International Business Exam Chapter 4
___________________ is built around a comprehensive moral ethical code that sets down guidelines for relationships with others.
Confucianism
What is an example of a radical islamic fundamentalist group?
ISIS
Although the number of societies with caste systems diminished rapidly during the twentieth century, one partial example still remains which is ___________.
India
A german sociologist _______ _____________ made a connection between protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism
Max Weber
Weber theorized that there was a relationship between __________________ and the emergence of modern capitalism.
Protestantism
The central principle of islam is that there is one god named ____________.
allah
The most rigid system of stratification is a ___________ system.
caste
a _____________ system is a system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individuals lifetime.
caste
Unliked Hinduism, Buddhism does not support the ___________ ______________.
caste system
A __________ system is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible.
class
____________ _____________________ refers to a condition by which people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their relationship with members of other classes.
class consciousness
___________ is a system of a values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.
culture
Hindus believe that a moral force in society requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities, called ____________.
dharma
an _____________ system refers to a set of moral principles, or values that are used to guide and shape behavior.
ethical
________________ is behavior that is based on the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture, and often shows disregard or contempt for the culture of other countries.
ethnocentrism
An important point on culture is that culture is not constant, it ____________ over time.
evolves
Orthodox Muslim rituals require prayer __________ times a day, demands that women should be dressed in a certain manner, and forbids the consumption of _________ and ______________.
five, pork, alcohol
A good example of a ______________ is peoples attitude towards time.
folkway
People who violate _____________ may be thought of as eccentric or ill-mannered, but they are not usually considered to be evil or bad.
folkways
_____________ are the routine conventions of everyday life and are actions of little moral signifigance
folkways
Norms can be subdivided into two major categories _______________ and ___________.
folkways and mores
Human social life is __________ life. (families, work etc.)
group
a __________ is an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each others behavior.
group
The most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by Geert ______________.
hofstede
Hofstede's _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ dimension focused on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.
individualism versus collectivism
One economic principle of islam prohibits the payment or receipt of ______________ which is considered usury.
interest
The koran is the book of ____________.
islam
The second largest of the worlds major religions is ___________.
islam
Part of the reason for the rise in ____________ fundamentalism is a response to the social pressures created in traditional islamic societies by the move toward modernization and by the influence of western ideas such as democracy, materialism, equal rights for women, and attitudes towards sex, marriage, and alcohol.
islamic
Hindus also believe in ____________, the spiritual progression of each persons soul.
karma
_________________ shapes the way that people perceive the world.
language
Individuals are born into a particular stratum and those who are born in a stratum towards the top of the social hierarchy tend to have better_______ chances than those born into a stratum at the bottom.
life
the ____________ ________________ verse _______________ ________________ ________________________ dimension refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs. It captures attitudes towards time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors. the label refers to the values derived from confucian teachings.
long term versus short term orientation
High moral and ethical conduct and ______________ are central to confucianism.
loyalty
Hofstede's ______________ _________ ___________________ dimensions looked at the relationship between gender and work roles. In _________________ cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional masculine values such as achievement and the effective exercise of power, determined cultural ideals. In ________________ cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation was made between men and women in the same job.
masculinity versus femininity, masculine, feminine
Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a ___________________ religion.
monotheistic
_________ are often so important that they have been enacted into law.
mores
__________ refer to norms that are more widely observed, have greater moral significance than folkways, and are central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.
mores
laws against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism are all examples of
mores
a ________________ contract is similar to a profit sharing scheme.
mudarabah
Adherents to islam are referred to as inherents of ___________.
muslim
It is not just a religion, it is the source of the law, a guide to statecraft, and an arbiter of social behavior. ____________ believe that every human endeavor is within the purview of the faith, and this includes political activity, because the only purpose of any activity is to do it for gods will.
muslims
By perfecting the soul in each new life, Hindus believe that an individual can eventually achieve _______________, a state of complete spiritual perfection that renders reincarnation necessary.
nirvana
__________ are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.
norms
Often, a caste system carries with it a specific _____________________.
occupation
Hofstede's __________ _____________ dimension focused on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilites.
power distance
In Britain, the upper and upper middle class typically sent their children to a select group of _____________ ___________ where they wouldn't mix with lower class children and where they picked up many of the speech accents and social norms that marked them as being from the higher strata of society.
private schools
Under the mudarabah banking system, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business, rather than charging that business interest on the loan, it takes a share in the ____________ that are derived from that investment.
profits
Most of the world's ethical system are the products of _____________.
religion
_____________ may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.
religion
_________ ____________ refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born.
social mobility
__________ ___________ is the Hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income.
social strata
the ___________ _______________ is the basic social organization of a society.
social structure
___________ is a group of people sharing common set of values and norms.
society
Hofstede's _______________ ________________ dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.
uncertainty avoidance
In a class system individuals in a society can work their way ______ and can also slip down.
up
Freedom is considered a _________.
value
Weber argued that protestant ethics emphasizes that the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugality. This kind of _________ system was needed to facilitate the development of capitalism.
value
__________ are ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.
values
____________ provide the context within which a society's norms are established and justified.
values
A small minority of radical fundamentalists who have hijacked the religion to further their own political and violent ends perpetrate the ______________ that western media associates with islamic fundamentalism.
violence
What are three main branches of Christianity?
1. Catholic 2. Orthodox 3. Protestant
What are the four basic principles of stratification?
1. social stratification is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual difference. 2. social stratification carries over a generation to the next generation 3. social stratification is generally universal from variable 4. social stratification involves not just inequality, but also beliefs
