INtercultural communications exam 2 chapter 5/6&7
Exact Style
Emphasizes cooperative communication and sincerity as a basis for interaction
Critical Approach
Emphasizes the role of power in language use
Among the Finnish people, silence communicates awkwardness and may cause people to feel uncomfortable
False
Direct eye contact can create distance between people because it makes them feel uncomfortable
False
Human emotion is universally represented by the same set of six distinct facial expression signals
False
Poly chronic cultures value punctuality, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules
False
Silence is generally not appropriate in social situations where relationships are ambiguous because the only way to reduce uncertainty is through communication.
False
When misunderstandings arise, we are more likely to look at the nonverbal communication.
False
Cultural Invasion
One group penetrating the culture of another group to impose its own views on the world. It can be physical and overt, or it can be indirect, even in the form of aid
Sexual Identity
One's identification with various categories of sexuality
National Identity
One's national Citizenship
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
Posits that in some situations individuals change their communication patterns to accommodate others-depending on the situation and the attitude of the speaker toward other people
Interpellation
The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity
Identity
The concept of who we are. Characteristics of identity may be understood differently depending on the perspectives that people take
Core Symbols
The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the member of a cultural group.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The structure of a culture's language shapes what people think and do; language defines our experience
Pragmatics
The study of how meaning is constructed in relation to receivers, how language is actually used in particular contexts in language communities
Semantics
The study of meaning; how individual words communicate the meanings we intend
Phonetics
The study of the sound system of language-how words are pronounced, which units of sounds (phonemes) are meaningful for a specific language and which sounds are universal
Syntactics
The study of the structure, or grammar-the rules for combining words into meaningful sentences; order of words
Identity negotiation theory
The theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one's own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting other identities as the core of intercultural communication
Nominalist Position
The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. Any thought can be expressed in any language; we all have the same range of thoughts expressed in different ways with different languages
Relativist Position
The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns
Qualified Relativist Position
The view that the particular language we speak influences our perception but does not completely determine our perception; LANGUAGE INFLUENCES HOW WE PERCEIVE
Impressions management theory
The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them
Global Nomads
Third culture kids; people who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated
Millennials
Those born between 1982-2001; Tend to be polite, prefer electronic communication, are not as skilled at face-to-face communication because they are more used to technical ways to communicate, and prefer action-oriented communication
Cultural space influence cultural identity and includes homes, neighborhoods, regions, and nations
True
Gestures are different from many other nonverbal expressions in that they are accessible to conscious awareness; they can be explained, illustrated, and taught to outsides
True
In hate crimes, the victims appearance is more significant then the victims specific cultural heritage
True
People narrow down their personal space when they believe they are in control of their own personal space
True
Prejudice is often based on aspects of nonverbal communication.
True
Women are more likely than men to carry their books close to their body and take up less room when sitting
True
Hyphenated Americans
US Americans who identify not only being US citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups
Understated Style
Values succinct, simple assertions, and silence
Once determined, cultural spaces are relatively unchanging
false
Hiring practices where resumes and applicants with "foreign" or "non-white" names are routinely rejected, leading some applicants to "whiten" their resumes, are an example of:
institutionalized discriminations
Brief and everyday slights, insults, indignities, and denigrating messages sent by well-intentioned people who are unaware of the midden messages being communicated are refers to as:
microaggressions
Casey is obsessed with punctuality. He gets up at 7:30 every morning, goes to basketball practice at exactly 8:20, takes a one hour lunch, and, comes to class at exactly 12:00 every Tuesday. He knows that being late to class can be interpreted negatively. Casey is probably from a ____ culture.
monochronic
People with a ____ concept on time tend to regard time as a commodity
monochronic
The "bubble" around us that marks the territory between ourselves and others is known as ______.
personal space
People with a ______ orientation toward time tend to view time more holistically and will often interrupt a task to talk to a friend which means that many times things are not finished "on time".
polychronic
A person from Montreal who might identify more strongly with the province of Quebec than her country, Canada, demonstrates _____, a form of cultural space.
regionalism
Stanley shakes his head no and ducks his eyes but doesn't say anything when his instructor asks him if he has his essay to turn in. Stanley has used nonverbal behavior to ______ verbal behavior
substitute
___ is a way of changing cultural space that fleeting, temporary and usually desirable.
traveling
Lingua Franca
A commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages
"Eve Teasing"
A form of interpersonal harassment by males who observe women text messaging
Interlanguage
A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language's semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating
Gen Xers
A little older than Millennials; are comfortable with more direct and informal communication and like immediate communication and results
Majority identity
A sense of belonging to a dominant group
Minority Identity
A sense of belonging to a non-dominant group
Religious Identity
A sense of belonging to a religious group
Ethnic Identity
A set of ideas about one's own ethnic group membership, or A sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group
High-Context Communication
A style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words
Low-Context Communication
A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts
Indirect Communication Style
A style of communication in which the verbal message is often designed to camouflage the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires
Direct Communication Style
A style of communication in which verbal messages reveal the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires
Code Switching
A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents
Prejudice
An attitude (usually negative) towards a cultural group based on little or no evidence
Metaphor
An expression where a word(s) is used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept ("you are my sunshine")
Equivalency
An issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, and so on
Linguistic Determinism
Argues that language structure controls through and cultural norms; the difference between languages represent basic differences in the world view of diverse cultures
This perspective believes that identity is shaped through social and historical forces.
Critical
What perspective insists on the dynamic nature of identities?
Critical
______ is a particular way in which the meanings of various places is constructed
Cultural space
A _____ view of identity emphasizes that identities are both static (as described by the social science perspective) and dynamic (described by the interpretive and critical perspectives), as well as personal and contextual.
Dialectical
Familial Identity
The sense of self as always connected to family and other
Interpretive Approach
Focuses on contextual aspects of language
Social Science Approach
Focuses on individual aspects of language
Third-culture Kids
Global Nomads; people who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated
Transgender
Identification with a gender that does not match one's biological gender
Spiritual identity
Identification with feelings of connectedness to other and higher meanings in life
Racial Identity
Identifying with a particular racial group, more recently, constructed in fluid social and historical contexts
Regional Identity
Identifying with a specific geographic region of a nation
Culture Brokers
Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross cultural interaction and conflict
This perspective believes identity is formed through communications with others
Interpretive
Elaborate Style
Involves the use of rich, expressive language in everyday talk
Language
Is a set of symbols, shared by a community to communicate meaning and experience; has a direct relationship with culture; bonds people together
Language Policies
Laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken; are embedded in the politics of class, culture, ethnicity, and economics
What are the three identities that are listed in the "identity development stages"
Minority, Majority Biracial
Co-Cultural Groups
Non-dominant cultural groups that exists in a national culture (Ex: African or Chinese Americans)
Nagging
Repeated requests by one family member to another; usually concerns household chores and is often a source of conflict; seems to be related to issues of gender, power, and control
Individualized identity
The sense of self independent and self reliant
This perspective believes identity is created by self and in part relation to a group
Social Science Perspective
What perspective believes the self is composed of multiple identities
Social Science perspective
What are three perspectives on identity and communication?
Social Science, Interpretive, Critical
Gender Identity
The identification with cultural notion of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or woman
Age Identity
The identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age
Metamessage
The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them
Communication Style
The metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages
Target Text
The new language text into which the original language text is translated
Traditionalists
The oldest generation; prefer good grammar and manners, more formal language, and use of titles, and a focus on words rather than body language
Source Text
The original language text of a translation
Social Positions
The places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on
Ascription
The process by which others attribute identities to an individual
Language Acquisition
The process of learning language
Translation
The process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language
Interpretation
The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language
Class identity
The sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status
Personal Identity
Who we think we are and who others think we are
Stereotypes
Widely held beliefs about a group of people
Language Negotiation
Working out, explicitly or implicitly, which language to use in a given situation
People in _____ cultures stand closer together while talking, have more direct eye contact and speak in louder voices than many people in the United States.
contact
Sufen, an immigrant from Taiwan, feels uncomfortable whenever her boss, an Italian American talks to her. She feels that her boss stands too close and talks too loud for the space they are in. Sufen's are probably a result of ____ cultural differences.
contact vs. noncontact
Jonah tells Katrina he is glad to see her but then he doesn't smile or look at her frequently and seems preoccupied with something else. Jonah has used nonverbal behavior to ____ verbal behavior.
contradict
The classroom building at the Technical University of Denmark where the rooms and walls are fluid and can be moved to accommodate the needs of any particular days activities such as classes, meetings, and study groups is a typical example of a:
postmodern cultural space