Instruments Exam One SNFO
Briefly explain the first three holding orbits?
1.) Entry 2.) Elapsed Time on each leg without wind corrections - If there is a time differential there is a HW/TW - If you have to the intercept the IBC to the Fix there is a cross wind 3.) Apply Triple Crab Correction on the OBC Leg for 1/1.5 Minutes and normal Crab for the rest of the OBC Leg and the IBC Leg
What are the types of Holding Pattern Entries?
1.) Parallel - Fly over the Fix; Fly the Outbound HDG over the IBC Radial, turn in the nearest direction to the IBC Heading. 2.) Tear Drop - Right Turns: Fly a Heading 30° Less than the Outbound HDG for 1 Minute and then either finish the rest of the leg to the appropriate DME or immediately turn right to intercept the IBC after the timed leg. - Left Turns: Fly a Heading 30° More than the Outbound HDG for 1 Minute and then either finish the rest of the leg to the appropriate DME or immediately turn right to intercept the IBC after the timed leg. 3.) Direct Entry - Intercept the IBC and fly the Holding Pattern
What are the different types of Instrument Departure Procedures?
1.) Published Departure (DP) - Standard Instrument Departure (SID) - Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP) 2.) VFR-to IFR Pickup - VCOA (Visual Climb over Airport 3.) Radar Vector 4.) Diverse departure - Ensures Obstacle Clearance at fields which have published instrument approaches but no published instrument departures.
What are the different types of Special Use Airspace?
AP1A: Special Use Airspace Prohibited Restricted Warning Alert MOA
What are the Standard Leg Lengths in a Holding Pattern?
Above 14,000 Feet = 1 Minute and 30 Seconds Legs At or Below 14,000 = 1 Minute Legs
Aircrew should transition to an instrument scan _________?
Air crew should transition to an instrument scan at the rate conditions detour.
Aircrew should contact ATC if a further clearance is not issued _______________ when holding?
Aircrew should contact ATC if a further clearance is not issued within 5 minutes of the Estimated Further Clearance (EFC) when holding?
Aircrew should ensure the EFIS is set for the display to ___________?
Aircrew should ensure the EFIS is set for the display to match the task at hand. IE: Setting the Nav Mode to GPS or VOR
What can be found in the IFR Supplement?
Airport Information/Directory The Backpage also has the checklist for how to change a flight plan.
What are the Standby Instruments?
Airspeed Attitude Altimeter Turn and Bank Magnetic Compass
What is the margin of error for the Altimeters and the EHSI?
Altimeters need to be ± 75 feet of Field Elevation when set to local barometric pressure. EHSI HDG needs to read within 5° of a known Heading such as a Runway.
When does an Instrument Takeoff Begin?
An Instrument Takeoff begins on the Runway during the lineup when you check the heading to match the RWY ± 5⁰
What is in a Terminal Pub?
Approaches/Departures and Airport Diagrams
What does AP1A pertain to?
Area Planning 1A pertains to Special Use Airspace Prohibited Restricted Warning Alert MOA Can find information about Parachute Jumping Areas
What are four key sections of the General Planning pub?
Chapter 1: Index for Aeronautical Information Chapter 2: Explanation of Terms Chapter 4: Flight Plans (1801) Chapter 6: Pilot Procedures
What is the name for the technique we use to fly arcs using instruments?
Chord Method/Small Heading Changes
What are the Control Instruments/what do they do?
Control Instruments: EADI + PEDD - Display Immediate Attitude and Power indications
What are the different categories of aircraft flight instruments?
Control Instruments: EADI + PEDD - Display Immediate Attitude and Power indications Navigation Instruments: EHSI + GPS - Convey the Aircraft's location in space. Performance Instruments: VSI, Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator - Show A/C performance as a result of Power/Attitude Changes
What is a Course Intercept?
Course intercept: The act of using your instrument displays to select and fly to a desired course
What is important information regarding FAA NOTAMs when flying at a civilian airport?
D-Distant FDC-Flight Data Center Check both of the above categories to ensure you receive all the FAA Civil NOTAMs
What are some of the benefits of flying a published Departure Procedure?
DPs minimize radio calls and ensure obstacle/terrain clearance.
How can aircrew get their NOTAMs?
Defense Internet Notams Service (DINS) www.https://notams.faa.gov 1-800 WX-BRIEF
What is a Direct Entry?
Direct Entry - Intercept the IBC and fly the Holding Pattern
What happens if, on a published departure procedure, ATC assigns you a different heading?
Disregard the DP
What is important about a Diverse Departure?
Diverse Departures necessitate a 200 Feet/NM Climb When climbing in a T-6A at 180 KIAS - 3 NM/Minute - (3 NM) (200 F/NM) = 600 FPM minimum on VSI (Ensures Obstacle Clearance at fields which have published instrument approaches but no published instrument departures.)
What are the EADI and EHSI Modes?
EADI: Enroute + Composite + Unusual Attitude Display EHSI: Enroute + Approach + Composite
What is the difference between ETA and ETA?
Estimated Time of Arrival and Estimated elapsed time traveling enroute to the destination.
NOTAMs/Abbreviation Codes can be found in the _____?
FIH
What pub would provide information about position reports?
FIH Position Reports -- FAA: When operating in the Radar Environment, ATC expects you to report the exact (nearest 100 foot interval) that you are at or are leaving
How can you calculate you ETA and ETE?
Find your Groundspeed and set up a time Gate. 23.4 19.5 15.6 11.7 7.8 3.9 0 ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Distance/Minutes Find your next Gate: 23.4, 19.5, 15.6, etc. - Note the ETE and discern the ETA based on the Zulu Time
Flying using Instruments enables aircrew to avoid _____________?
Flying using instruments enables aircrew to avoid spatial disorientation.
What is the Notice To Airmen Publication (NTAP)?
For NOTAMs that are expected to be in a effect for longer time periods. You won't be able to get the NTAP unless you ask.
What are the altitude restrictions for IFR Flights on different hemispheric headings found?
Found on the Legend of the Enroute Charts 000-179: Odd Thousands 180-359: Even Thousands
Guide Number =
Guide Number = TAS/60
What are the different types of Enroute Charts?
High = FL 180 and Above = Jet Routes Low = FL 179 and Below = Victor Airways
What is an example of Pilot Procedures (CH 6) in the GP book?
Holding procedures IE: The maximum airspeed while holding at 3000 MSL at a civil airfield is 200 KIAS. The maximum airspeed while holding at a navy airfield at any altitude is 230.
What is the difference between homing to a station and flying direct-to?
Homing = Putting the Bearing Needle at the top of the EHSI HDG. Direct-To = Straight Line, Wind Adjusted path directly to a station. - Turn in the shortest direction to the station and put the Bearing Pointer under the top of the EHSI. - Center the CDI (Green Needle) with a "TO" indication towards the Head of Bearing Needle - Maintain the selected course to the station/bearing Crabbing into the wind to fly in a straight line.
What is the simplest way to go from station to station?
Homing is the simplest way to go from station to station.
What is Homing to a station?
Homing is the simplest way to go from station to station. Homing is done by putting the Bearing Pointer to the top of the EHSI. Homing is not efficient due to winds but is simple.
What is the recommended technique for an Instrument Cross-Check?
Hub-and-Spoke EADI = Hub
In what circumstances do we fly with Instruments?
IMC - No Discernable Horizon - The weather is IMC if the cloud bases are lower than 1,000 feet above the ground or if the visibility is less than three miles. Night Toward/Over Water Deserts Snowy Areas
If you are inside the desired arc (DME too low), displace the bearing pointer _____ the reference point (wing tip) for each 1/2 mile deviation to the inside of the arc.
If you are inside the desired arc (DME too low), displace the bearing pointer 5° below the reference point (wing tip) for each 1/2 mile deviation to the inside of the arc.
If you are outside the desired arc (DME too high), displace the bearing pointer ______ the reference point for each 1/2 mile deviation outside of the arc.
If you are outside the desired arc (DME too high), displace the bearing pointer 10° above the reference point for each 1/2 mile deviation outside of the arc.
What is an Inbound Intercept?
Inbound intercept: Intercepting a course that will take you to the selected station. The TO/FROM indicator will display a TO indication
What is an Intercept Angle?
Intercept angle: The angle between your intercept heading and your desired course
What is an Intercept Heading?
Intercept heading: The heading you choose to fly to accomplish a course intercept
What are the Airways flown on a Low and High Enroute Chart?
Low = Victor Airways High = Jet Routes
What happens if, on a published departure procedure, ATC assigns you a different altitude?
Maintain the DP as otherwise published at that assigned altitude.
What does the AP1B pertain to?
Military Training Routes - Common Hazards on MTRs can be bird strikes. Low Level Routes
Navigating from Fix-to-Fix is the same process as navigating from _________?
Navigating from Fix-to-Fix is the same process as navigating from Point-to-Point.
What are the Navigation Instruments/what do they do?
Navigation Instruments: EHSI + GPS - Convey the Aircraft's location in space.
Do minor changes necessitate a new ATC Clearance?
No; minor changes can be issued by the controller without a new clearance. Major changes will require a new IFR Clearance. - Reference the back of the IFR Supplement
What are some parts of an ATC Clearance that aircrew are required to readback?
Numbers: Altitude, Heading, Altimeter, etc.
On the EHSI, the Head of the Bearing Needle _______, while the Tail _________?
On the EHSI, the Head of the Bearing Needle Falls, while the Tail rises.
What are the procedures for intercepting a Course Outbound from a Station?
Outbound 45° Intercept (TDC+45) This method uses a 45° intercept angle to intercept your desired course outbound. An easy way to remember and apply this technique is to use the memory aid, "TDC+45," which refers to: Tail of the bearing pointer to the Desired Course (TDC) + 45°. 1.) TIM the station. 2.) Set the desired outbound course in the EHSI 3.) From the Tail of the bearing pointer, locate the head of the course needle (Desired Course), then count 45 more degrees in the same direction, toward the CDI bar. Turn to that heading 4.) As you roll out on the intercept heading, check to ensure the head of the course needle is under a 45º index on the EHSI, and the TO-FROM flag is showing a FROM indication. You now will have a 45° intercept heading outbound. 5.) To complete the intercept, monitor the rate of CDI movement toward the center. Start your turn onto the desired course based on the rate of movement of the CDI. As a technique, using a lead point of 2° or 3° is normally sufficient.
What is an Outbound Intercept?
Outbound intercept: Intercepting a course that will take you away from the selected station. The TO-FROM indicator will display a FROM indication
What is a Parallel Entry?
Parallel - Fly over the Fix; Fly the Outbound HDG over the IBC Radial, turn in the nearest direction to the IBC Heading. 110° Sector
What are the Performance Instruments/what do they do?
Performance Instruments: VSI, Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator - Show A/C performance as a result of Power/Attitude Changes
What are the categories of Flight Information Publications?
Planning Enroute Terminal
What is some information that can be found in the FIH?
Position Reports -- FAA: ATC expects you to report the exact (nearest 100 foot interval) that you are at or are leaving The Symbol A5 is used for the MALSR, Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System Meteorological Information/METRO FAA Rules for Emergencies Conversion Tables FLIP NOTAM Abbreviation Codes
What are the different types of Published Departures?
Published Departure (DP) - Standard Instrument Departure (SID) - Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODP)
What is the Holding Brief?
S-Slow to 150 F-Fix is ___° Radial/___ DME E-Entry: Parallel/Tear Drop/Direct T-Turn ___° HDG L-Leg Length: ___ Minutes/___ DME
Where are the Standard Terminal Arrivals published?
STAR Book
What is the STAR?
Standard Terminal Arrivals - "Into the Airport" - Takes you from an Enroute Chart to the Terminal Area
What is an example of a radio call you might make when established on Holding?
TALK: Give ATC a voice report stating position, time, and altitude (P-T-A) established in holding, if required. For example: "Atlanta Center, KATT ___, established in holding at Monroeville, one six zero three, six thousand.
What are the steps required to change from NAVAID to NAVAID?
TIM Tune Identify Monitor
What VFR Chart should Aircrew fly with on an IFR Flight?
VFR Sectional Chart (NOLA)
When executing a Point-to-Point, the station is always _________?
When executing a Point-to-Point, the station is always at the center of the compass card.
When initiating into or continuing in a holding pattern, do you fly over the Fix or lead your turn before it?
When initiating into or continuing in a holding pattern you always fly over the fix.
When should Aircrew slow the aircraft for a holding pattern?
When within 3 minutes/8 miles of the Fix
You are always on the ______ on the EHSI?
You are always on the Tail of the Bearing Needle
What is important regarding Double the Angle Procedures?
You set the Heading to Double the Angle from the Course Needle CB-Double TC-Double
How to lead a standard rate turn for 90° out of an Arc at a specified DME?
(60/DME) (½) (1%) (GS/TAS/IAS) - Tells you how many Radials before the Outbound/Inbound Course you should initiate the turn
How to lead a standard rate of turn for 90° onto an Arc?
(½) (1%) (GS/TAS/IAS) - Tells you at what DME you should initiate the turn to arc at a specified DME
What are the procedures for intercepting a Course Inbound to a Station?
1.) TIM the Station 2.) Perform the three basic course intercept procedures. Remember to set the course needle to the reciprocal of the desired radial for inbound intercepts. 3.) Using "Charlie Brown plus 30," look to the head of the course needle, then locate the head of the bearing pointer, and count 30 more degrees in the same direction, toward the CDI bar. Turn to this heading. 4.) As you roll out on the intercept heading, check to ensure the head of the bearing pointer is displaced 30º from the heading index of the EHSI, and the TO-FROM flag is showing a TO indication. 5.) Complete the intercept by turning to your desired course as the CDI centers. For inbound intercepts, the size of the lead point will vary with your distance from the station. Use the following rules of thumb as a guide: outside 15 NM and using an intercept angle of 30° or less, apply about 2° of lead prior to turn. Inside 15 NM and using an intercept angle of 30° or less, apply about 4° of lead prior to turn
What are Point-to-Point Procedures?
1.) TIM the Station 2.) Set the Course to the Desired Radial 3.) Turn to Split the Needles (Course and bearing) - Favor the Needle with a larger DME 4.) Apply Pencil Method/Whiz Wheel to confirm
What are the procedures for flying Direct-To a station?
1.) TIM the Station 2.) Turn in the shortest direction to the station and put the Bearing Pointer under the top of the EHSI. 3.) Center the CDI (Green Needle) with a "TO" indication towards the Head of Bearing Needle 4.) Maintain the selected course to the station/bearing Crabbing into the wind to fly in a straight line.
What are the Ground Speed Check Requirements and Procedures?
1.) Tracking a Radial (either inbound or outbound) 2.) Leveled off on a Cruising Altitude in unaccelerated flight 3.) At the correct IAS for the Desired TAS (Whiz Wheel - Alt/OAT) 4.) At a DME greater than the altitude 1.) Note DME and begin 1 minute time hack 2.) Note DME after 1 minute 3.) 4.0/minute = 240 K GS - 0.1/minute = 6K
The Holding Speed for the T-6A is ______?
150 Knots
The Maximum Holding Speed for the USN is _____?
230 Knots
When intercepting the 050° Radial Inbound, what should the course be set to?
230° The Inbound Course is the reciprocal of the Radial
How long will the Standby Turn and Bank Indicator provide reliable readings after the loss of the Auxiliary Battery?
9 Minutes (± 6°)
What is a Course?
A Course, in Radio Instruments, is the desired track either to or from a NAVAID; referenced in degrees. A Course may take you towards or away from a station.
What is a Radial?
A Radial is an imaginary line extending outward from a NAVAID. Radials are Magnetic bearings referenced in degrees (from 001 to 360). You can determine the radial you are on by looking at the tail of the applicable bearing pointer.
Are Time Gates Minutes or Time?
A Time Gate is a Distance corresponding to a whole number minutes away from a station. 23.4 19.5 15.6 11.7 7.8 3.9 0 ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Distance/Minutes Find your next Gate: 23.4, 19.5, 15.6, etc. - Note the ETE and discern the ETA based on the Zulu Time
What are the "6 Ts" you can use as a memory aid to accomplish required items when Holding?
TIME: Write down the time you crossed the holding fix, in Zulu (not elapsed time). TURN: Turn to establish yourself on the entry heading you determined above. TIME: Begin initial outbound timing when over/abeam the holding fix, whichever occurs last. In some cases, such as a teardrop entry, over/abeam will occur simultaneously. If unable to determine when abeam, begin timing when the aircraft is wings level outbound. TRANSITION: If not already at 150 KIAS, tell your instructor to transition to holding airspeed. Procedurally, you should have already directed the transition to holding speed three minutes out from the holding fix, so this "T" normally serves as a reminder to check your airspeed. Also, direct your instructor to transition to assigned holding altitude. TWIST: Tune the proper NAVAID for holding, select the proper NAV MODE for the EHSI, and set the holding course in the CDI. This "T" may be done any time after the entry turn, but must be completed prior to the inbound turn. If GPS holding, ensure OBS is selected. TALK: Give ATC a voice report stating position, time, and altitude (P-T-A) established in holding, if required. For example: "Atlanta Center, KATT ___, established in holding at Monroeville, one six zero three, six thousand.
What is a Tear Drop Entry?
Tear Drop - Right Turns: Fly a Heading 30° Less than the Outbound HDG for 1 Minute and then either finish the rest of the leg to the appropriate DME or immediately turn right to intercept the IBC after the timed leg. - Left Turns: Fly a Heading 30° More than the Outbound HDG for 1 Minute and then either finish the rest of the leg to the appropriate DME or immediately turn right to intercept the IBC after the timed leg. 70° Sector
What is the Area Planning for the United States?
The AP/1 contains aeronautical data for North and South America and is intended to supplement the data in the GP and select data from the IFR Supplement and the FIH.
What can help supplement the other Flight Pubs including the IFR Supplement?
The AP/1 contains aeronautical data for North and South America and is intended to supplement the data in the GP and select data from the IFR Supplement and the FIH. Supplements all other Pubs
In the event of an electrical failure, what component powers the standby flight instruments?
The Auxiliary Battery can power the standby instruments for 30 minutes.
What are Areas Chart used for?
The Busiest Terminal Areas/Airports (Class Bravo)
The EADI is the __________ source in flight and provides ___________ information.
The EADI is the primary attitude source in flight and provides pitch and roll information. Control Instrument
What is a Heading?
The Heading is where the aircraft is pointed; specified in degrees magnetic (from 001 to 360) and is shown on the EHSI.
What is unique about referencing the IOAT in the T-6A?
The IOAT in the T-6A reads 15° hotter than OAT.
Which VFR Chart is the most detailed?
The JOG chart is the most detailed VFR Chart
The ________ book contains arrival information for civilian and some military airfields.
The STAR book contains arrival information for civilian and some military airfields.
What does the Symbol A5 in the FIH mean?
The Symbol A5 is used for the MALSR, Medium Intensity Approach Lighting System
What does the Bearing Needle on the EHSI point to?
The Tuned in VHF Navigation Station
What is the goal of shortening/lengthening your OBC Leg?
The goal to have consistent 60 second IBC Legs
What is a Guide Number used for?
The guide number is used to determine the Crab Angle for a cross wind given a specified True Airspeed Guide Number = TAS/60 = 240/60 = 4 Used on Whiz Wheel to determine the Crab Angle or the Cross-Wind component for In-Flight Winds
