INtercultural communications exam 2 chapter 5/6&7

Exact Style

Emphasizes cooperative communication and sincerity as a basis for interaction

Critical Approach

Emphasizes the role of power in language use

Among the Finnish people, silence communicates awkwardness and may cause people to feel uncomfortable

False

Direct eye contact can create distance between people because it makes them feel uncomfortable

False

Human emotion is universally represented by the same set of six distinct facial expression signals

False

Poly chronic cultures value punctuality, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules

False

Silence is generally not appropriate in social situations where relationships are ambiguous because the only way to reduce uncertainty is through communication.

False

When misunderstandings arise, we are more likely to look at the nonverbal communication.

False

Cultural Invasion

One group penetrating the culture of another group to impose its own views on the world. It can be physical and overt, or it can be indirect, even in the form of aid

Sexual Identity

One's identification with various categories of sexuality

National Identity

One's national Citizenship

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)

Posits that in some situations individuals change their communication patterns to accommodate others-depending on the situation and the attitude of the speaker toward other people

Interpellation

The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity

Identity

The concept of who we are. Characteristics of identity may be understood differently depending on the perspectives that people take

Core Symbols

The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the member of a cultural group.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The structure of a culture's language shapes what people think and do; language defines our experience

Pragmatics

The study of how meaning is constructed in relation to receivers, how language is actually used in particular contexts in language communities

Semantics

The study of meaning; how individual words communicate the meanings we intend

Phonetics

The study of the sound system of language-how words are pronounced, which units of sounds (phonemes) are meaningful for a specific language and which sounds are universal

Syntactics

The study of the structure, or grammar-the rules for combining words into meaningful sentences; order of words

Identity negotiation theory

The theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one's own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting other identities as the core of intercultural communication

Nominalist Position

The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. Any thought can be expressed in any language; we all have the same range of thoughts expressed in different ways with different languages

Relativist Position

The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns

Qualified Relativist Position

The view that the particular language we speak influences our perception but does not completely determine our perception; LANGUAGE INFLUENCES HOW WE PERCEIVE

Impressions management theory

The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them

Global Nomads

Third culture kids; people who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated

Millennials

Those born between 1982-2001; Tend to be polite, prefer electronic communication, are not as skilled at face-to-face communication because they are more used to technical ways to communicate, and prefer action-oriented communication

Cultural space influence cultural identity and includes homes, neighborhoods, regions, and nations

True

Gestures are different from many other nonverbal expressions in that they are accessible to conscious awareness; they can be explained, illustrated, and taught to outsides

True

In hate crimes, the victims appearance is more significant then the victims specific cultural heritage

True

People narrow down their personal space when they believe they are in control of their own personal space

True

Prejudice is often based on aspects of nonverbal communication.

True

Women are more likely than men to carry their books close to their body and take up less room when sitting

True

Hyphenated Americans

US Americans who identify not only being US citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups

Understated Style

Values succinct, simple assertions, and silence

Once determined, cultural spaces are relatively unchanging

false

Hiring practices where resumes and applicants with "foreign" or "non-white" names are routinely rejected, leading some applicants to "whiten" their resumes, are an example of:

institutionalized discriminations

Brief and everyday slights, insults, indignities, and denigrating messages sent by well-intentioned people who are unaware of the midden messages being communicated are refers to as:

microaggressions

Casey is obsessed with punctuality. He gets up at 7:30 every morning, goes to basketball practice at exactly 8:20, takes a one hour lunch, and, comes to class at exactly 12:00 every Tuesday. He knows that being late to class can be interpreted negatively. Casey is probably from a ____ culture.

monochronic

People with a ____ concept on time tend to regard time as a commodity

monochronic

The "bubble" around us that marks the territory between ourselves and others is known as ______.

personal space

People with a ______ orientation toward time tend to view time more holistically and will often interrupt a task to talk to a friend which means that many times things are not finished "on time".

polychronic

A person from Montreal who might identify more strongly with the province of Quebec than her country, Canada, demonstrates _____, a form of cultural space.

regionalism

Stanley shakes his head no and ducks his eyes but doesn't say anything when his instructor asks him if he has his essay to turn in. Stanley has used nonverbal behavior to ______ verbal behavior

substitute

___ is a way of changing cultural space that fleeting, temporary and usually desirable.

traveling

Lingua Franca

A commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages

"Eve Teasing"

A form of interpersonal harassment by males who observe women text messaging

Interlanguage

A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language's semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating

Gen Xers

A little older than Millennials; are comfortable with more direct and informal communication and like immediate communication and results

Majority identity

A sense of belonging to a dominant group

Minority Identity

A sense of belonging to a non-dominant group

Religious Identity

A sense of belonging to a religious group

Ethnic Identity

A set of ideas about one's own ethnic group membership, or A sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group

High-Context Communication

A style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words

Low-Context Communication

A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts

Indirect Communication Style

A style of communication in which the verbal message is often designed to camouflage the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires

Direct Communication Style

A style of communication in which verbal messages reveal the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires

Code Switching

A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents

Prejudice

An attitude (usually negative) towards a cultural group based on little or no evidence

Metaphor

An expression where a word(s) is used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept ("you are my sunshine")

Equivalency

An issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, and so on

Linguistic Determinism

Argues that language structure controls through and cultural norms; the difference between languages represent basic differences in the world view of diverse cultures

This perspective believes that identity is shaped through social and historical forces.

Critical

What perspective insists on the dynamic nature of identities?

Critical

______ is a particular way in which the meanings of various places is constructed

Cultural space

A _____ view of identity emphasizes that identities are both static (as described by the social science perspective) and dynamic (described by the interpretive and critical perspectives), as well as personal and contextual.

Dialectical

Familial Identity

The sense of self as always connected to family and other

Interpretive Approach

Focuses on contextual aspects of language

Social Science Approach

Focuses on individual aspects of language

Third-culture Kids

Global Nomads; people who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated

Transgender

Identification with a gender that does not match one's biological gender

Spiritual identity

Identification with feelings of connectedness to other and higher meanings in life

Racial Identity

Identifying with a particular racial group, more recently, constructed in fluid social and historical contexts

Regional Identity

Identifying with a specific geographic region of a nation

Culture Brokers

Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross cultural interaction and conflict

This perspective believes identity is formed through communications with others

Interpretive

Elaborate Style

Involves the use of rich, expressive language in everyday talk

Language

Is a set of symbols, shared by a community to communicate meaning and experience; has a direct relationship with culture; bonds people together

Language Policies

Laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken; are embedded in the politics of class, culture, ethnicity, and economics

What are the three identities that are listed in the "identity development stages"

Minority, Majority Biracial

Co-Cultural Groups

Non-dominant cultural groups that exists in a national culture (Ex: African or Chinese Americans)

Nagging

Repeated requests by one family member to another; usually concerns household chores and is often a source of conflict; seems to be related to issues of gender, power, and control

Individualized identity

The sense of self independent and self reliant

This perspective believes identity is created by self and in part relation to a group

Social Science Perspective

What perspective believes the self is composed of multiple identities

Social Science perspective

What are three perspectives on identity and communication?

Social Science, Interpretive, Critical

Gender Identity

The identification with cultural notion of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or woman

Age Identity

The identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age

Metamessage

The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them

Communication Style

The metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages

Target Text

The new language text into which the original language text is translated

Traditionalists

The oldest generation; prefer good grammar and manners, more formal language, and use of titles, and a focus on words rather than body language

Source Text

The original language text of a translation

Social Positions

The places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on

Ascription

The process by which others attribute identities to an individual

Language Acquisition

The process of learning language

Translation

The process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language

Interpretation

The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language

Class identity

The sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status

Personal Identity

Who we think we are and who others think we are

Stereotypes

Widely held beliefs about a group of people

Language Negotiation

Working out, explicitly or implicitly, which language to use in a given situation

People in _____ cultures stand closer together while talking, have more direct eye contact and speak in louder voices than many people in the United States.

contact

Sufen, an immigrant from Taiwan, feels uncomfortable whenever her boss, an Italian American talks to her. She feels that her boss stands too close and talks too loud for the space they are in. Sufen's are probably a result of ____ cultural differences.

contact vs. noncontact

Jonah tells Katrina he is glad to see her but then he doesn't smile or look at her frequently and seems preoccupied with something else. Jonah has used nonverbal behavior to ____ verbal behavior.

contradict

The classroom building at the Technical University of Denmark where the rooms and walls are fluid and can be moved to accommodate the needs of any particular days activities such as classes, meetings, and study groups is a typical example of a:

postmodern cultural space