InterCult Exam 2
top 5 origin of visitors to U.S.
1. Canada 2. Mexico 3. United Kingdom 4. Japan 5. Germany
top int'l students country
1. China 2. India 3. Korea 4. Saudi Arabia 5. Canada
top 5 countries of origin of int'l students
1. China 2. India 3.South Korea 4. Canada 5.Taiwan
top 3 most spoken languages countries
1. China- Chinese, Mandarin 2. Spanish 3. English 4. Hindustani 4. Arabic
compare denotative with connotative meanings
Denotative: dictionary definition, emphasizes its objective, def. shared/ recognized by a majority of linguistic community. Connotative: stresses the subjective, interpreted meanings of a word based on persons cultural/ personal experience
identify the different forms of nonverbal comm. (nonlinguistic codes)
Kinesics- Oculesics- Oflatics- smell Chronemics- how we view time [mono or poly] Proxemics- Haptics- meanings of touch Environment- claim to space/ emo attachment we have to ppl Physical Appearance- body traits, body modification/ adornment/ artificials
top dest. for U.S. students
1. England 2. Italy 3. Spain
top 5 tourist destination
1. France 2. U.S. 3. Spain 4.China 5. Italy
top 3 Spanish speaking countries
1. Mexico 2. USA 3. Spain
top 5 tourist destination U.S. cities
1. NY 2. Miami 3. LA 4. Orlando 5. San Fran
one code, multiple interpretations
1. Repeat 2. Contradict 3. Substitue 4. Complement 5. Accent
understand the difference between verbal & nonverbal codes
1. Repeat 2. Contradict 3. Substitue 4. Complement 5. Accent
top 3 native english speaking countries
1. USA 2. UK 3. Canada
top 3 schools int'l students pick
1. USC 2. U of Illinois 3. NYU
explain the various cultural beliefs in talk and silence
"MA" silence is interpreted/ evaluated differently across cultures and between persons can say as much if not more than words Native Amer./ Asian comm. patterns use MA as more than a pause but rather a moment to reflect speakers inner thoughts ex: Japan has a > appreciation for "MA" Brasil > input < MA U.S. moderate MA
honeymoon stage
"everything is beautiful" individuals are excited about their new cultural environment. everything appears fresh and exhilarating, rose-colored glasses also hurts of loneliness and homesickness
hostility phase
"everything is frustration and even ugly" sojourners experience major emotion upheavals. this is serious culture shock stage in which nothing works out smoothly. major loss of self-esteem and self-confidence CONSCIOUSLY INCOMPETENT/ EMOTIONALLY DRAINED
humorous stage
"everything is funny" sojourners learn to laugh at their culture faux pas and start to realize that there are pros and cons in each culture, view their behavior and reactions objectively
resocialization stage
"everything is home again... maybe" some individuals may quietly assimilate themselves back to their old roles and behaviors w/o making much of a "wave" or appearing different from the rest of their peers.
reentry culture shock stage
"everything is off center" sojourners face an unexpected jolt, usually much more severe and returnees usually feel more depressed and stressed then they did w/ entry culture shock. sharp let down that friends and family have no interest to hear intercultural stories etc.
in-sync adjustment stage
"everything is ok" sojourners feel "at home" and experience identity security and inclusion, the boundaries between outsider/ insiders becomes fuzzy, they experience social acceptance and support.
ambivalence stage
"everything is sweet and sour"sojourners experience grief, nostalgia, pride w/ a mixed sense of relief and sorrow that they are going home. departure stage
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
"language is the shaper of ideas" language is not only a vehicle of voicing ideas but also the shaper of ideas. the grammatical structure of a language shapes and constitutes one's thought process. it is entirely culture based, as such language, thinking, and culture are integral parts of the mindset. ex: Hopi language not concept of past-present-future, instead a wide range of present tenses
top 5 study abroad destinations for U.S. students
1. United Kingdom 2. Italy 3. Spain 4. France 5. China
suggest some concrete ways to deal with nonverbal communication effectively across cultures [DO ABLES]
1. be flexible when you observe/ identity nonverbal cultural display rules 2. attempt deeper-than-surface explanation for the behavior 3. monitor your own behavior 4. be adaptive/ sensitive to appropriate nonverbal display rules for emotions in a particular culture 5. be less judgmental/ are tentative in interpreting others' nonverbal signals 6. observe a variety of samples in different cultural regions
what adjustment factors do INTERCULTURAL scholars emphasize the importance of?
1. communication competence skills *** 2. sociocultural 3. psychological
3 types of culture shockers
1. early returnees 2. time servers 3. the participators
tips to manage cultural shock
1. increase motivation to learn about the new culture 2. keep expectations realistic and increase familiarity w/ diverse facets of new culture 3. increase linguistic fluency/ appropriateness and understand core values linked to specific behaviors 4. work on tolerating ambiguity/ other flexibility attributes 5. develop close relationships/ acquaintances to manage identity stress and loneliness 6. be mindful of suspending ethnocentric evaluations of interpersonal behaviors of host cultures
u-curve adjustment model stages
1. initial adjustment 2. crisis 3. regained adjustment
four biracial/multiracial identity patterns
1. intersection- compound identity w/ 2 or more social memberships categories overlapped/ comm. from the intersecting zone 2. dominance- individual adopts 1 major social identity 3. compartmentalization- shifting the weight of social identity category and self presentation dependent on audience context/ situation 4. merger- deep awareness of the multifaceted spheres of identity membership, work to integrate, harmonize the multiple identity facets, finding a comfortable balance
proxemics & its four zones
1. intimate zone: 0-18in. closet ppl we know family, partner 2. personal zone: 18"-48in. closer friends, colleagues, some acquaintances 3. social zone: 48"-12ft. larger events, parties 4. public zone: 12ft - > ** 12" average Euro American conversation distance 14"-15" Latin America/ Caribbean 9"-10" Saudi Arabia
eight checkpoints & how to display IC verbal flexibility
1. practice intercultural empathy (double verb exercise) 2. learn to paraphrase/ perception check (deter. accurate interpretation or not) 3. use multiple modes of presentation 4. practice language variation usage 5. pay attention to non verbal/ tone of voice 6. understand basic difference of LCC/HCC patterns 7. use non verbal gestures to complement 8. master the language (pragmatic rule function & context practical to know when/ what to say and if it is appropriate or not)
what adjustment factors do CROSS-CULTURAL scholars emphasis?
1. psychological *** 2. sociocultural 3. communication competence skills
personal expectations
1. realistic expectations- facilitate intercultural adaptation (helps more than unrealistic expectations b/c let down can be a violation/ not fulfill expectation) 2. accuracy-based pos expectations- ease adaptation stress
3 returnee profiles
1. resocialized returnees 2. alienated returnees 3. proactive returnees
culture shock characteristics
1. sense of identity loss/ identity deprivation w/ regard to values, status, profession, friends, possessions 2. identity strain as a result of the effort required to make necessary psychological adaptations 3. identity rejection by members of the new culture 4. identity confusion, especially regarding role ambiguity and unpredictability 5. identity powerlessness as a result of not being able to cope w/ the new environment
effective ways to deal with peaks/valleys of culture shock (reality check: do-ables)
1. understand that peaks and valleys, pos and neg shifts that constitute identity change in an unfamiliar environment, frustration and triumph roller coaster ride is part of the change/ growth process, culture shock is inevitable 2. must be aware and keep track of their instrumental, relational, and identity goals in the new culture (make new friends) maintain mental/physical health daily 3. must give themselves some time/ space to adjust, keep a journal or a blog to express feelings, remain in touch w/ ppl of their home culture 4. must develop strong ties (meaningful friendships) and weak ties (functional social connections) use resources available 5. must reach out to participate in the host culture's major cultural events, immerse themselves in once-in-a-lifetime experience and learn to enjoy the local culture as much as possible. maintain ethnorelative attitude
how many students study abroad?
1.3 million students
ABC dimensions (disorientation culture shock)
A- affectively: sojourns often feel anxiety bewilderment, confusion, disorientation and intense desire to be elsewhere B- behaviorally: they are confused as to norms/ rules that guide communication appropriateness/ effectiveness C- cognitively: they lack competence to interpret or explain "bizarre" behaviors
the w-shape stages
A. honeymoon B. hostility C. humorous D. in-sync E. ambivalence F. reentry culture shock G. resocialization
define the distinctive features of language
Arbitrariness: sounds and symbols Abstractness: concrete to abstract levels Meaning-Centeredness: denotative and cognitive levels of meaning Creativity: productivity, displacement, met-communication
different language rules
Phonological Rule: smallest units of a word Morphological Rule: multiple sounds ex: Les-lie, flow-er combo of sounds to make word(s) Syntactic Rule: grammar, structure of a language ex: did=past, do=present, doing=future Semantics Rule: (evaluative, potency, active features) subjective/ connotative meaning level which is personal and cultural Pragmatic Rule: contextual rules (depends on the situation and who you're talking to)
Pragmatic Rule
Pragmatic: contextual rules (depends on the situation and who you're talking to) even fluent ppl can still be fools if not aware of formality or dos and don'ts ex: more sensitive to relationship, when/what to say **individualistic cultures use a lot of "I" statements
Creativity: productivity, displacement, met-communication
Productivity: once master basics of language you can make your own sentences Displacement: can give oral history (talk about things @ 5yrs. old) past, present ,future, more imaginative Meta-Communication: mutual collaboration/ understanding, we use language to talk about language or comment on misunderstanding
SADFISH facial expressions
S - sadness A - anger D - disgust F - fear I - intrest S - surprise H - happiness
compare monochronic and polychronic time schedule features
[mono = strict] pay close attention to clock time and do one thing at a time, use linear way, employ segments to break up time and divide it into allotments (U.S., Germany Switz.) [poly = relaxed] pay close attention to relational time (involvement w/ ppl) emphasize on completing human transactions than holding onto schedules (Arabs, African, Latin Americs, Asian, Med.)
culture shock
a stressful transitional period when an individual moves from a familiar cultural environment to an unfamiliar one.
transformers
act as agents of change in their home organizations or cultures, they mindfully integrate their new learning experience abroad w/ what is positive in their own culture, apply multidimensional thinking, enriched emotional intelligence 3rd culture
language
an arbitrary, symbolic system, that labels/ categories objects, events, groups, ppl, ideas, feelings, experiences, and many other phenomena
boundary regulations
be aware of cultural norms, meanings and appropriateness to act accordingly
behavioral flexibility
behavioral flexibility: "ability to adapt/ accommodate one's own behavior to ppl of other groups"
alienators
can never "fit back" into their home cultures again. they are always the first to accept an overseas assignment. they more alive abroad than at home.
high context communication patterns
collectivistic values "we" spiral logic indirect verbal style understand or animates tone formal verbal style (formal Mr. Dr.) verbal reticence or silence self-humbling style (humility lowering oneself) diplomatic language > observers ex: Joy Luck Club movie clip her mother never directly states her disapproval rather goes around the topic and infers through her silence
compare emblems, illustrators, regulators, & adaptors
compare emblems- reflect deep cultural meanings illustrators- expressive hand gestures regulators- pace convo adaptors- non verbal habits (play w/ hair, tap foot)
social identity complexity theory
complex social identity formation can be understood from 4 patterns intersection dominance compartmentalization merger
cross- cultural flexibility
cross- cultural flexibility: "being able to participate in another person's experience in your imagination; thinking intellectually and felling it emotionally" the ability to connect and emotionally w/ ppl and showing compassion for others, and being able to listen actively/ mindfully
importance of diverse language functions
cultural value orientations drive the language usage in everyday life. ex: individuals countries would use phrases like 'I", "me", "my goal" Canada, Ireland ex: collectivist countries would use phrases like "our team", "our goal", "our future together" Costa Rica, Nicaragua
explain the diverse language functions
cultural world function: understand the fundamental worldview that drives particular language reasoning processes in particular situations (linear/relational) social reality function: game metaphors, common vocab that reflects everyday social reality ex: U.S.= I, slam dunk, hit it out of the park, explicit Korea= perhaps, sorry, excuse me, use more qualifiers, implicit cognitive shaping function: "language is the shaper of ideas" grammar influences thought process group membership function: shared identity, code switching ex: whatever language you claim defines you b/c dialect = one of us vs.one of you ex: Montreal (English) and French social change function: to help us survive/ adapt to our changing environment ex: iPad, iPhone new words to describe new technology
ICC competence adjustment components & characteristics
culture- sensitivity knowledge, motivation to adapt, activation of appropriate and effective communication skills, the mastery of culture- based contextual rules and the achievement of the conjoint outcomes between the intercultural communicators behavioral tendency skills level: inter.cul competence scholars emphasize mindset, tendencies and skill set mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, tolerance for ambiguity, behavioral flexibility, and cross-cultural empathy
cultural distance
difference in cultural language, values, verbal styles, nonverbal gestures, learning styles, etc. the greater the distance between home and host culture the greater culture shock
direct versus indirect verbal style
direct: LCC will explicitly verbally express themselves, clarity, enunciated U.S. indirect: HCC will implicitly express themselves , softer tone, Korea
relational worldview
emphasizes holistic or connected thinking that is based on a contextual reality emphasizes the importance of concerns about relational loyalty and trust, extended family connections, and in-group membership dignity and honor. connected thinking context-based reasoning context/relationship continuum interpretation holistic big picture mode long-term relational outcome ex: avoid extreme polarized and direct wordings China,
linear worldview
emphasizes rational or analytical thinking that is based on an objective reality the language system of the liner worldview tend to emphasize beginning w/ either face/ figures or models/theories and uses 2 reasoning patterns (inductive/ deductive) rational thinking objective reasoning facts/ evidence polarized interpretation analytical dissecting mode tangible outcomes
Semantics: meanings, evaluative, potency, active features
evaluative: subjective/ connotative meaning level which is personal and cultural, ex: hear word as pos or neg, good or bad word potency: strong or weak word active features: fast or slow word
haptics
examines perception of meanings of touch behavior to be either appropriate or inappropriate functions: affect, playfulness, control, task activities ex. same sex touch is ok in Sudan, Nepal, Saudi Arabia but not w/ opposite sex
high-, low-, & moderate-contact cultures
high contact- often look at each other in the eye directly, face each other, touch/ or kiss each other, speak in rather loud voices. ( Latin Americans, Italians, Russians) low contact- often engage in little is any touching, preferring indirect eye gazes and speaking in lower tones (Asian Americans, Chinese, Japanese) moderate contact- a blend of both (U.S., Canada, Australia)
chronemics
how ppl in different cultures structure, interpret, and understand time dimension.
reentry culture shock elements
impact usually more severe the pintail culture shock feel more depresses/ stressed sharp let down, (b/c experience changed you) resilient 1. identity change- new emotions, role, status, "not a good-fit" w/ once familiar home culture 2. nostalgic/ idealized images of home culture- tend to remember the pos aspects of their culture and forget neg during their experience abroad (reality hits whether back) 3.difficulty reintegrating: old pathways to careers b/c of new cultural lenses 4. letdown in they expectations- as to close ties w/ friends/fam who are distant b/c of long separation 5. fam/friends lack of interest: don't want to listen to all the stories or can't relate 6. demand for conformity: form their home culture, expect to go back to same performance 7. change thats happened during absence: old systems are boring in comparison to abroad or too much change for ex. political changes that sojourner is now aware of
inductive reasoning
importance of facts and evidence to make a claim, facts are important b/c objective (concretes facts/ tangible figures)
low-context communication patterns
individualistic values "I" linear logic direct verbal style matter of fact tone informal verbal style (use of 1st name) verbal assertivness ot talkativness verbal self-enhancement style > boasting ex: Swiss, English (direct lang.) say what you mean, mean what you say
reentry culture shock
involves the realignment of one's new identity w/ a once-familiar home environment, after living abroad inevitable
linear logic vs. spiral logic style
linear logic: a person will get straight to the point and meet the objective of the conversation head on LCC------>POINT spiral logic: a person will not tackle objectives of conversation directly. they will go around that point to indirectly get msg across HCC {spiral motion} to eventually reach point if ever
sociocultural adjustment
making friends- weak/strong ties
underlying factors that influence culture shock
motivation orientation personal expectations cultural distance psychological adjustment sociocultural adjustment communication competence personality attributes
psychological boundary [intrapersonal personal space]
need for info privacy and silence between self and others privacy regulation is critical to individualistic cultures not in collectivist
initial adjustment
optimistic or elation phase of the sojourners' adjustment process
mindful listening
pay thoughtful attention to both verbal/ nonverbal msgs of then speaker before responding. listen attentively w/ your senses and check responsively for the accuracy of the meaning decoding process on multiple levels ting- "attending mindfully w/ your ears, eyes, and focused heart" consciously competent shift of perspective taking into account both identity perspective who are communicating
alienated returnees
ppl are aware of their new skills/ ideas in their experience abroad. however, they have difficulty applying their new knowledge in home organizations distance-rejective strategy (onlookers in their home culture) most dissatisfied
proactive returnees
ppl are highly aware of changes in themselves/ the new values and skills they have learned overseas. they try to integrate the new values/ practices learned from host culture into their home culture and develop an integrated outlook in their reentry phase use proactive communication, often receive validation/ recognition from home culture most satisfied
resocialized returnees
ppl who don't recognize having learned new skills in the new culture. psychologically distant from there int'l experience fit-back-in strategy reentry = satisfactory
explain cultural display rules
procedures we learn for managing the way we express our emotions rules tell us when something is or isn't acceptable to express emotionally ex: individ culture- openly express anger collectivist culture- dont openly express anger
psychological adjustment
refers to feelings of well being and satisfaction during cross-culture transitions (stress, low self-esteem, low mastery of host culture info) cross cultural
deductive reasoning
refers to primacy of conceptual models or big principles to start and then moves on to specific analytical points of interferences and factual conclusions ex: France, Russia
socioemotional goal
refers to relational, recreational & personal development goals during stay in a foreign country ex: tourist (enjoy local culture)
intercultural adjustment
refers to short-term and medium-term adaptive process of sojourners (temp residents abroad) in oversea assignments
instrumental goal
refers to task-based or business or academic goals during stay in foreign country ex: int'l student
self-enhancement vs. self-humbling verbal style
self-enhancement- the importance of drawing attention to or exaggerating one's credentials, outstanding accomplishments, and special abilities self-humbling- the importance of downplaying oneself via modest talk, restraint, hesitation, and the use of self-depreciation msg concerning one's performance or effort. ex: dinner scene Joy Luck Club
motivation orientation
sojourners leave their home countries and enter a new culture voluntarily, manage culture shock more effectively
description of u-curve
sojourners pass through a initial honeymoon stage, then experience a slump, or stressful phase, and finally pull themselves together back to an effective phase and manage their assignments abroad.
personality attributes
sojourners personality can heavily influence the experience in host country ex: USA- independent style to Norway (match so that you can assimilate easier due to how your mind works bc of your personality traits) individualistic host country great match for Americans "cultural fit"
paralanguage
sounds and tones we use in conversation and the speech behavior that accompanies the msg. how something is said not what is said
kinesics
study of posture, body movement, gestures, and facial expressions
early returnees
tend to use aggressive or passive strategies to deal w/ "hostile" environment and exit prematurely back to home cultures, blame all props on new culture ETHNOCENTRIC, pounce strategies
paralinguistic features
the nonword sounds and characteristics of speech
regained adjustment
the settling-in phase, when sojourners learn to cope effectively with the new environment
crisis
the stressful phase, when reality sets in and sojourners are overwhelmed by their own incompetencies
define proxemics
the study of of space between persons, physical contact, and the inner anxiety we have when ppl violate our space. ex: personal space is different in individualistic/ collectivist countries U.S. we prefer more space vs. Japan b/c they accept less space between them to keep things socially harmonized (train)
the participators
those who are committed to adjust in an optimal manner/ participate fully in their new culture, they take advantage of both instrumental/ socioemotional learning in new environment, active commitment strategies, ETHNOREALTIVE
time servers
those who are doing a minimally passable job w minimal host contact, they are emotionally and cognitively "serving their time" but eagerly looking forward to returning home avoidance strategies
weak form vs. the strong (form of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)
weak form: language helps to shape our thinking patterns (indorse intercult. shapes but does NOT determine) ex: continuous tense = sense of time is more fluid strong form: language determines our thinking pattern ex: filial piety- anticipate parents wishes
culture-based "privacy" issues
western culture privacy is a major concern (individ. cult) offensive in collectivistic culture seen as secretive or selfish intrapersonal personal space is the need for information privacy
identity validation
when a person perceives authentic/ pos identity validation they tend to view self-image positively can be expressed through verbal and non verbal confirming msgs, responding sensitively to moods and state of minds and validating other ppls experience as real master flexible consciously competence when a person perceives identity rejection they view self image negatively
linguistic relativity hypothesis
when combining worldview/ thought pattern the grammars of different languages = separate conceptual realities for members of different cultures, ppl experience different thought/ sensations via linguistic system ex: Spanish = the usage of words that imply probability vs. certainty
