INR 2002 Final
According to the World Bank, what proportion of the world's population had access to a mobile phone in 2013
2/3
International Law
A body of rules that binds states and other agents in world politics and is considered to have the status of law
What is transnational justice?
A change in international human rights law that places a greater emphasis on amnesty and reconciliation rather than punishment.
What was the "Battle of Seattle"?
A clash between protestors and police over the future of the World Trade Organization.
Group of 77
A coalition of developing countries in the UN, formed in 1964 with 77 members; it has grown to over 130 members but maintains the original name.
Which of the following countries would have the best geographical factors for economic development?
A country in a temperate climactic region
International Criminal Court (ICC)
A court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on the territory of a state party, or the UN Security Council has referred the case to the prosecutor.
Vienna Convention
A framework convention adopted in 1985 to regulate activities, especially emissions of CFCs, that damage the ozone layer.
What is Export-Oriented Industrialization?
A policy of promoting economic development by encouraging manufacturing for foreign consumption
What is Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI)
A policy of promoting industrialization in order to replace foreign goods with domestically produced goods.
What is Washington Consensus?
A set of policies advocated by developed countries that are intended to help less developed countries grow their economies
export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
A set of policies, originally pursued starting in the late 1960s by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies and incentives for export production.
import-substituting industrialization (ISI)
A set of policies, pursued by most developing countries from the 1930s through the 1980s, to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing, often through trade barriers, subsidies to manufacturing, and state ownership of basic industries.
Externalities
A side effect of an action that affects a third party other than the buyer or seller.
norms life cycle
A three-stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a "taken for granted" status.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, this declaration defines a "common standard of achievement for all peoples" and forms the foundation of modern human rights law.
Washington Consensus
An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
An international treaty, signed in 1968, that aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.
In general, what is the relationship between per-capita income and environmental performance?
As income increases, performance increases.
Commodity cartels
Associations of producers of commodities (raw materials and agricultural products) that restrict world supply and thereby cause the price of the goods to rise.
All of the following are primary good EXCEPT?
Automobiles
Which of the following can be considered a public good?
Basic public education
Why are the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) two separate documents?
Because during the Cold War the United States and its allies wanted human rights law focused on political and civil rights while the Soviet Union and its allies wanted human rights law focused on economic, social, and cultural rights.
Which of the following has NOT adopted Export-Oriented Industrialization
Brazil
Which of the following would be a policy consistent with Import Substituting Model (ISI)
Brazil places tariffs on cars made in the United States.
Which of the following is NOT an example of infrastructure
Businesses
What might have helped economic development in South Korea and Taiwan?
Competition with North Korea and China helped create national unity in both countries.
What is the clash between development and environmental protection?
Environmental protection makes development more difficult.
Which of the following illustrates the conflict between rich and poor countries' interests?
Ford does not increase worker training in Argentina, because wages will increase.
Which of the following would be a result of Import Substituting Model (ISI)
India became mostly self-sufficient in manufacturing the products in needed.
Foreign Aid is unlikely to solve poor countries' problems, since poor countries have been rejecting foreign donations.
False
The majority of the world's population lives in wealthy nations
False
Why do states typically follow international law?
Following it offers additional rewards of further cooperation.
______________ can be defined as the establishment and operation of social institutions capable of resolving conflicts, facilitating cooperation, or, more generally, alleviating collective action problems in a world of interdependent actors.
Global governance
public goods
Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share.
What is the "resource curse" ?
Having lucrative natural resources, which can hurt a country's economic development.
What makes an international law like the Geneva Conventions most effective?
Its wide acceptance by states around the world; it has been ratified by all 193 members of the United Nations.
In general, how has global income inequality changed since 1985?
Income in less equally distributed
In the context of human rights, what are TANs?
transnational advocacy networks
Prisoners of conscience
Individuals imprisoned because of their political, religious, or social beliefs
Which of the following countries does NOT currently possess nuclear weapons?
Iran
What does the Kyoto Protocol do?
It attempts to limit greenhouse-gas emissions by establishing a carbon-trading system that privatizes costs and eliminates externalities.
How has the United States participated in the Kyoto Protocol?
It has failed to ratify the treaty.
How has the number of intergovernmental organizations changed over time?
It has increased
How has the spread of information technology affected national sovereignty?
It has made it more difficult for governments to assert sovereignty and retain control of their populations
What is the significance of the Lima Accord?
It is the first time all nations, including the United States and China, agreed to cut greenhouse-gas emissions.
Why is the Responsibility to Protect significant?
It limits the sovereignty of states.
How has the United States reacted to the International Criminal Court?
It signed the treaty creating the court, but later withdrew its signature.
The idea that people are by nature free and equal and therefore possess certain basic rights that are not contingent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular society or government was first articulated by
John Locke.
Hard Law
Law that is enforceable and so establishes legally binding obligations
What group of actors advocated for a New International Economic Order?
Less developed countries
Why was the New International Economic Order proposed?
Less developed countries wanted to make international economic conditions more favorable for poor countries.
How do regional trade agreements influence human rights?
Many directly link good human rights practices to trade benefits.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was more successful at affecting the price of oil than other commodity cartels?
Members were able to strictly enforce compliance with the organization's policies.
How does democracy affect the likelihood that necessary public goods will be provided?
More representative institutions are likely to give more weight to public concerns about overall economic growth.
Which of the following is not a condition if nuclear deterrence is to succeed?
Nuclear powers must promise to only attack non-nuclear countries
How did the economic policies of poor countries change after 1914
Poor countries reduced previously high levels of trade protection and encouraged imports.
How do primary and secondary rules differ in the context of international law?
Primary rules regulate behavior while secondary rules produce the structure for making primary rules.
What are secure property rights?
Property owners can be confident that material goods will not be seized arbitrarily.
Why do rich countries sometimes promote policies that hurt less developed countries?
Rich countries often protect the interests of powerful domestic groups.
What is the relationship between democracy and develpment in South and North America?
Some equality in the economic system leads to more equal governance in the political system in North America, and this representation facilitated development-orientated institutions.
Countries in which people live on less than $1,000 a year are generally concentrated in what region of the world?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What does it mean to state that provisions of international law are "not self-executing"?
That the law's provisions do not become enforceable domestically until enacted in domestic law by the national legislature
What does it mean to state that provisions of international law are "not self-executing"?
That the law's provisions do not become enforceable domestically until enacted in domestic law by the national legislature.
Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunisia, doused himself in gasoline and set himself on fire in December 2010 to protest police harassment and unwittingly started
The Arab Spring
Why did countries abandon Import Substituting Industrialization model (ISI)
The International Monetary fund pressured indebted countries to educe trade protection and the government's role
International Bill of Rights
The UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR collectively. Together, these three agreements form the core of the international human rights regime
Which of the following accurately describes the relative economic and military power of the United States and China?
The United States and China have similarly sized economies, but the United States spends much more on its military than China.
What is NOT a reason that cooperation on ozone layer depletion has been relatively effective?
The United States has provided subsidies to nations who commit to reducing their CFC output.
Which document, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, defined a "common standard of achievement for all people" and is widely viewed as the foundation of modern human rights law?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The agreement, completed in 1966 and in force from 1976, that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations. The ICCPR and ICESCR together are known as the "twin covenants"
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The agreement, completed in 1966 and in force from 1976, that specifies the basic economic, social and cultural rights of individuals and nations. The ICCPR and ICESCR together are known as the "twin covenants"
What is one obstacle to international cooperation on climate change?
The costs of global warming are largely unknown.
Precision
The degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified. More precise rules narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation.
obligation
The degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule. High-obligation rules must be performed in good faith and, if breached, require reparations to the injured party.
Delegation
The degree to which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators, are given authority to implement, interpret, and apply international legal rules, to resolve disputes over the rules, or to make additional rules.
Which of the following is NOT likely to explain why a state takes action to protect human rights in another state?
The human rights violations have not reached the scale of genocide.
economic development
The improvement of living standards by economic growth.
Which statement best describes the success of international environmental cooperation?
The international community has addressed the hole in the ozone layer more successfully than it has addressed climate change.
What was one of the primary differences between North and South America that helped determine the difference in development?
The political institutions in North America tended to be more democratic than those in South America.
human rights
The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization.
Over the last 50 years, how has the growth in world exports compared to the growth in world GDP?
The volume of world exports has increased at a faster rate than world GDP.
How has human rights law evolved since the 1990s?
There is a greater focus on noncriminal and nonjudicial forms of reconciliation.
Why are countries reluctant to impose economic sanctions?
They are costly
Why are countries reluctant to impose economic sanctions?
They are costly.
How do common pool resources differ from public goods?
They are rival in consumption.
Globally, how have human rights practices changed over the last 20 years?
They have not changed noticeably.
Colonialism benefit the the later colonies because some colonial powers built important infrastructure in their colonies that later contributed to economic development.
True
The population of independent sub-Saharan African countries has always been poorer than the populations of South Korea and Taiwan
True
Zambia is an example of failed potential for economic development because it had substantial natural resources and a respected national leader, but its economy worsened instead of improving after independence
True
Responsibility to Protect
Unanimously adopted in a resolution by the UN General Assembly in 2005, this principle holds that the international community must help protect populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity.
Soft Law
Voluntarily adopted guidelines for corporate behavior derived from emerging norms and standards in international codes, declarations, and conventions.
What does history and theory suggest about the rise of a new major power like China?
War becomes more likely because the rising power seeks to change the status quo while the existing powers seek to prevent it.
Why are secure property rights important for economic development?
When property owners think their assets are secure they are more likely to invest in improvements to their land
International law is
a body of rules that binds states.
What is an externality?
a cost imposed on other actors by someone undertaking a particular action
What are nuclear powers asked to do under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?
assist non-nuclear states with peaceful energy programs
nonrival good
a good whose consumption by one person does not diminish its availability for others
A law that is high obligation, precise, and delegates enforcement to third parties tends to be
a hard law.
New International Economic Order
a list of demands by the Group of 77 to reform economic relations between the North and the South, that is, between the developed countries and the developing countries
boomerang model
a process through which NGOs in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments
Individual petition
a right that permits individuals to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights
Geneva Conventions
a series of international agreements that set rules for proper conduct toward sick and wounded enemy soldiers and the civilians who take care of them
International law norms are
a set of expectations for state behavior.
Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)
a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective
Global Leadership
a set of leadership capabilities required to function effectively in different cultures and the ability to cross language, social, economic, and political borders
Oligopoly
a situation in which a market or industry is dominated by a few firms
infrastructure
basic structures necessary for social activity, such as transportation and telecommunications networks, and power and water supply
The 2001 Doha Round of World Trade Organization talks broke down as a result of differences between developed and developing countries in all of the following areas EXCEPT
access to pharmaceuticals
When did the push for the international protection of human rights gain the most traction?
after World War II
United Nations framework convection on climate change (UNFCC)
agreements that has the objective to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system
peaceful engagement
alternative to military moves
Paris Agreement
an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020.
nonexcludable goods
can be consumed, even if they are not paid for
Which of the following is an example of a public good?
clean air
Overexploitation of natural resources tends to be a problem for what kind of good?
common good
What is not a cause to which people have rallied in opposition to economic globalization?
communication ideas
Kyoto Protocol
controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries
Less Developed Country (LDC)
countries at a relatively low level of economic development
The law of diplomatic immunity is an example of a(n)
customary international law.
The process of granting third parties like courts, arbitrators, mediators, or others the authority to implement, interpret, and apply rules, to resolve disputes over rules, or to make additional rules is usually referred to as
delegation.
What is not a dimension of international law?
durability
The US approach to addressing the rise of China over the past twenty years can best be described as a strategy of
engagement
rising powers
ex is china
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
from the Paris agreement, outlined what post-2020 climate actions they intended to take under the new international agreement
To date, China's trade relationship with the United States has
generated a massive trade surplus for China and a trade deficit for the United States.
common pool resources
goods that are available to everyone, such as open ocean fisheries; it is difficult to exclude anyone from using the common pool, but one user's consumption reduces the amount available for others
The most frequent and deadliest form of violence in global politics today is by
governments against their own citizens.
Which of the following is NOT normally a solution to the collective-action problem that plagues environmental questions in international relations?
grant one power the authority to make all decisions
Postwar Order
has four main components that include 1. The United Nations and other multilateral bodies 2. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank 3. The World Trade Organization and affiliated trade pacts 4. NATO and other military/security alliances
A treaty calling for states to create favorable conditions for trade is best described as
imprecise.
Norm Entrepreneurs
individuals and groups who seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors
Norms entrepreneurs tend to be
individuals.
Customary International Law
international law that usually develops slowly, over time, as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct
Customary international law
is a slow, evolving process.
The boomerang model
is an indirect way in which TANs can push their agenda.
If a state can voluntarily withdraw from the confines of international law, it is described as
low obligation.
Compliance constituencies
make international law more effective.
cap and trade system
market-based pollution control system in which the government sets an overall limit on how much of a pollutant is acceptable and issues vouchers to pollute to each company, which companies are then free to trade
foreign aid
money, food, or other resources given or lent by one country to another.
Nongovernmental organizations like Amnesty International play an important role in enforcing human rights standards around the world by
naming and shaming governments that violate human rights.
What is the primary mechanism for implementing international environmental agreements?
national laws and policies
What is a characteristic of a public good?
nonexcludability
Public goods are
nonexcludable and nonrival.
The overall relationship between income and environmental protection is
nonlinearly positive.
MAD theory is most closely associated with which of the following?
nuclear weapons
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons intended to kill or harm on a large scale
In which area has there been successful international effort to address a global environmental concern?
ozone depletion caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons
Montreal Protocol
phase out of ozone depleting substances.
What is not a type of international norms?
prescriptive
coercive disarmament
purposeful and strategic use of threats and incentives to influence the target's decision to retain a particular class or classes of weapons
primary products/goods
raw materials and agricultural products, typically unprocessed or only slightly processed. The primary sectors are distinguished from secondary sectors (industry) and teritary sectors (services)
What are nonderogable rights?
rights that can never be suspended
Tragedy of the Commons
situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community
What do the Ricardo-Viner and the Stolper-Samuelson models attempt to explain?
support for trade liberalization
What is a TAN?
transnational advocacy network
The Responsibility to Protect, the obligation of the international community to both prosecute crimes against humanity and protect at-risk populations through military means as necessary, was ratified by the UN Security Council in response to what international crisis?
the 1994 Rwandan genocide
Which of the following agreements permits individual petition to an international court?
the European Convention on Human Rights
What is extraterritoriality?
the attempt by a state to prosecute its citizens for human rights abuses in another country
Historically, which countries have been the largest polluters?
the developed states in Europe and North America
status quo
the existing state of affairs
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
terms of trade
the relationship between a country's export prices and its import prices
The International Campaign to Ban Landmines is best described as a(n)
transnational advocacy network.
protectionism
the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
What is an example of the coercive disarmament of weapons of mass destruction?
the threat of military invasion for developing chemical weapons
In general, what type of state most frequently ratifies human rights treaties?
those with poor human rights practices
Less developed countries generally
want to develop
What is democide?
when a government kills its own citizens