Intercultural Communication com3461 study guide

According to Stewart, Bennett, Condon, and Yousef, a culture's self-orientation provides answers to questions such as all of the following. EXCEPT: a. what motivates people to behave as they do? b. what responsibility do individuals have to their employees, their extended families, their neighbors, and others? c. can and do people change? d. who is a valued member of society?

b. p57 (self orientation) culture

Studying for an exam and working hard for the potential gain of a rewarding career later on, is indicative of a ____________culture. a. monochromic b. future-orientated c. present-oriented d. past-oriented

b. p52

In this country serving star fruit and fried rice were used to covertly suggest that their children were not appropriate for each other and they should not get married as the children wish. What country is this? a. Mongolia b. Indonesia c. Bhutan

b. p144

In Arabic, there are thousands of words to refer to camel. This is an example of __________. a. respect and social hierarchy b. variation in vocabulary c. variation in grammar d. none of the above.

b p88

approval admiration affiliation closure

169

Difference between dialect accents jargon argot

Dialect: versions of a language w/distinctive vocab. and grammar that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions. (ex: Spanish-accented, Appalachian-accented English, black standard English)-considered less standard, less intelligent (form of racism) p94 Accents: related to the distinctive pronunciation of the words themselves. Accents are closely related to dialects, and like dialects, can also trigger stereotyped reactions. (do you say tomato -stressing the 1st syllable or the second?)p96 jargon: is a specialized form of vocabulary associated with a specific profession. The terms used by police officers, lawyers, doctors are all example of jargon. used strictly amongst themselves. Argot: specialized language which is developed by members of society to keep others from understanding what they are really talking about. ex: inmates will change the meaning of words in order to prevent the guards from interpreting their conversations. truck drivers will do the same in order to avoid speed traps. constantly in flux. p96

Hofstede value orientation

Hofstede has identified 5 value dimensions that has an impact on behavior in all cultures. 1.power distance-related to the issue of inequality between individuals(those who hold power and the general population of a culture. **large-power distance- countries like India, Brazil, Singapore, Venezuela, Mexico, Philippines believe that power and authority are facts of life. They teach their members that people are not equal in this world and everybody has a rightful place. p147 **small power distance - Austria, Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel believe that inequality in society should be minimized. they believer they are no different than the individual who posses the power, they have access to that power. subordinates consider superiors to be the same kind of people as they are and vice versa. 2. uncertainty avoidance-future is unknown. **high-uncertainty avoidance-try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability to their members, more formal rules, no deviant ideas or behaviors. planning regulations, rituals, and ceremonies that add structure to life. Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, Japan p148 **low uncertainty avoidance-Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, U.S. more easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not threatened by deviant people and ideas. Tolerate the unusual. p149 3. individuals versus collectivism - Individualism living individualistic cultures-individual most important unit in social setting, stress independence, indiv. achievement rewarded. U.S., Australia, Great Britain, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand. Collectivism-rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups. In-groups(relatives, friends, organizations) to look after them, and in exchange for that they believe they absolute loyalty to the group. Collectivism means greater emphasis Is placed on, 1-views, needs, and goals of the group 2- social norms were defined by the group, 3-beliefs match the group, 4- great readiness to cooperate with in-group members. p.150-151 masculinity vs. femininity -degree of the traits. Masculinity is the extent to which the dominant values in society are male orientated. Femininity - Cultures value fem. as a trait stress caring and nurturing in behaviors. Worldview - that the men need not be assertive as in the masculinity section, they can assume nurturing roles. promotes sexual equality and holds that people and environment are important. Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway are tending to a feminine world view. p. 153 long term versus short term Time Orientations: Long term-China, Taiwan, Japan, S. Korea, Brazil, and India are concerned w/ virtue (reflected in Eastern religions like Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism) Emphasis on perseverance and tenacity regardless on how long it takes. They tend to lean towards life admire persistence, thriftiness, humility, a sense of shame, and status differences w/interpersonal relationships. Linguistic and social distinctions between elder and younger siblings are common. deferred gratification. Short term - U.S. Canada, Great Britain, Czech Republic, concerned w/ possessing the truth (reflected in western religions like Judaism and Christianity) emphasis is quick results in endeavors, social pressure exists to keep up with the neighbors, even if it means overspending. p 154

Confucius dynamism

Kong Fu Ze, named Confucious by Jesuit missionaries, Chinese civil servant of humble origins who lived about 2500 years ago. he was an intellectual, known for his wit and great wisdom. not a religion but practical principles and ethical rules for daily life. Key principles: social order is based on unequal relationship, family is the prototype for al relationship, treat others as you want to be treated, and people should be.... p155-157

DIFFERENCES IN STYLE PERSUASION: P138 presentational style perceptual quasilogical analogical

Presentation style-emphasizes & appeals to the "emotional components of persuasion:, in this style it is understood that people rather than the idea itself, are what make an idea persuasion. The ideas are not inherently persuasive. thus the immutable truth doesn't exist and there are not clear rights or wrongs to be discovered. listener will look, see, hear, feel, and believe (African oratorical devices) p138 Quasilogical Style-preferred by western cultures. used in statistics and testimony from experts, objective witnesses as evidence, resembles logic. in formal logic, once the listener accepts or believes the individuals pieces of evidence, the conclusion follow logically and must be accepted. In quasilogical style, - the speaker or persuader will connect he evidence to the persuasive conclusion by using words like thus, hence, and therefore. p138 Analogical Style - seeks to establish an idea-a conclusion - and to persuade someone by providing an analogy, a story or a parable in which there is a lesson to be learned. storybook pattern. like sermons of many ministers and preachers. assumption underlying the analogical style is that the collective experience of groups of people - the culture- is persuasive rather than the ideas themselves or characteristics of a dynamic individual. p139

Daniel Kealey u-curve/w-curve

Process of Adaptation: when and individual adapts to another culture. there are two theories. U-curve- initial intercultural contacts are characterized by a positive almost euphoric, emotional response. later after fatigue and culture shock set, individual responses are more negative. W-curve-adaptation process of an individual returning home to their culture after being away at another culture for a longer time. p 70

Member of individualistic cultures are likely to deal with face threats in a direct, controlling way. Is this statement true or false? T or F

T

The expression "head of the table" is meaningless in Japanese negotiations. Is this statement T or F?

T

valence intensity superiority inferiority

The values of any culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, kind or cruel, etc. Values are desired characteristic of goals of a culture, don't necessarily describe its actual behavior and characteristics. p12

interpretation / Equivalence

Translation: transfer of written verbal codes between languages interpretation: oral process of moving from 1 code to another. p85

High-context cultures rely more on nonverbal communication while communicating. The word nunchi means being able to communicated with the eyes. This word is from what language? a. Greek b. Japanese c. Khmer d Korean

d. Korean p.143 (being able to communicate with the eyes-non verbal)

facework strategies

everyday actions that impose on another like (requests, criticisms, compliments, apologies, etc.) involve careful use of facework techniques. THE Specific facework strategies a person uses are ***shaped by his or her culture. 172

three kinds of face needs: control, approval, admiration

face refers only to favorable social attributes that people want other to acknowledge. types of face are ***need for control**need for approval**need for admiration** p171

(maintenance of Face)

is concerned w/the communication activities that help to create maintain and sustain the connection between people: and it's a central feature of all interpersonal relationships. three important characteristics: 1. face is social-public or social image of a person held by others. 2. face is impression- what people think of you. people want others to act with respect towards them. face maintenance involves an expectation that people will act as though the others are appreciated and admired 3. face refers only to favorable social attributes that people want other to acknowledge. p171 types of face are ***need for control**need for approval**need for admiration**

ethnocentrism p63, 175

learned belief that one's culture is superior, or better, to other cultures.

High content cultures/ low context cultures

low context cultures - U.S., Norway, Sweden High context cultures- Japan

the melting pot scenario

p74-75, 49

conceptual equivalence

related to the beliefs, values, norms, & social practices of culture. interpreter needs to explain the cultural patterns in order for "true meaning" to be conveyed. ex: Afghanistan refuge seen kissing the penis of his baby boy (tradition expression of love ) to the police & neighbors child abuse. p86