INR3102 Final

Neo-conservatives

"hawks" Individuals who supported the decision to invade Iraq in 2003. Should support the war because of the philosophy of liberal internationalism, which supports military intervention. Wanted primacy and preponderance of power. Took the 9/11 attacks as an opportunity to promote their agenda.

Antiballistic Missile Treaty

(1972)- A treaty that prohibited either the U.S. or the Soviet Union from using a ballistic missile defense as a shield, which would have undermined mutually assured destruction and the basis of deterrence.

What difficulties complicate the "Russia as Friend" scenario of the U.S. - Russia relationship after the Cold War?

-competiveness but wasn't clear for a long time how the relationship was going to be set up -inside of europe=competitive -outside=adversarial The only leverage they had was arms control so used it to their advantage.

Discuss the major diplomatic, logistical and political factors overcome by George Bush as he committed U.S. troops to Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield, giving adequate attention to public opinion, Congress, foreign powers, and the U.S. military.

-desert storm:war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the US agaisnt iraq when they attacked Kuwait. Bush started a moral crusade. public was hesistent about this intervention, however it was a sucess and increased confidence interventions. pumped up strong amerian military presence with help form the media desert sheild: operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of suadi arabia

Briefly describe the 5 Grand Strategies discussed in the handout about U.S. security policy. Which is the most practical approach? Defend your answer.

-neoisolationism:realist, national defense as vital interest post cold war -selective engagment: power and peace motivated, peace among great powers, threaten war to prevent war -collective/cooperative security: peace not power, US national interst in world peace -containment:prevent wars among great powers -primacy: power=key to peace, balance of power not sufficient

Weinberger Doctrine

1984 US defense Secretary presented this doctrine with 6 points: 1. Armed force would be used to protect vital interest of US or its allies. 2. When the US commits itself to the use of force it must do so wholeheartedly with clear intentions of winning. 3. Troops should be committed only in a clearly defined objective and know how they will fulfill those objectives 4. The relationship between the forces committed and the objectives must be continually reassessed and adjusted if needed. 5. Before US commits forces abroad there must be reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and congress. 6. Commitment of US armed forces should be last resort.

Operation Joint Endeavor

A NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one-year mandate from 1995 to 1996.

Operation Restore Hope

A U.S.-led, UN sanctioned multinational force which operated in Somalia in 1992-1993. Somalia was a failed state at this time. Charged with creating a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of the country. After the killing of several Pakistani peacekeepers, the Security Council changed the mandate that established that troops could use all necessary measures to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to the UN charter, and is regarded as a success. Public had relatively low tolerance for casualties and a medium level of support since it was a humanitarian intervention. The U.S. changed their mission to rebuild Somalia's government, and public support went down. No intervention in Rwanda because of the Somalia effect, no public support anymore.

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

A multilateral treaty by which states agree to ban all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1996 but has not entered into force due to the non-ratification of eight specific states - China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan and the US.

European Union

A politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. Operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. Formed from the ECSC and the EEC by Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws that apply in all member states. Many former Soviet republics are looking to join the EU, Russia doesn't like this but it is an incentive for these countries to be more democratic. This increases the accuracy of the democratic peace theory. NAFTA was modeled off of EU success and was supposed to expand to the entire hemisphere. The EU has a huge GDP and is an important world player in the international system today.

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

Nuclear Deterrence

A strategy intended to deter an adversary from taking action not yet started, or to prevent them from doing something that another state desires. Nuclear weapons give nations the potential to not only destroy their enemies but humanity itself No nation would attack another nuclear nation because they know they would not survive the counter-attack. Deterrence is coercive.

Preventive Defense

A war initiated to prevent another party from attacking, when an attack by that party is imminent or known to be planned

Democratic Enlargement

AKA Clinton Doctrine by by Douglas Brinkley spring 1997. Wanted to increase market democracies. Order of importance: 1. Strengthen community of market democracies 2.Foster/Consolidate new democracies and market economies where possible. 3. Counter the aggression. Support the liberalization of states hostile to democracy -- rogue states. 4. Help democracy and market economies take root in areas of greatest humanitarian concern -- 3rd world.

NAFTA

Agreement between Canada Mexico and United States in Dec 1992. Eliminate barriers to trade in, facilitate cross border movement of goods and services between countries Created a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. Came into force in 1994. Bush made NAFTA but Clinton had to get NAFTA through congress against his own Democratic party. Wanted to solidify and formalize trade with our already #1 and #2 trade partners, Canada and Mexico. NAFTA was modeled off of the EU and was supposed to expand to the entire hemisphere. But the public didn't like/understand free trade pacts. 1994 Republicans take control of both houses of Congress. They believed in free trade, just didn't like Clinton at all. Didn't want him to be credited for this success. Also, Republicans don't like multilateralism.

U.S. Trade Policy

Aim is to boost national International trade. taxes, imports, exports, inspections, tariffs, quotas. Negotiating trade agreements , administrative trade remedies, export promotion.

Humanitarianism

An ethic of kindness, benevolence, and sympathy extended universally to all human beings. No distinction is to be made in the face of suffering or abuse on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, tribe, caste, age, religion, ability, or nationality. Americans have middle-level support for humanitarian interventions, such as Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. Rice said that we could do humanitarian efforts if it benefits us first. Bush II thought humanitarian interventions were "social work".

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

An international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. More countries (190) have adhered to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement. Recognizes five states are nuclear-weapon states - the UN Security Council: US, UK, France, Russia, China. North Korea, India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan are not parties. Effective in 1970 and still in effect today.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. Commenced in 1995 replacing the GATT. Deals with the regulation of trade between participating countries provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliament. Includes 160 member states. Clinton supported the WTO. The WTO punishes and rewards countries. The WTO is a law, a treaty. What we do can be reviewed there. Republicans didn't like it. We let the Chinese into the WTO to draw them into our system.

Unilateralism

Any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Republicans support unilateralism more. Bush was going to invade Iraq unilaterally, if necessary. Called the coalition of the willing (US will only..). The U.S. dominated the War on Terror (Afghanistan, Iraq). Bush Doctrine is about unilateralism. Unilateralism is realist - uncertain, no trust, every state for itself, more power (hegemons). Unilateralists don't want to make concessions or negotiate. Unilateralism against terror is impossible.

What does John Lewis Gaddis argue should be the emphasis on U.S. foreign policy in the aftermath of the end of bipolarity and the demise of the USSR?

Argument instead of a balance of power there needed to be a balance of integration and fragmentation. It is difficult to come up with the cartography

Realism

Believe that the international system is anarchical. There is no actor above states capable of regulating their interactions; states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it being dictated to them by some higher controlling entity. The primary concern of all states is survival, so all states build up military to survive, which may lead to a security dilemma. U.S. public doesn't tend to agree with realism - more optimistic. Realism is more pessimistic. Regan, Nixon, and Kissinger were classic realists who concentrated on the balance of power and treated the USSR as an equal. Unilateralism is realist - uncertain, no trust, every state for itself, more power (hegemon). Realists think anarchy is a small variable. Realists are winning post-9/11. They believe that competition and power is more important than cooperation. Focus on power and hegemony. More power makes you safer, international environment is static, so worry about yourself.

Integration vs. Fragmentation (Gaddis)

Cartography to discuss how to understand the unfamiliar environment after the Cold War, looks at integration v fragmentation compared to democracy v totalitarianism. full integration would be loss of sovereignty, full fragmentation would be total anarchy. Gaddis' prescription for balancing the processes includes addressing the remnants of the old rivalry (Eastern Europe et al.,) to adjust and integrate with new economic and security structures, finding appropriate limits to interdependence, and regaining solvency in and discipline in defining U.S. interests. Simplifies international environment centers around a new form of competition Integration involves breaking down barriers that have historically separated nations and people in such diverse areas as politics, economics, religion, technology, and culture. Fragmentation forces are resurrecting old barriers between nations and people - and creating new ones - at the same time old ones are being torn down. Nationalism, protectionism, racism, and such domestic problems as drugs, the breakdown of education, and the emergence of a permanent social and economic underclass are viewed as elements of the disintegrationist forces facing policy makers. The dilemma facing policy makers is inherent in the tension between the forces of fragmentation and integration. While integration tends to satisfy material needs, fragmentation is often required to gratify intangible desires. The U.S. must try to balance these opposing processes as it tried to balance the power arrangements in the Cold War system. Either processes carried to the extreme is a threat. According to Gaddis "a fully integrated world would be one in which individual countries would lose control of their borders and would be dependent upon others for critical resources, capital, and markets." A loss of sovereignty would result. A fragmented international system would look like anarchy to the extreme. As Gaddis asserts, "The world would be reduced to a gaggle of quarreling principalities, with war or the threat of war as the only means of settling disputes among them."

Most Favored Nation status (MFN)

China gained this status in 2002. This is due to the high interest of trade and market development between he two powers. A status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade. Means that the country which is the recipient of this treatment must, nominally, receive equal trade advantages as the "most favored nation" by the country granting such treatment. Includes low tariffs or high import quotas. The members of the WTO agree to accord MFN status to each other. We have given China MFN status.

U.S. - Chinese relations

China is more of a challenge because of its rise. Mutual economic benefit (money) keeps us together and getting along. Can engage or contain. Military increase will change everything between us. Still hope to shift to democracy, which would make things easier. o Human rights: Tiananmen Square. Minor slap on the wrist for China, wouldn't do that for Russia - we would impose heavy sanctions. We do this due to the benefits we get from China. Sucking China into the liberal capitalist system, then they will become democrats. Let them into the WTO and MFN. o No common enemy: Russia was a common enemy, not anymore. China also deals more positively with Russia. No reason to get along. Might become more assertive - Iraq and Iran, supplying weapons. o Shift from Europe to Asia: because of China (and North Korea) more troops are present there. Biggest issue it Taiwan - China wants it back. Taiwan is a capitalist democracy and everyone else supports their legitimacy, including the U.S., besides China.

Clinton's "Pactomania"

Clinton signs a bunch of pacts "pactomania". Wanted to solidify and formalize trade relations with our already #1 (Canada) and #2 (Mexico) trade partners (NAFTA). Pacts in every region, all organized and overlapping with the US at the core of all of this overlap. Modeled off of EU success. NAFTA was supposed to expand to entire hemisphere. But the public doesn't like/understand these free trade pacts. 1994 Republicans take control of both houses of Congress. They believed in free trade, just didn't like Clinton at all. Didn't want him to be credited for this success. Also Republicans don't like multilateralism.

National Security Council (NSC)

Committee in the executive branch that advises the president on matters relating to domestic, military, and foreign security. Directs the operation of the CIA The principal forum used by the President of the U.S. for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Since its inception under Harry Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. This agency has principal (overall) foreign affairs responsibilities. Integrates economic issues into its consideration of national security policy.

Ethnic Conflict

Conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups trying to establish dominance. source: political, social, economic Contrasts with civil war on one hand and regular warfare on the other. Ethnic wars were typically caused by secessionists movement. Intended to breakup multi ethnic states along ethnic lines. Ex: Yoguslav, First Chechen War, Nagorno, Karabakh war, Rwandan Civil war, Darfur

Collective Security

Cooperation among great powers, more likely democracies. Proliferation is a key issue. More nukes = more difficult for multilateral agencies to act against aggression. Small force only possible if others cooperate to the maximum extent. A security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state accepts that the security as one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches of peace. Collective security is more ambitious than systems of alliance security or collective defense in that it seeks to encompass the totality of states within a region or indeed globally, and to address a wide range of possible threats. While collective security is an idea with a long history, its implementation in practice has proved problematic. Supposed to be part of the UN, but it doesn't work. Acts as a deterrent so that no one will attack anyone, needs credibility of a response.

Unipolarity

Distribution of power in which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence. The US went through a unipolar state after the Cold War ended.

Protectionism

Economic policy of restraining trade between states. Methods used: tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotes and a variety of other government regulations designed to allow fair competition between imports and goods and services produced domestically. This policy contrasts with free trade where government barriers to trade are kept to a minimum.

War Powers Act

Federal law intended to check the presidents power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without consent of the US congress. President can only send US forces into action by a declaration of war by Congress, "Statutory Authorization" or in a "national emergency". Requires 48 hour notice before committing forces. Forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days. It has been alleged that President Clinton, in 1999 violate this resolution during bombing campaign in Kosovo

Multipolarity

Is a distribution of power in which more than two states have nearly equal amounts of military, cultural, and economic influence. Multipolarity was present and possibly was the cause of WWI and WWII. WWII transformed multipolarity into bipolarity. Redistribution of power and reconfiguration of world politics. War destroyed everyone else but the U.S. and the Soviets.

Multilateralism

Is multiple countries working together on a given issue. The public and Democrats support multilateralism more. But sometimes the U.S. uses a façade of multilateralism, when it's really unilateralism because we are just telling the other states to do what we want them to do. National Strategy Document of 1992 and Bush Doctrine use these facades. Clinton pushed for multilateral free trade, public didn't like it. Iraq's containment was carried out by multilateral economic sanctions. Clinton - multilateral whenever possible, unilateral only when necessary. Bush - unilateral whenever possible, multilateral only when necessary. Bush thought multilateralism was bad and unnecessary, we had the power to do what we wanted unilaterally. War on Terror requires multilateralism, but didn't Bush say we don't need multilateralism due to our hegemony and primacy? Obama wanted greater involvement in multilateral institutions.

Hegemony

Is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. The 1992 National Strategy Document was about hegemony and preponderance of power - benign hegemony though. Hegemonies breed resentment, all states want to be hegemons and we can't stop that. Hegemons cause resistance Overreach is how hegemons always fall. US hegemony promoted liberal international economic system. Multilateralism often doesn't benefit the hegemon - realists and Republicans don't like it.

Operation Enduring Freedom

It was from 2001-Present. US vs Afghanistan with support from UK and AUS. Parties involved were Bush, Taliban, Osama Bin Laden. This was the official name given to the Global War on Terror; in response to the September 11th attacks, Bush announced that the airstrikes against Al Qaeda and the Taliban had begun.

American Principles

Kennan Foreign officer who formulated the "containment doctrine", he stated Russia was relentlessly expansionary, principles define limits, are general rules of conduct. not absolute/self engendered. Nature, need, interests, limitations

U.S. Russian Relations

Looking at the competitive and adversarial context of the relation. The US does not have most of the control of the eastern region because Russia is fighting back to hold uncertainty about Russia. Russia now has elections - very strange. But it is still not a real democracy. Yeltsin was a progressive, but still very Russian. Conservatives (communists) were the majority. Nationalist party - retake the empire (even Alaska). Pro-reform movement majority in Russia under Putin. Russia as friend: Gorbachev and Reagan, Yeltsin and Clinton. Sense of optimism and opportunity. Cooperative military programs (nuclear). Aid to former Soviet republics. Arms control was an important and positive feature - START to reduce numbers of warheads. START I followed INF Treaty in 1991 under Bush. 50% reduction on both sides. START II under Clinton, 50% cuts again. We help pay for all of this, they are bankrupt. Still a lot of politics - geographically large and nuclear power - can't ignore it. Russian parliament didn't want to ratify START II, took four years after the Senate did. Didn't like NATO's expansion and help to former Soviet republics, we also had troops in the Balkans. They particularly didn't like our involvement in Serbia and Kosovo, not really Bosnia, which was humanitarian. START III in 1997 reductions again by 2008. Obstacles again with Russian Dooma - Star Wars, ballistic missile defense system. Putin and the Russians don't want us to build it, but it doesn't even work. New START - more reductions. Competitor: Russia is going to come back. NATO as a bypass to the UN Security Council. Doesn't want its neighbors, former republics (Ukraine) joining NATO. Also involves many other regions, including the Middle East. Adversary: instability. Expansionist history - massive territory which was lost overnight. Insecurity inspires backlash - nationalism. Combined with a bad economy. Russians are a minority in former Soviet states, nationalist and communist movements. Comparisons to Hitler's rise in Germany - collapse and economic issues. But Putin really isn't Hitler. The Ukraine issue highlights this (Crimea). Threat out of weakness, Chechnya, nuclear arsenal at risk. Not anymore. Where is Ukraine in all of this? How does it affect these relationships?

Operation Allied Forces

March 24, 1999. NATO initiated to cease ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, to pull Serbian forces out of the disputed province NATO's military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The operation was not authorized by the UN and was the first time that NATO used military force without the approval of the UN Security Council and against a sovereign nation that did not pose a threat to members of the alliance. The strikes lasted from March to June 1999.

commercial interests

Motivated groups like the British East India company to colonize places like India

Explain what keeps the U.S. - China relationship from getting too adversarial?

Mutual interests for prosperity between US and China. The US wishes to monitor Chinas action and help shape their growth economically and military.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Nuclear, Radiological, Biological, Chemical and other. Causes widespread death and destruction to a large number of humans and can damage critical infrastructure. Iraq war was justified by asserting that Saddam had WMD

Operation Desert Shield/Storm

Operation Desert Shield (1990-1991) operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia. Operation Desert Storm (1991) was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the U.S. against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. Saddam Hussein thought he could get away with it - he couldn't. Bush started a moral crusade - Hitler revisited. Public was very hesitant about this intervention - didn't want another Vietnam. However, it was a success and increased confidence for interventions. Pumped up strong American military presence with help from the media, portrayed a powerful and even scary image for the rest of the world. We had a massive victory, in record time, against the 4th largest military in the world. Military got what they wanted in Gulf War, not Iraq War. Bush had high approval rating post-Gulf War, but lost because there was a slight recession and he was out of touch.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Group consisting of 12 of the worlds major oil exporting nations. Founded in 1960. Regulated petroleum policies. Goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to collaborate in influencing world oil prices through economic means. Members: Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. It now also includes Libya, the U.A.E., Qatar, Indonesia, Algeria, Niger, Ecuador, Angola, and Gabon.

How is the 2002 National Security Strategy document similar to the draft by Paul Wolfowitz from 1992?

Paul Wolfowitz was a neo-conservative who wanted to change the world (worked with George HW Bush and Regan). Detailed plan for the war on terror and with Iraq was laid out by the original writer of the 1992 draft by Wolfowitz. It was a design to democratize the world through US force and it was extremely similar to the 1992 plan. Basically verbatim to Bush Doctrine. This wasn't just a response to 9-11, it was an ideology that had preceded the end of the Cold War. Used 9/11 as an excuse. Unilateralism, Regime Changes, Preemption.

Dayton Accords

Peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, on Nov 21, 1995. By president of Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia. Ended war in Bosnia . Peace in Bosnia & Herzegovina Formally signed in December 1995. These accords put an end to the 3.5-year- long Bosnian War Part of the U.S. role as a "peace broker".

Bush Doctrine

Policy in 2001. America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against US interests

liberalism

Political philosophy of worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade and private property. Believe in peace and transforming the system. Americans tend to have very liberal idealistic viewpoint. Believe in harmony, cooperation multilateralism which therefore reduces war and anarchy. Belief that institutions can decrease anarchy

National Interests (4 P's)

Power preservation of independence and territory. Peace liberal internationalism. Principles core goal involves the values, ideals, beliefs that US stands for. Right is always chosen over Might. Prosperity pursuit of economic national interests above all other concerns. 1. Power: Most basic foreign policy goal, self-defense and the preservation of independence and territory. Power enables an actor to shape his environment so as to reflect his interests. Realism is the school of IR theory that most emphasizes the objective of power. States ultimately can rely only on themselves for security. It is a self-help system. The principle policies for achieving power-based foreign policy strategies are largely coercive ones...most basic of all is maintaining a strong defense and a credible deterrence. 2. Peace: All four of the national interest objectives ultimately are about peace. Theories of liberal internationalism and two types of foreign policy. Liberal internationalism views world politics as a "cultivatable garden" in contrast to realism's view of a global jungle. These theories emphasize both the possibility and the value of reducing the chances of war and of achieving common interests. Looking at peace as achievable but not automatic, theorists such as Robert Keohane stress the importance of creating international institutions as the basis of sustained cooperation. Anarchy cannot be eliminated totally, but it can be partially regulated. The other type of foreign policy strategy that fits here is the "peace broker" role that the U.S. has played in wars and conflicts to which it has not been a direct party (Camp David Accords, Dayton Accords). 3. Principles: this core goal involves the values, ideals, and beliefs that the U.S. has claimed to stand for in the world. As a more general theory this emphasis on principles is rooted in democratic idealism. Democratic idealists hold to two central tenets about foreign policy. One is that when tradeoffs have to be made, the "right" is to be chosen over "might". This is said to be particularly true for the U.S. because of the ostensibly special role bestowed on it - to stand up for the principles on which it was founded and not to be just another player on global power politics. The other key tenet of democratic idealism is that in the long run "right" makes for "might" that in the end interests like peace and power are well served by principles. One of the strongest statements of this view is the democratic peace theory, which asserts that by promoting democracy we promote peace because democracies do not go to war against each other. 4. Prosperity: foreign policies motivated by the pursuit of prosperity are those which place the economic national interest above other concerns. They seek gains for the American economy. Some involve policies that are specifically foreign economic ones, such as trade policy. Other involve general relations with countries whose significance to U.S. foreign policy is largely economic, as with an oil-rich country like Saudi Arabia. Most generally they involve efforts to strengthen global capitalism as the structure of the international economy

The Bush Doctrine represents a strategic shift in U.S. security outlooks. Discuss the main features of this approach and explain how certain elements are controversial and why.

Primacy, Preemption, and Unilateralism were the most controversial topics of the Bush Doctrine -unilateralism -preemptive strikes: gives mean to kill people when they're not a threat yet becomes a problem when other coutnries start to use this method as well -benevolent hegemony -primacy

Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

Public support greatest when used to counter aggression, Persian Gulf (not aggression against the U.S.), higher tolerance for casualties. Public support is at the least when used for state-building. Iraq was attached to previous Afghanistan war on terror. Operation Restore Democracy - Haiti was this too. Halo effect - no casualties, still didn't like being in Haiti. Doubts about remaking governments using force. Lower tolerance for casualties - Somalia. Iraq support starts out high. Middle-level support for humanitarian interventions - Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. "Do something syndrome" and "CNN effect", the public is not well-informed about foreign policy, responds to images, media makes a case. Somebody should do something about these images. But Somalia was a failed state so the mission changes to rebuild Somalia, then rangers get killed - all over CNN (Black Hawk down) and public support goes out the window. Moderate tolerance for casualties.

Carter Doctrine

Response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Ended all trade with Soviet Union. Formed alliance with China & Israel to support Afghan rebels. Soviets lost control of Middle East. Increased defense spending A policy proclaimed by U.S. President Jimmy Carter which stated that the U.S. would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf. It was a response to the USSR's intervention in Afghanistan in 1979. Intended to deter the USSR from seeking hegemony in the Gulf. Is very imperialistic.

U.S. Trade Representatives

Responsible for developing and recommending US trade policy to the US President. Conducting trade negotiations for bilateral and multilateral levels.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Star Wars, program first initiated on March 23 1983 under president Reagan. Focused on sophisticated anti ballistic missile system to prevent attacks from soviet union

Operation Restore Democracy

Supported by the Clinton administration, this plan was designed to restore President Jean Bertrand Aristide to power in Haiti.

Bipolarity

System of world order in which the majority of global economic, military and cultural influence is held between two states. Creates spheres of influence leaning towards western capitalist (US) or communism (USSR) Ex. Cold War, US vs. Soviet Union. The system is harder now that it is not bipolar with a clear enemy. There isn't any kind of polarity in the current system. WWII transformed multipolarity into bipolarity.

How did President Clinton silence congressional criticisms of the WTO's power?

The WTO is a treaty, the negotiation pre dates Clinton by years. Not a strictly partisan issue. It was about clean air here in the US. Your not going to surrender your Sovereignty to the WTO. Clinton suggested in the prime interest of the US that multilateral agencies Clinton assured congress that the US would not surrender to the WTO

Realism vs. Moralism

The approach to the Cold War was either realist or moralist. Many presidents used communism and the USSR as a moral issue in order to increase public support and take more action. However, realists such as Nixon and Kissinger saw the Cold War for what it really was - a balance of power struggle. They took morality out of the equation and treated the USSR as equals who are just looking out for their own interests and trying to be the most powerful.

START I, II, III

The arms control agreements, that began under Regan. The intent was to reduce the warheads in Europe. SALT focused on reducing the number of delivery systems I: bilateral treaty between the U.S. and the USSR on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms. Signed in 1991, entered into force in 1994. Signed by George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev. Was a 50% reduction on both sides. START II: a bilateral treaty between the U.S. and Russia on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms. Approved by the U.S. Senate in 1996, but never went into effect because Russia withdrew from the treaty in response to U.S. withdrawal from the ABM Treaty. Russia didn't like NATO's expansion and help to former Soviet republics, we also had troops in the Balkans. They particularly didn't like our involvement in Serbia and Kosovo, not really Bosnia, which was humanitarian. START III: was a proposed bi-lateral nuclear disarmament between the U.S. and Russia. It meant to drastically reduce the deployed nuclear weapons arsenals of both countries and to continue the weapons reduction efforts that had taken place in the START I and START II negotiations. Negotiations between Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin broke down after starting in 2007. The Russians didn't like our STAR WARS - ballistic missile defense system, even though it doesn't work

End of Cold War (U.S. Triumphalism vs. Russian Reformism)

The fall of the USSR signified the triumph of American power and principles. Gorbachev wasn't popular, and he was a new generation who wanted reforms - openness, political freedoms, changing role of Communist party and the economy. He was very radical for the USSR, and his reforms are eventually what brought them down. His reforms failed, and so did the USSR.

NATO Expansion

The process of including new member states in NATO. NATO is a military alliance of states in Europe and North America whose organization constitutes a system of collective defense. After its formation in 1949, NATO grew by including Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then alter Spain in 1982. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined the organization, amid much debate within the organization and Russian opposition. Another expansion came with the accession of several central and eastern European countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Most recently, Albania and Croatia joined in 2009. Many other states wish to join NATO: Cyprus, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Georgia. The incorporation of countries formerly in the Soviet sphere of influence has been a cause of increased tension between NATO countries and Russia. Russia hates how NATO still exists when the Soviet Union doesn't. but NATO exists to bypass Russia on the UN Security Council - Bosnia and Kosovo interventions. NATO expansion is a reason why Russia didn't sign START II

Geoeconomics

The study of spatial , temporal, and politics aspects of economics and resources. Part of the Clinton Doctrine.

2002 National Security Strategy Document

This was George W. Bush's foreign policy grand strategy as outlined by the National Security Strategy of 2002. Its chief objectives were to pursue terrorists and the states that harbor them, halt the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and promote the spread of democracy throughout the world. Preemptive war, hegemony, preponderance of power and unilateralism were identified as critical for realizing these goals. Its implications involved a global war on terrorism, militarization of American Foreign Policy and a lack of Marshall plan A phrase used to describe various related foreign policy principles of George W. Bush. The Bush Doctrine began with Bush I from the same individual - Wolfowitz. Bush Doctrine is about unilateralism, primacy, and preemption. It is about benevolent hegemony - provides collective goods. Promotes American exceptionalism, which goes way back. Dominance of American power and values. We have the power to promote these values now. Promoting peace and democratic values. Bush - we are going to give you democracy whether you like it or not. Didn't want multilateralism because you would have to make concessions which would dilute American interests and primacy. Preemption - act against threats before they are fully formed. Only works with the War on Terror. Preemption is a problem because what if other states use it too? Preponderance of power - conditions are now a threat after 9/11, which is the only reason the Bush Doctrine worked, didn't work in 1992 when Paul Wolfowitz first came up with the idea. The Bush Doctrine decreases public support of military interventions - Iraq and Afghanistan.

What are the three main areas of U.S. trade policy?

Trade agreements Export promotion, Administrator trade remedies, International Trade Commission Department of Labor to help educate people to find other jobs

Congress and Foreign Policy

War power - provide for the common defense, declare war. Treaties - ratification of treaties, by 2/3 majority (Senate). Appointments - confirm president's appointments (Senate). Foreign commerce - explicit power "to regulate foreign commerce". General powers - legislative power, power of the purse, oversight and investigation.

UNSCOM (United Nations Special Commission)

Was an inspection regime created by the UN to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War.

Group of Seven (G-7)

Worlds seven most industrialized economies. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, US, UK. Canada Joined in 1976

Isolationism

Worry about yourself, I will worry about me. Limiting international involvement keeps their country from being drawn into dangerous and otherwise unneeded conflict. Strict isolationist believe that sometimes it is best to limit their entire country from trade. Institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. The U.S. couldn't return to isolation after WWII because the global political and economic conditions cant ignore what was destroyed. WWII helped us out of the Depression and put us out on top while everyone else was bankrupt and in debt. U.S. was a big military power - biggest Navy. Everything was destroyed and we took the opportunity to become powerful by the vacuum. an ideological foe - the USSR. You can't tell the public that the world has changed and we have to stay involved - there has to be a moral reason. Unilateralism isn't isolationism, it's about sovereignty. Apathetic's are isolationists who don't care about foreign policy and see it as irrelevant.. Antagonists are isolationists who have an America first mindset. internationalist since the Cold War.

Bipartisanship

agreement or cooperation between two political parties that usually oppose each others policies A two-party system, which opposing political parties find common ground through compromise. Contrast to partisanship, where a political party only adheres to their interests without compromise. Internationalism is bipartisan.

Kyoto Protocol

controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

What is fast-track authority and why has Congress given it to the President?

fast-track authority now invested in the president enables him to present Congress with a complex final package, combining a reduction in trade barriers, on everything from cars to rice, with new regulations governing the environment, labour and copyright. No amendments, Congress has a power to either vote yes or no. It happens in 90 days and this is a power that comes up for renewal within every presidential term

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)

links 21 nations to promote free trade and investment in the Pacific region

Rosenau's 5 Source Variables

o Individual: variables concerning the attributes of a decision-maker that distinguish her particular behavior from those of all others who might have occupied the same position. Her values, abilities, experience all act to structure her views and actions. o Role: variables related to the characteristics of an official that are derived from her policy-making responsibilities and which are expected to characterize any person who fills the same position. o Governmental: variables that are conditions related to the structure of government that constrain or enable the choices made by government leaders. o Societal: sources of foreign policy behavior that consist of nongovernmental aspects that condition choices. The dominant value orientations of the nation, its internal cohesiveness, and the nature of its economic system all influence the contents of decisions and goals. o Systemic: elements of the international environment that may shape the decisions made by a nation's leadership.

National Security Policy - 5 Strategies

o Neo-isolationism (or disengagement): realist view focuses on power. Nuclear weapons insure sovereignty; no one has power to threaten U.S. sovereignty. post-Cold War, U.S. National defense is the only vital interest. Economic well-being best left to private sector. Interventions are too costly. Can increase U.S. safety by staying out of conflicts. Only with Humanitarian assistance does it seem plausible that neoisolationism would act abroad, but only as a cleanup - disasters, even wars after they have sorted themselves out. Force structure small - est. 2% GDP - save money. Nuclear force to deter attacks (including nuclear attacks). Intelligence to monitor development of weapons of mass destruction worldwide and forestall terrorist threats to U.S. Navy and special operations forces. Less "pleasant" side of this policy - U.S. gone from world stage invitation for competition abroad...regional hegemons more bold arms races...war...weapons of mass destruction more likely to be used war likely to damage commerce and make trade unsafe in some parts of the world increase in others' defense spending make U.S. economy more competitive. o Selective engagement: motivated by both power and peace. Mainly concerned with peace among the great powers. Great power conflicts are much more dangerous to the U.S. than other conflicts. Russia, the EU, China, and Japan matter most. Purpose of U.S. engagement would be to affect directly the propensity of these powers to go to war with one another. Threaten war to prevent war (realist). This is where the U.S. has been drawn in the past. Why not collective security? Not possible to get collective will, so credibility of collective response is doubtful, deterrence therefore not likely. Proliferation is a great worry. Regional conflicts matter only as they affect great power competition, same with ethnic conflicts. Humanitarian assistance subject to domestic political process (public opinion?) Force structure - strong nuclear deterrent. Force capabilities for one major engagement and support for ally in another...emphasis on mobile naval and air forces and reserves. Problems: where is the principle behind strategy? Realism win public support? U.S. prestige served? Credibility at risk? What guides determination of minor issues on great powers? Responsible selective engagement would require considerable case by case analysis and public debate. o Collective security: only one informed by liberalism than realism (peace not power). Is important not to confuse means with ends. Peace is effectively indivisible and U.S. has national interest in world peace. Conditions have never been better for such a policy. Interdependencies are a factor...technologies are available both to deter and defeat bad guys. Cooperation among great powers more likely (democracies). Because publics in democracies are casualty sensitive, decisive military superiority is a necessity for repeated action to enforce the peace. Strategy depends on an organization to coordinate collective action. Credibility not yet built up, likely to involve UN and U.S. in a number of wars over years to build up deterrent. Proliferation is a key issue. The more nukes are around the more difficult for multilateral agencies to act against aggression. War to prevent nuclear powers? Regional aggression gets most attention; ethnic conflicts a real problem. Force structure: small force only possible if others cooperate to the maximum extent. It is not subtle diplomacy of the U.S. which proves critical, but rather its military reputation which depends on large, diverse, technologically sophisticated and lushly supplied military forces capable of decisive operations...not necessarily a cost saver. o Containment: seeks to prevent wars among the great power by opposing the rise of specific candidate hegemons. Fear of a reascendent Russia and an up and coming China. NATO expansion solves many of the traditional security problems of European great powers after the Cold War (Germany, Russia). Addresses possible Russian threat but also keeps U.S. troops in Europe and forestalls possibility of German adventuresome policy in the east (talks of vacuums etc...realist) China likewise watched. Its rapid economic growth, improving military, stridency on Taiwan have led to suggestion a maintenance of U.S. diplomatic and military presence in the region. Force structure: moderate levels of force until Russian economy recovers and China's military gets the advantages of China's economic growth. o Primacy: power is the key to peace. Balance of power is insufficient. Only a preponderance of power ensures peace. Both world order and national security require that the U.S. maintain primacy. Greatest threat is rise of peer competitor on the order of the former USSR. China most likely peer rising. Economic growth and recent pursuit of power projection capabilities. 1992 Defense Planning Guide (DPG) insisted that U.S. remain sole superpower. Others can rest on U.S. provided stability. U.S. benevolent hegemon with others interests in mind? Persuade other challengers by promoting norms...democracy, international law, market economics. Does not place greatest emphasis on military means...problem not lack of resources, but lack of public will/support (NSC-68 similarity?) Shares isolationism's skepticism of international organizations...façade of multilateralism useful though for diplomatic cover. Proliferation and major power conflict matter most. Force structure - Bush's Cold War force adequate. Problems: great powers will rise...preventing them will sap U.S. strength. Risk of overreach? Too costly? Too open ended?

What are the basic features of the Bush Doctrine?

primacy, preemption, unilateralism, hegemony. Preemption is very controversial. Shift to unilateralism, focus on military over economy