inquisitive chapter 5: gender

Nonbinary gender expression does not necessarily link with nonbinary identity

True

Which of the following are examples of sexual dimorphism?

-On average, men are taller than women. -On average, men are stronger than women.

Barney is a young boy who enjoys his relationship with his mother and father. People say that he looks like his mother and that his personality seems much like hers. Barney receives different messages from television, where he sees stories about men saving women, not emulating them. Through religious radio programs, Barney hears messages about what marriage, family, and a man's role should be. He also is influenced through playing with friends and listening to books read by his preschool teachers. Interactions in all of these areas are influential for Barney's gender socialization.

- playing with friends - books read bu his preschool teacher

In the early 1970s, among young adults ages 25 to 34, there were ______ women for every 100 men with college degrees. By 2019 this proportion shifted significantly: _____ women held college degrees for every 100 men. Currently, women account for about _____ of the PhD degrees awarded in the United States, though a gendered division into separate spheres still exists with respect to academic fields.

70; 116; half

Place each example in the correct context of gender socialization.

Cultural context: At the toy store, the "for girls" aisle is filled with dolls and family-oriented board games while the "for boys" aisle is filled with toy guns and battle games. Local context: On the playground at Green Elementary School, the third-grade girls play house near the school while the boys play tag on the lawn. Family: Shondra's aunt buys her a toy makeup kit for her 5th birthday.

In general, throughout history and across cultures, parents have usually favored having female children over having male children

False

Occupational gender segregation is likely due to both worker choices based on socialization and discrimination on the part of employers. Match each example to the appropriate cause: socialization or discrimination.

Socialization -Darrell's father taught him how to fix cars when he was growing up, and Darrell enjoyed this activity so much he decided to pursue engineering. -Amber decided to pursue psychology in college because her friends told her she is a good listener. Discrimination -When screening applications for new employees, Jaden preferred applicants with similar backgrounds and interests as he had. -As the head of the nursing wing, Candace preferred to hire new staff with a soft and comforting manner, including speaking at a low volume, a soft handshake, and a happy expression.

A woman recalled, "In 1969 I even started to wear trousers to work (as a social worker). At the time this was certainly frowned on, yet two years later social workers were roaming the inner city in torn jeans, gym shoes, and bra-less T-shirts." What concept does this anecdote exemplify?

Societal expectations placed on gender expression that changes overtime and across place.

Identify the true and false statements about androgynous parenting.

true statements: -Parents intentionally offer their children non-gendered activities, toys, and clothing. -Before the twentieth century, parents routinely dressed young children alike, without regard to gender. False statements: -Parents attempt to mask their own gender identities from their children. -Children who grow up without a strong gender identity function better in society than those who are parented according to strict gender roles.

Identify the examples of gender socialization.

-Tiffany teases her friend Patrick about wearing pink to school. -Alexandra is reprimanded for being too loud and told to act "like a lady." -Christopher knows that he is expected to have a strong handshake when meeting a job recruiter.

If asked to select the boy between these two babies, which baby would someone living in 1915 have chosen?

pink one

The Life and Times of the Slater Sisters is a new movie. Anne, Sheila, and Emily are three sisters in a family with no brothers. The movie follows their entire lives, including intense conflicts and conversations about careers and gender identities. While innovative in some ways, the film portrays each woman as thin and conventionally beautiful.

-Anne, Sheila, and Emily are three sisters -conversations about careers and gender identities

Identify the statements that help explain why the biggest reason for the disparity in men's and women's median earnings is that men and women tend to work in different jobs.

-Bias that favors men appears to keep male-dominated jobs at a higher pay rate than female-dominated jobs. -Laws prohibit employers from paying women differently than men for the same jobs.

Which of the following arguments are representative of feminist theory

-Gendered experiences of family life are shaped by race/ethnicity and social class. -Gender inequality is pervasive within family life. -Social interactions reinforce gender differences between men and women.

Identify the reasons why women have surpassed men in getting a college education.

-Girls may be naturally better at school than boys. -Parents now invest in both daughters and sons at the same level.

According to scholars who study masculinity, how can gender roles impact men differently than women?

-Men who do not fit gender expectations often receive the most discrimination. -Men are expected to live out more rigid gender roles.

Identify the examples of men and women "doing gender" in the family.

-On Saturdays, Michael usually mows the lawn and completes household repair tasks, while Shayna takes care of the laundry and household cleaning. -Carl and Maria attend Carl's work holiday party. Carl wears a suit and loafers and Maria wears a dress and heels.

Egan and Perry (2001) studied patterns in boys' and girls' activities by asking children to describe how well they do various activities. Their responses are represented in the graphs below. Which of the following conclusions can the authors reasonably draw from this study?

-There is considerable overlap between what boys and girls consider themselves good at. -Girls and boys rate themselves as being good at different types of activities. -Some girls like to fish or hunt, but in general this is a more typical preference for boys.

Identify the factors that contributed to the rise of women in the workplace starting in the early 1970s.

-World War II -educational expansion

Identify the reasons why young Black men in poor neighborhoods have lower high school graduation rates than young Black women in those same neighborhoods.

-Young Black men are not as highly monitored by their parents. -Young Black men have less supportive social networks.

Which of the following methods have parents used to select the sex of their children in the womb?

-in vitro fertilization -selective abortions

Which of the following individuals would be classified as intersex

-individuals who have both XY chromosomes and a condition in which they do not develop male external anatomy -individuals who develop ambiguous genitalia in response to a hormone disorder

How do sociologists working from the biological perspective seek to understand human behavior?

They apply the understandings of the biological underpinnings of sex differences to common family traits and practices today.

Dr. San showed the image of workers to a sample of 65 middle-school students. One student remarked, "It is impossible to perceive gender identity from such a simple drawing."Another said, "The man likely has back strain from performing a challenging task." Several students assumed that the man's job was higher status than the woman's.

assumed that the man's job was higher status than the woman's.

Mass media is a key source of socialization. Accordingly, researchers have been concerned with the tendency of media to present images of women and girls that focus on the _______ of their bodies rather than on other aspects of their lives and experiences. This is part of a pattern of defining women primarily in relation to _____.

body;men

Social processes often ______ sex differences between men and women. For example, popular images often show men as ______ than women, and some men and women even use ______ to enhance this image of ______.

exaggerate; larger; plastic surgery; difference

Research has found that there is less of a gap between boys' and girls' math test scores in countries that have greater ______. This suggests that even if there is a(n) ______ basis to math differences between boys and girls, most differences are due to ______ factors.

gender equality; genetic; social

Gender socialization is the process by which individuals _______ gender norms and incorporate them into their _______. This process can be difficult to identify because it occurs through both learning and _______, but it is often expressed as a(n) _______ part of one's identity.

internalize - personality - observation - natural

Which of the following is an example of gender socialization in schools?

jungle gym because she's wearing a dress.