Integumentary System Power Point

Subcutaneous Layer

-Deep to integument but not part of it. -composed of Adipose and areolar CT -some areas of the body are predominantly adipose (subcutaneous fat)

Anagen is the longest part of the growth cycle and lasts from about ______ months to as much as ______ years, depending on the genetics of the person.

18 , 7

Healing of second degree burns takes approximately ______ weeks, and slight scarring may occur.

2-4

The telogen phase of the hair growth cycle lasts for about ______ months.

3,4 months

In first degree burns, the healing time averages about _____ days, and typically no scarring results.

3-5

The integument accounts for about _____% of the body weight.

8

stratum lucidum

Thin translucent region, two to three layers of thick. present only in thick skin -Palms of hands and soles of feet -cells lack organelles and are filled w eledin, a transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation

stratum granulosum

Three to five layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization -cytoplasm fills w keratin filaments -organelles begin to degrde -Two types of keratin granules in cells of this stratum (Keratohyalin granules involved in keratinzation process) (lamellar granules-release contents of primary lipids into extracellular space; help form water barrier)

hemangioma

congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to blood vessels that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

another name for the skin is the

cutaneous membrane

dermis:

deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue -subcutaneous layer:not part of skin; lies under dermis; composed of areolar and adipose tissue

Nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ______.

dermis and epidermis

Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ______ and may project through the ______ to the surface of skin.

dermis, epidermis

merocrine glands

distributed throughout body except external genitalia, nipples, lips; especially prevalent on palms, soles, and forehead products secreted are non-viscous, watery secretion; controlled by nervous system, provides antibacterial protection; function in thermoregulation and excretion;

the dermal papillae interlock with deep projections of the epidermis called ______

epidermal ridges

two layers of the integumentary system

epidermis and dermis

Nerve fibers in skin control ______. Select all that apply

gland secretion rates blood flow

terminal hair

hair is the type of hair that grows on the scalp, and is also the hair of eyebrows and pubic region. In men, it also grows on the face.

dermal blood vessels

help control body temp and blood pressure

Skin color is determined by three pigments

hemoglobin: blood pigment; red in color menalin: pigment produced by melanocytes (ratios of yellow, reddish, tan, brown, and black shades) Carotene: yellow-orange pigments from food such as carrots

Excessive hair growth is called ______.

hirsutism

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______. Multiple choice question.

holocrine, sebum

subcutaneous layer is also known as

hypodermis

Cell types in Stratum Basale

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair, which are ______ and terminal hair.

lanugo, vellus

The whitish semilunar area of the proximal end of the nail body is called the ______. Multiple choice question.

lunula

hair color is the result of

melanin

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a(n)

pilus

cavernous hemangioma

port wine stains, involve larger dermal blood vessels and may last a lifetime

Melanocytes

produce pigment melanin, which absorbs UV light to prevent DNA damage

Two major functions of hair are _____.

protection and heat retention

subcutaneous layer functions

protects underlying structures, stores energy, thermal insulation

insensible prespiration

release of water vapor by sweat gland, not visible

telogen phase

resting phase and is usually the phase where hair is shed. After 3-4 months in the telogen phase, the cells of the hair bulb are stimulated, to start regrowing, and the follicle reenters the anagen phase

A type of gland associated with a hair follicle is usually a ______ gland.

sebaceous

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called ______ is usually deposited into a ______.

sebum, hair follice

hair root plecuxes

sensory reception (pulls on hair follicles)

Tactile cells

sensory touch receptors

Under normal conditions, some interstitial fluids slowly escape through the epidermis via a process called ______ water loss.

transepidermal

When you are cold, the dermal blood vessels ______________ in order to conserve heat.

vasoconstrict

At puberty, terminal hair replaces ______ hair in the armpits and pubic regions of the body.

vellus

Epidermal Strata from deep to superficial

Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (found only in thick skin) Stratum corneum

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ________ glands and _______ glands. Multiple choice question.

Sweat, Sebaceous

thick skin vs thin skin

Thick skin contains 5 layers in epidermis (includes startum lucidum) Found in palms of hands and soles of feet epidermis is 0.4-0.6 mm thick no hair follicles or sebaceous glands Thin Skin LACKs stratum lucidum- Has 4 layers in epidermis Covers most of body and epidermis is 0.075-0.150 mm thick

skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

sensible prespiration

Visible water excreted by sweat glands

catagen phase

a brief regression period where cell division ceases. The follicle undergoes involution and shrinks towards the scalp surface. Very short phase - 3-4 weeks.

anagen phase

active phase of growth where living cells of the hair bulb are rapidly growing, dividing, and transforming into hair. (Longest part of the hair growth and lasts about 18 months to as much as 7 years. depending on genetics. on a normal scalp, 80-95% of follicles are in anagen phase.

the 3 phases of hair growth cycle

anagen, catagen, telogen

The two types of connective tissue in the dermis are ______.

areolar and dense irregular

In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ______.

blood vessels

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer. Multiple choice question.

collagen

The specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements.

collagen, stress

The specific orientation of ______ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ______ during routine movements..

collagen, stress

in the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of ______ into the body. Multiple choice question.

hypodermis, macrophages

apocrine glands

in axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions Produces viscous, complex secretion: secretion influenced by hormones

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein called ______.

keratin

Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production.

melanin

The most numerous and widely distributed sweat glands in the body are ______.

merocrine sweat glands

Keratinocytes

most abundant; produce tough keratin protein, which protects and makes skin water resistant -keratinocyte stem cells predominate; divide to replace keratinocytes shed at epidermal surface

You accidentally cut your fingernail too far, causing a sharp pain and some bleeding. Which part of your nail was injured?

nail bed

Integumentary structures derived from epidermis

nails, hair, exocrine glands of the skin

Skin Markings

nevus-Mole localized overgrowth of melanocytes freckles- spots of high melanocyte activity hemangioma-proliferation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor (capillary hemangionmas *strawberry colored birthmarks) Cavernous hemangiomas (port wine stains) friction ridges- folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes Fingerprints

subcutaneous layer

not part of skin; lies under dermis; composed of areolar and adipose tissue Vascular Functions thermal insulation protects body parts acts as energy reservoir

The ______ layer of the dermis contains areolar connective tissue and dermal papillae. Multiple choice question.

papillary

Two layers of Dermis

papillary layer: superficial; adjacent to epidermis -composed of areolar connective tissue Reticular layer: deeper and thicker layer

_________cuts to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scarring.

perpendicular

dermal papillae

projections of the dermis towards the epidermis -interlock w epidermal ridges (deep projections of epidermis) increasing the surface area between epidermis and dermis -dermal papillae contains capillaries that supply nutrients to the dermis and also contain sensory receptors

functions of integument

protection, prevention of water loss and gain, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, secretion

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

proteins and lipids

The apocrine sweat glands become active and produce secretory product after ____

puberty

stratum spinosum

several layers of polygonal keratinocytes * daughter cells from stratum basal differentiate into non-dividing, specialized keratinocytes making up this stratum *keratinocytes attach to each other via desmosomes * some epidermal dendritic cells present in this stratum (immune cells that act as phagocytes to fight infection and initiate immune response

stratum basale

single layer of cells, cuboidal to low columnar in appearance. Cells are attatched to basement membrane and adjacent to dermis

stretch marks (striae)

skin is overstretched, collagen fibers may tear

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed of ____________ connective tissue.

stratified squamous epith, dense irregular and areolar

he layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

Capillary hemangioma

strawberry colored birthmarks, appear in skin as bright red to deep purple nodules that usually disappear in childhood

Epidermis

superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into __________.

sweat ducts / hair follicles

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, ______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat, sebacceous

Select the function of the integument in which sweat glands are involved.

temperature regulation

Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ______ and ______. Multiple choice question.

texture, pigmentation

reticular layer of dermis

the deeper region of the dermis that forms the majority of its thickness comprised mainly of dense irregular connective tissue -large collagen bundles project in all directions Include many blood vessels, glands, hair follicles and nerves.

Integument, cutaneous

the skin that covers body

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ______, ______, and skin markings.

thickness, coloration

In children, ______ is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body.

vellus

lines of cleavage (tension lines)

(tension lines) identify the orientation of these fiber bundles *Important clinically, as incisions across these lines heal more slowly than incisions along these lines

skin graft is needed with what types of burns

3rd degree

vasodilation

A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel. Increases blood flow to skin, helps release heat

Abnormal skin colors

Albinism; white hair, pale skin bronzing: skin appears golden-brown, copper or bronze Cyanosis: skin appears bluish as a result of Oxygen deficiency Erythema: skin is abnormally red Hematoma: A bruise(visible pool of clotted blood) Jaundice: skin of sclera (white of eyes) appear yellow Pallor: skin appears ashen, pale due to white collagen fibers

Epidermis characteristics

Epithelium of the skin Avascular Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Composed of several layers (strata)

Dermis

Lies deep to the epidermis composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

stratum corneum

Most superficial stratum of epidermis. thickness varies from 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called corneocytes -Cells are anucleate (lack a nucleus), tightly packed spend 2 weeks coming from startum basale and take 2 weeks serving to protect deep layers and eventually shed

Nail structures include:

Nail plate free edge nail body nail root nail bed nail matrix lunula nail folds eponychium (cuticle) Hyponychium

Vasoconstriction

Narrowed diameter of vessels, reduces blood flow to skin, helps conserve hear

Innervation and blood supply

Nerve fibers are present in dermis Functions: Tactile (touch) receptors Control blood flow Control glandular secretion

Sebaceous glands produce (an) ______ material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface

Oily

Nails

Scale like modifications of the epidermis (stratum corneum)