A.preschool B.elementary school C.middle school D.high school

B.elementary school

When rat mothers lick their offspring more, that increased care can turn on gene pathways that produce more neurotransmitters involved in reducing anxiety. This is an example of a(n): A.child effect B.epigenetic effect C.inducible effect D.parent effect

B.epigenetic effect

Less sensitive parenting is more likely when mothers experience stress and their genes trigger lower levels of all of the following EXCEPT: A.dopamine B.estrogen C.oxytocin D.serotonin

B.estrogen

Development of the ________ self in the preschool years may be an important factor in explaining the point at which infantile amnesia declines. A.conceptual B.extended C.memorial D.temporal

B.extended

Mitch thinks of his past accomplishments and what he believes he can attain in the future. This illustrates his ________ self. A.conceptual B.extended C.ideal D.temporal

B.extended

Marshall is a 10-year-old with autism. He will likely: A.fail both false-belief and false-photograph tasks B.fail false-belief tasks and pass false-photograph tasks C.fail false-photograph tasks and pass false-belief tasks D.pass both false-belief and false-photograph tasks

B.fail false-belief tasks and pass false-photograph tasks

All of the following factors are associated with greater likelihood of copying a model's behavior EXCEPT: A.respect for the model B.fear of the model C.model's actions are clear D.model frequently performs actions

B.fear of the model

The perception of the self as a girl or boy is referred to as: A.gender distinctiveness B.gender identity C.gender object choice D.gender roles

B.gender identity

All of the following are risk factors for being the victim of peer aggression EXCEPT: A.aggressiveness B.having popular friends C.short stature D.submissiveness

B.having popular friends

All of the following are moral modules considered by Haidt and Joseph EXCEPT: A.adaptive challenge B.immanent justice C.proper domain D.relevant virtues

B.immanent justice

Primates tend to show more sophisticated forms of social cognition when they are: A.in the presence of a predator B.in competitive situations C.in cooperative situations D.with their offspring

B.in competitive situations

Gilligan proposed a three-stage sequence of moral development: A.in which females and males progress at the same rate B.in which females tend to progress more rapidly than males C.in which males tend to progress more rapidly than females D.which applies only to males and not females

B.in which females tend to progress more rapidly than males

In the United States, recent changes in family structure include all the following EXCEPT: A.increases in single-parent families B.increases in families with young teen mothers C.increase in families with same-sex partners D.increase in families in which parents divorce

B.increases in families with young teen mothers

All of the following are findings of Gershoff's meta-analysis EXCEPT: A.physical punishment is associated with more immediate compliance B.physical punishment is associated with more internalization of morals C.physical punishment is associated with poorer mental health D.physical punishment is associated with greater likelihood of suffering physical abuse

B.physical punishment is associated with more internalization of morals

According to Piaget, children progress through the stages of moral reasoning in the following order: A.premoral, autonomous, heteronomous B.premoral, heteronomous, autonomous C.autonomous, heteronomous, and postmoral D.heteronomous, autonomous, and postmoral

B.premoral, heteronomous, autonomous

Myra walks up to a group of girls. The group of girls turns up their noses and says Myra cannot play. According to your textbook, this type of behavior is known as ________ aggression. A.exclusional B.relational C.social D.verbal

B.relational

All of the following statements about dominance hierarchies are true EXCEPT: A.dominance hierarchies in children's groups tend to resemble those of many other species B.subordinate members tend to aggress toward individuals of all status levels C.dominant members only rarely have to show aggression to assert their higher position D.preschoolers are not consciously aware of their own status in the hierarchy

B.subordinate members tend to aggress toward individuals of all status levels

All of the following statements are true of children who grow up in gay and lesbian families EXCEPT: A.these children show normal cognitive development B.these children have higher than typical levels of behavior problems C.these children show the same profiles of sexual preferences and gender identities D.these children may have more negative experiences associated with others' homophobia and stigmatizing of their parents

B.these children have higher than typical levels of behavior problems

All of the following statements are true about controversial children EXCEPT: A.they are seen as sociable and as leaders but are also more likely to be seen as aggressive and arrogant B.they seem to have as many negative developmental outcomes as do children who are classified as rejected C.the classification of being a controversial child shows less stability over time than being either rejected or popular D.they may become more popular with peers who value rebelliousness during adolescence

B.they seem to have as many negative developmental outcomes as do children who are classified as rejected

The philosopher Rousseau believed that: A.young children are inherently antisocial B.young children are inherently good C.society socializes young children to be good D.society has no effect on young children's moral development

B.young children are inherently good

Zev has a math test the next day. He believes that he can successfully complete his exam. This belief demonstrates high: A.self-comparison B.self-determination C.self-efficacy D.self-esteem

C.self-efficacy

According to your textbook, what is the percentage of children who have been bullied? A.1 percent B.5 percent C.10 percent D.25 percent

C.10 percent

Samantha is an elementary school student. Students her age typically spend ________ hour(s) each day watching television. A.1 B.2 C.4 D.5

C.4

Anjali is a 10-year-old girl whose parents would be classified as authoritarian parents. What is the most likely outcome for Anjali? A.Anjali will show more hostility than her peers. B.Anjali will show immature behavior. C.Anjali will set lower goals for achievement. D.Anjali will be self-reliant and self-controlled.

C.Anjali will set lower goals for achievement.

________ refers to the ability to hold off engaging in an action that will bring a desired result. A.Delay of antisocial behavior B.Delay of fulfillment C.Delay of gratification D.Delay of prosocial behavior

C.Delay of gratification

Maxwell is 3, Dylan is 5, and Jeff is 10 years old. Who is most likely to insist that firefighters can only be men, even if they have seen female firefighters? A.All three boys are equally likely to do so. B.Maxwell C.Dylan D.Jeff

C.Dylan

Jimmy is 5 years old and his brother, Fred, is 11 years old. A friend is visiting and accidentally breaks their mother's favorite vase while playing. Which most likely describes the brothers' reaction? A.Both boys are most likely to judge their friend's culpability based on the act's consequences. B.Jimmy is more likely to judge his friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions. C.Fred is more likely to judge his friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions. D.Both boys are most likely to judge their friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions.

C.Fred is more likely to judge his friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions.

Family size varies as a function of race. In the United States, which ethnicity is associated with the largest average household size? A.Asian-American B.Black/African-American C.Hispanic/Latino D.white/European-American

C.Hispanic/Latino

________ theory argues that younger children often focus on one dimension of a problem while older children are capable of considering several dimensions at once. A.Assimilation B.Cognitive developmental C.Information integration D.Instrumental

C.Information integration

All of the following are considered individualist cultures EXCEPT: A.Canada B.France C.Japan D.United States

C.Japan

Julia was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and her sister Bethany was born without this condition. Which is the most likely outcome? A.Both girls will have similar toy preferences. B.Bethany will be more likely than Julia to play with gender-atypical toys. C.Julia will be more likely to prefer occupations involving "things" (for example, pilot) than Bethany. D.Julia will be more likely to prefer occupations involving "people" (for example, teacher) than Bethany.

C.Julia will be more likely to prefer occupations involving "things" (for example, pilot) than Bethany.

Julie, age 6, and Meagan, age 11, participated in a novel jobs task. They were presented with two novel jobs: clipster and ziver. The clipster job was explained as one with all male workers and the ziver job was explained as one with all female workers. What is the most likely outcome? A.Both Julie and Meagan would view the clipster as a lower status job. B.Julie would judge the clipster as a lower status job than would Meagan. C.Meagan would judge the ziver as a lower status job than would Julie. D.Both Julie and Meagan would view the ziver as a lower status job.

C.Meagan would judge the ziver as a lower status job than would Julie.

Bridget and Monika are both European-American mothers. Bridget uses color-blind language when discussing individuals of different racial backgrounds with her children. Monika also uses color-blind language and has many more non-European-American friends than Bridget. Which of the following is most likely? A.Both Bridget and Monika's children will demonstrate low racial bias. B.Bridget's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Monika's children. C.Monika's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Bridget's children. D.Both Bridget and Monika's children will demonstrate high racial bias.

C.Monika's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Bridget's children.

________ refers to the ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate. A.Parenting effects B.Parenting patterns C.Parenting styles D.Parenting systems

C.Parenting styles

Maxwell is 4 years old and his brother, Samuel, is 9 years old. Their mother tells them that they can watch 10 minutes of television right now or wait and watch an hour at bedtime. What is the most likely outcome? A.Both children will choose to watch television for 10 minutes immediately. B.Maxwell is more likely to wait and watch an hour of television compared to Samuel. C.Samuel is more likely to wait and watch an hour of television compared to Maxwell. D.Both children will choose to wait and watch an hour of television at bedtime.

C.Samuel is more likely to wait and watch an hour of television compared to Maxwell.

Sapphire is 5 years old and her sister, Marsha, is 10 years old. Which of the following is most likely? A.Both girls will primarily rely on trait-based reasoning. B.Sapphire will be more likely than Marsha to rely on trait-based reasoning. C.Sapphire will be more likely than Marsha to rely on evaluative reasoning. D.Both girls will primarily rely on evaluative reasoning.

C.Sapphire will be more likely than Marsha to rely on evaluative reasoning.

________ refers to a conscious sense of self as an independent agent in the world. A.Conceptual self B.Sense of self-determination C.Self-concept D.Reflective self

C.Self-concept

Which of the following statements is true about the prevalence and patterns of child abuse in the United States? A.Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect are equally common. B.Physical abuse is the most common form of abuse. C.Sexual abuse is the most common form of abuse. D.Neglect is the most common form of abuse.

D.Neglect is the most common form of abuse.

Gracie is an adult who interacts with Mason, a compliant and cooperative boy, and Jimmy, a resistant and noncooperative boy. She completes a puzzle with each boy. What is the most likely outcome? A.She is likely to have adopted an authoritarian style when completing the puzzles with both boys. B.She is more likely to adopt an authoritarian style when completing the puzzle with Mason. C.She is more likely to adopt an authoritarian style when completing the puzzle with Jimmy. D.She is unlikely to have adopted an authoritarian style when completing the puzzles with either boy.

C.She is more likely to adopt an authoritarian style when completing the puzzle with Jimmy.

Margaret Mead studied the development of magical thinking in traditional people in Papua New Guinea. She found that: A.children and adults commonly invoked magical thinking to explain events B.children were more likely than adults to invoke magical thinking C.adults were more likely than children to invoke magical thinking D.children and adults rarely invoked magical thinking to explain events

C.adults were more likely than children to invoke magical thinking

Ricki is very warm toward his son, but he also has high standards for his son to follow. What type of parent is Ricki? A.assertive B.authoritarian C.authoritative D.permissive

C.authoritative

All of the following are factors associated with greater use of physical punishment EXCEPT: A.being male B.being a single parent C.being high in socioeconomic status D.following a fundamentalist religion

C.being high in socioeconomic status

George was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life. George says it is wrong to steal the drug because stealing is against the law. What level of moral development best describes George? A.premoral B.preconventional morality C.conventional morality D.postconventional morality

C.conventional morality

Eisenberg proposed stages of reasoning about altruism. These stages consist of all of the following EXCEPT: A.appealing to internalized principles B.concern with immediate self-interest C.experiencing compassionate consideration D.seeking the approval of others

C.experiencing compassionate consideration

All of the following statements about gender identity are true EXCEPT: A.children first learn their own gender category around 2 years of age B.a sense of a deeper essential nature of gender—that there is something intrinsic determining gender—emerges at around 4 years of age C.gender identity and gender roles develop simultaneously as one integrated complex D.there are some indications that children have a biologically determined sense of their sex

C.gender identity and gender roles develop simultaneously as one integrated complex

All of the following are true of sex differences in the links between stepparenting and children's development EXCEPT: A.boys seem to benefit from the presence of a new father figure B.adolescent girls often seem to have an increase in problems with the arrival of a new father figure C.girls but not boys seem to have more difficult relationships with stepmothers than stepfathers D.both boys and girls may resent it when a new stepparent suddenly becomes the more dominant parenting figure

C.girls but not boys seem to have more difficult relationships with stepmothers than stepfathers

Kayla failed her statistics exam. She believes this was a result of her not having studied enough. She believes that she can do better on the next exam if she studies. Kayla would be a(n): A.fixed-trait theorist B.fundamental theorist C.incremental theorist D.situational theorist

C.incremental theorist

Marianne drops her keys on the floor and unsuccessfully reaches for them. Her son, Diego, sees that his mother needs help reaching her keys. Diego tries to help his mother even though there are not obvious benefits to him. This illustrates ________ helping. A.constructivist B.empathetic C.instrumental D.social intuitional

C.instrumental

Claudell is a 2-year-old who is being videotaped by her mother and is able to see the video display. Claudell notices that the person on the video display moves in a way that is synchronous with her movements. This illustrates a(n) ________ self-concept. A.dynamic B.ecological C.kinesthetic D.reciprocal

C.kinesthetic

Dr. Fitch believes that there is no reason to consider moral thought because moral thoughts are largely afterthoughts, which occur after we commit a moral action. Dr. Fitch is likely a ________ theorist. A.cognitive B.ethological C.learning D.psychodynamic

C.learning

Leo has a strong "gut feeling" about what is morally right and wrong in a particular situation but is unable to justify those feelings with higher-order reasoning. This phenomenon is referred to as: A.moral confounding B.moral dilemmas C.moral dumbfounding D.moral intuition

C.moral dumbfounding

Genetic factors are: A.unlikely to influence the emergence of either social or physical aggression B.more likely to influence the emergence of social aggression C.more likely to influence the emergence of physical aggression D.equally likely to influence the emergence of social and physical aggression

C.more likely to influence the emergence of physical aggression

Xavier takes Kaydon's book away from him because he wants it. This illustrates: A.acquisitive aggression B.preemptive aggression C.proactive aggression D.reactive aggression

C.proactive aggression

Maddy sees the new girl at school sitting alone. Maddy approaches her and invites her to join Maddy's group for lunch. According to your textbook, what term would researchers use to describe this interaction? A.compassionate B.empathetic C.prosocial D.voluntary

C.prosocial

Research suggests that: A.punishment delivered early is more effective for dogs but not children B.punishment delivered early is more effective for children but not dogs C.punishment delivered early is more effective for both children and dogs D.punishment delivered late is more effective for children and dogs

C.punishment delivered early is more effective for both children and dogs

Tracy is a swimmer. She is happy when her opponent slips and injures herself while getting out of the pool. This illustrates: A.anti-empathy B.scadohohn C.schadenfreude D.reverse-empathy

C.schadenfreude

Bradley was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life. Bradley says that it is acceptable to steal the drug because a nice person does not let his wife die. What stage of moral development best describes Bradley? A.stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation B.stage 2: instrumental-relativist orientation C.stage 3: "good boy/good girl" orientation D.stage 4: law and order orientation

C.stage 3: "good boy/good girl" orientation

All of the following statements are true of researchers who have proposed the existence of a theory of mind module EXCEPT: A.the ability to reason about the mental states of others is a special cognitive adaptation B.it is evolutionarily advantageous to be able to reason about the mental states of others C.the ability to reason about the mental states of others arises out of learning about the social world D.part of the human cognitive makeup consists of specialized, autonomous systems for processing distinct kinds of information

C.the ability to reason about the mental states of others arises out of learning about the social world

All of the following statements are true of researchers who have proposed the existence of a theory of mind module EXCEPT: A.the ability to reason about the mental states of others is a special cognitive adaptation B.it is evolutionarily advantageous to be able to reason about the mental states of others C.the ability to reason about the mental states of others arises out of learning about the social world D.part of the human cognitive makeup consists of specialized, autonomous systems for processing distinct kinds of information

C.the ability to reason about the mental states of others arises out of learning about the social world

All of the following statements are true about the incidence of divorce EXCEPT: A.the incidence of divorce rose from the 1950s and peaked in the 1980s B.approximately 40 percent of all children in the United States will experience a divorce and a transition to a single-parent family C.there are increasingly higher divorce rates among those with more years of education D.in the United States, the highest divorce rates occur for non-Hispanic whites

C.there are increasingly higher divorce rates among those with more years of education

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A.several primate species maintain elaborate dominance hierarchies, or networks of relations based on the ranking of group members B.the structure of hierarchies often involves a single powerful individual at the top and increasingly large groups of subordinates as status decreases C.when new members join a primate group, they are often unable to infer the hierarchy of relationships from observing interactions D.primates can be sensitively tuned to the social dominance relations in their group, but also show major deficiencies in other theory of mind tasks

C.when new members join a primate group, they are often unable to infer the hierarchy of relationships from observing interactions

All of the following were presented as a critique of Kohlberg's theory EXCEPT: A.it is not clear how each stage logically forms the basis for the next one B.the theory may be gender biased as Kohlberg based his model on data collected from middle-class boys C.young children may have had difficulty with Kohlberg's tasks asking them to consider rules typical of most games D.researchers have found that different cultures show different proportions of the population having reached higher moral levels

C.young children may have had difficulty with Kohlberg's tasks asking them to consider rules typical of most games

________ is the term used to describe the ability to adjust or recover from adverse events or situations. A.Adaptability B.Malleability C.Plasticity D.Resilience

D.Resilience

________ refers to our ability to control our emotions and actions and behave in ways that are appropriate for various circumstances. A.Self-determination B.Self-directance C.Self-guidance D.Self-regulation

D.Self-regulation

Dr. Hart studies adults' self-regulation abilities. Dr. Spence studies preschoolers' self-regulation abilities. They both work in the same laboratory, which has a mirrored wall. How will this affect their work? A.Neither Dr. Hart's nor Dr. Spence's participants will be affected by the presence of the mirrored wall. B.Only Dr. Hart's adult participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall. C.Only Dr. Spence's child participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall. D.Both Dr. Hart's and Dr. Spence's participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall.

D.Both Dr. Hart's and Dr. Spence's participants will show increased self-awareness and higher levels of self-regulation as a result of the mirrored wall.

Glenn is a 15-month-old infant. His mother puts a dab of rouge on his face and puts him in front of the mirror. Which is the LEAST likely outcome? A.Glenn ignores the dot on his face. B.Glenn touches the mirror image as if it were an "other child." C.Glenn points to the dot on the mirror image. D.Glenn wipes off the dot from his face.

D.Glenn wipes off the dot from his face.

Maya and Jennifer are 12-year-olds. Maya's parents were in their 40s when they had her, and Jennifer's parents were in their 20s when they had her. What is the LEAST likely outcome? A.Maya's parents will experience greater economic security than Jennifer's parents. B.Maya's parents will interact with her in more verbally sophisticated ways than will Jennifer's parents. C.Maya's parents will have a more stable marriage and developed social network than Jennifer's parents. D.Maya will report that she identifies more with her parents than does Jennifer.

D.Maya will report that she identifies more with her parents than does Jennifer

Maya and Jennifer are 12-year-olds. Maya's parents were in their 40s when they had her, and Jennifer's parents were in their 20s when they had her. What is the LEAST likely outcome? A.Maya's parents will experience greater economic security than Jennifer's parents. B.Maya's parents will interact with her in more verbally sophisticated ways than will Jennifer's parents. C.Maya's parents will have a more stable marriage and developed social network than Jennifer's parents. D.Maya will report that she identifies more with her parents than does Jennifer.

D.Maya will report that she identifies more with her parents than does Jennifer.

________ refers to the various ways individuals think about themselves and have distinct kinds of self-awareness. A.Conceptual self B.Private self C.Self-concept D.Sense of self

D.Sense of self

Don is the parent of an infant daughter. He is considering buying her a DVD designed to teach infants and help them develop advanced word knowledge. Based on the research, what should he do to best aid his daughter's cognitive development during the first two years of life? A.Purchase DVDs specially designed for infants with an education focus. B.Purchase DVDs specially designed for infants with an entertainment-oriented focus. C.Let her watch public television shows like Barney. D.Turn off the television and talk to his daughter.

D.Turn off the television and talk to his daughter.

Many parenting interventions are based on the belief that: A.authoritarian parenting is best for children in these families B.authoritarian parenting is best for parents in these families C.authoritarian parenting is best for both the children and parents in these families D.authoritarian parenting is not best for either the children or parents in these families

D.authoritarian parenting is not best for either the children or parents in these families

Researchers assigned children who showed intrinsic interest in drawing to three distinct groups and used a common assessment to determine the percentage of time that children later chose to play with the art materials that they had played with during the experimental session. These researchers found: A.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials more than they had at the outset B.children in the unexpected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset C.children in the no-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

Researchers assigned children who showed intrinsic interest in drawing to three distinct groups and used a common assessment to determine the percentage of time that children later chose to play with the art materials that they had played with during the experimental session. These researchers found: A.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials more than they had at the outset B.children in the unexpected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset C.children in the no-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

Researchers assigned children who showed intrinsic interest in drawing to three distinct groups and used a common assessment to determine the percentage of time that children later chose to play with the art materials that they had played with during the experimental session. These researchers found: A.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials more than they had at the outset B.children in the unexpected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset C.children in the no-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

D.children in the expected-reward condition played with the art materials less than they had at the outset

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT: A.children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly transgress in ways that impinge on other's rights B.children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly act in ways that violate social norms C.children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show a callous insensitivity in social interactions D.children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show early antisocial behavior but the incidence of this behavior rapidly decreases with development

D.children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show early antisocial behavior but the incidence of this behavior rapidly decreases with development

All of the following statements are true of social interactions in the preschool years EXCEPT: A.preschoolers show considerably richer and more varied repertoires in their social interactions than do infants B.preschoolers show genuine instances of cooperative exchange C.pretend play starts to emerge and preschoolers engage in playacting imagined episodes D.conflict between peers is extremely rare in the preschool years

D.conflict between peers is extremely rare in the preschool years

All of the following are claims made by cultural psychologists EXCEPT: A.children are neither intrinsically good nor bad B.culture influences various aspects of morality C.different cultural groups have dramatically different patterns of moral reasoning D.despite cultural variations, there is a single dominant moral belief system

D.despite cultural variations, there is a single dominant moral belief system

All of the following are claims made by cultural psychologists EXCEPT: A.children are neither intrinsically good nor bad B.culture influences various aspects of morality C.different cultural groups have dramatically different patterns of moral reasoning D.despite cultural variations, there is a single dominant moral belief system

D.despite cultural variations, there is a single dominant moral belief system

All of the following statements are true of the evolutionary view of morality EXCEPT: A.evolutionary psychologists believe that empathy provided a selective advantage for our ancestors B.evolutionary psychologists believe that aggressive or self-protective behaviors can promote an individual's survival C.evolutionary psychologists believe that some aspects of morality are universal because all humans share biologically based core morals D.evolutionary psychologists believe that young children have inherent moral natures and are born good or bad

D.evolutionary psychologists believe that young children have inherent moral natures and are born good or bad

Children with imaginary companions tend to have somewhat: A.lower levels of some cognitive and social skills B.lower levels of some cognitive skills and higher levels of some social skills C.higher levels of some cognitive skills and lower levels of some social skills D.higher levels of some cognitive and social skills

D.higher levels of some cognitive and social skills

Kim and Kari dislike one another. Each girl is equally hostile and aggressive toward the other and considers each to be the other's enemy. This illustrates a(n): A.bully-victim relationship B.controversial relationship C.hostile relationship D.inimical relationship

D.inimical relationship

Gilligan emphasized all of the following in her theory EXCEPT: A.care B.concern C.empathy D.justice

D.justice

Some researchers believe that theory of mind develops as a(n) ________, or a relatively autonomous, specialized cognitive system. A.attribution B.component C.faculty D.module

D.module

Older siblings influence younger siblings' gender role qualities: A.to the same extent as do parents B.less than parents do C.more than parents in only same-sex sibling pairs D.more than parents in both same-sex and mixed-sex sibling pairs

D.more than parents in both same-sex and mixed-sex sibling pairs

All of the following statements about social networking sites are true EXCEPT: A.many social network sites like Facebook officially prohibit users younger than 14 or 13 years of age B.some estimates suggest that almost 40 percent of 9-12-year-olds use Facebook C.some children and adolescents may use social network sites to create role-playing groups D.most parents carefully monitor their children's activities on social networks

D.most parents carefully monitor their children's activities on social networks

Joy lives with her mother, father, brother, and sister. These individuals represent her ________ family. A.ecological B.extended C.immediate D.nuclear

D.nuclear

Stacy shows her child a great deal of warmth. She responds to her child's needs and changing emotions. Stacy is high on which component of parenting? A.encouragement B.engagement C.monitoring D.nurturance

D.nurturance

Sylvie cares a lot about her children and is very warm. She has few rules and her children decide what to eat and when to go to bed. What type of parent is Sylvie? A.accommodating B.authoritative C.lenient D.permissive

D.permissive

Danielle focuses on care for others as well as care for herself. When making moral decisions, she considers both factors. According to Gilligan, Danielle would be in which stage? A.premoral B.preconventional C.conventional D.post conventional

D.post conventional

Danielle focuses on care for others as well as care for herself. When making moral decisions, she considers both factors. According to Gilligan, Danielle would be in which stage? A.premoral B.preconventional C.conventional D.postconventional

D.post conventional

Mark was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life. Mark says it is acceptable for Heinz to steal the drug because he would not be able to live with himself if he let his wife die. What level of moral development best describes Mark? A.preconventional morality B.conventional morality C.formal operational morality D.post conventional morality

D.post conventional morality

Mark was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life. Mark says it is acceptable for Heinz to steal the drug because he would not be able to live with himself if he let his wife die. What level of moral development best describes Mark? A.preconventional morality B.conventional morality C.formal operational morality D.postconventional morality

D.postconventional morality

Meagan's dad is less friendly to her when she does not do things his way. Her dad will often stop talking to her until she does what he wants. Meagan's father is high on: A.affective control B.behavioral control C.manipulative control D.psychological control

D.psychological control

All of the following are forms of empathy EXCEPT: A.cognitive B.emotional C.motor D.social

D.social

Claire compares herself to other students in her swim class. She notices that she is better at front stroke than her classmates but slower at back stroke. This illustrates: A.inimical relating B.perspective-taking C.relational evaluation D.social comparison

D.social comparison

According to the ________ model of moral judgment, emotions like anger or contempt can be triggered automatically by perceived violations of norms and rights. A.affective dumbfounding B.constructivist C.personal morality D.social intuitionist

D.social intuitionist

Dr. Coie's research focuses on analyzing a group's internal structures and the particular position that an individual occupies in these structures. He is investigating ________ status. A.inimical B.popularity C.relational D.sociometric

D.sociometric

When television was introduced to a rural area of Fiji, researchers noticed an increase in: A.aggressive behaviors B.school test scores C.substance use D.symptoms of eating disorders

D.symptoms of eating disorders

One study examined three groups of poor children: children who entered foster care because of child maltreatment, children who endured maltreatment but remained at home, and those who were not maltreated or put into foster care. This study found: A.all three groups were equally likely to experience negative effects B.there was no difference between the two groups of maltreated children with both demonstrating high levels of behavior problems C.the group of maltreated children who remained at home demonstrated the highest level of behavior problems D.the group of maltreated children who entered foster care demonstrated the highest level of behavior problems

D.the group of maltreated children who entered foster care demonstrated the highest level of behavior problems

Gabriella displays low warmth in her relationship with her children. She has few rules for them and tends to focus on her own issues. What type of parent is Gabriella? A.authoritarian B.detached C.permissive D.uninvolved

D.uninvolved

Girls whose parents are ________ may show a greater tendency to join a deviant peer group. A.authoritarian B.authoritative C.permissive D.uninvolved

D.uninvolved