Interpersonal Communication Ch 1-4

inevitability

"we cannot not communicate" We are always communicating whether we intend to or not.

collectivist orientation

A cultural orientation in which the group's goals rather than the individual's are given greater importance and in which, for example, benevolence, tradition, and conformity are given special emphasis. Opposed to individualist orientation.

complementary relationship

A relationship in which the behavior of one person serves as the stimulus for the complementary behavior of the other; in complementary relationships, behavioral differences are maximized.

impression formation

A variety of process that you go through in forming an impression of another person

noise

Anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of a message

remembering

Being able to retain information and recall it when needed

asynchronous communication

Communication such as email in which the message and the response do not occur at the same time. (communication which does not occur in real time).

high context cultures

Cultures that promote communication in which many messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in the verbal language. The situation is more important

transactional perspective

IPC is a process with elements that are interdependent.

metamessages

Messages that refer to other messages

collectivist culture

Personal goals less important than community goals and interests

responding

Providing observable feedback during the sender's msg. AND after they are done- being more elaborate- showing support, asking questions, challenging them, agreeing with them.

content dimension

The facts or topics being discussed which can usually be verified or substantiated.Primarily the "what" of the conversation.

ethics

The principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions. A moral dimension

enculturation

The process by which a child learns his or her culture

acculturation

The process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture different from your native culture

attribution

The process of explaining the causes of people's behavior, including our own

context

The setting which communication occurs, including what precedes and follows what is said.

captology

The study of the persuasive power of computer communication.

unrepeatability

You can never recapture the exact same situation, frame of mind, or relationship dynamics that defined a previous communication act.

ethnic identity

a commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture

masculine culture

a culture that values achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional male and female roles "win-lose"

script

a general idea of how something should play out

theory

a generalization that explains how something works

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people.

critical listening

a listening style used to evaluate and analyze a message for logic and value

ambiguity

a message that may be interpreted in more than one way.

other-oriented

a quality of interpersonal effectiveness that includes the ability to adapt your messages to the other person. It involves communicating,= attentiveness to and interest in the other person and genuine interest in what the person says.

mindfulness

a state of mental awareness- you are conscious of your reasons for thinking or communicating in a particular way.

power distance

a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power

individualist culture

cultural perspective which places the individual, independence and autonomy over the group.

display rules

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display in public

feminine culture

culture in which people tend to value caring, sensitivity, and attention to quality of life. "win-win"

low context cultures

cultures in which messages are direct, specific,explicit and detailed. The word is more important.

relationship dimension

focuses on the relationship and roles of those communicating

source

formulates and sends message

individualist orientation

individual as primary social unit, uniqueness valued over conformity, see success in terms of individual achievement

interpretation-evaluation

influenced by experiences, needs, wants, values, how things should be, rules, gender, schemata, scripts

memory

information which is stored so that you can retrieve it at a later time.

feedforward

information you provide before sending your primary message which provides some information about the msg to come

evaluating

judging the msgs in some way

understanding

learning what the speaker means, grasp both the thoughts and the emotions expressed. understanding one without the other is likely to result in an unbalance picture.

decoder

listeners and readers (receivers of the message)

nonjudgmental listening

listening for understanding while suspending judgement. Only after you have fully understood the msg should you evaluate or judge.

self-esteem

measure of how valuable you think you are

schema

mental template that help you organize the millions of items of info you come in contact with every day.

listening

mindful, attentive, not accidental, intentional.. hearing and putting meaning to what you hear.

inactive listening

mindless, physiological

choice point

moments when you have to make a choice as to who you communicate with, what you say, what you dont say, how you phrase what you do and so on

surface listening

obvious meaning you can derive from the actual spoken words

receiving

part of listening where you note what is said and what is omitted. also note non-verbal cues.

receiver

perceives and comprehends message

affirmation

positive statements about yourself, statements asserting that something good or positive is true of you

decoding

receiving a message and interpreting its meaning

active listening

receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, responding ....mindful

cultural sensitivity

recognizing and being sensitive to cultural differences.

intercultural communication

refers to communication between persons who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving

messages

signals that serve as stimuli (auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory)

encoder

speakers and writers (senders of the message)

overattribution

tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or two things.

ethnocentrism

tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

competence

the ability to communicate effectively

impression management

the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

encoding

the conversion of a sender's ideas and thoughts into a message, usually in the form of words or signs. (the act of producing a msg)

self-awareness

the extent to which you know yourself

symmetrical relationship

the individuals mirror each others' behavior. However one person acts the other responds in kind

channel

the medium through which a msg passes

perception

the process by which you become aware of objects, events and especially people through your sense:L sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste.

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

culture

the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people that is passed on from one generation to the next through communication not through genes.

self-serving bias

the tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces

interpersonal communication

the verbal and nonverbal interactions between two or more interdependent people.

rule of proximity

things that are physically close to each other are viewed as a unit.

rule of similarity

things that are similar (look alike) are viewed as a unit

empathetic listening

to feel with them, to see the world as they see it, to feel what they feel. only when you achieve this can you fully understand another person's meaning.

objective listening

to go beyond empathy and measure meaning and feelings against one objecting reality.

depth listening

to listen for and watch for the underlying message

feedback

verbal and non-verbal response to the speaker. It indicates what effect the speaker had on his or her listeners.

primacy-recency

we ten to remember info about a person which we heard first, and use it to form our impression of them. later info tends to help us get more specific. Once our initial impression is formed we tend to resist info that contradicts it.

fundamental attribution error

when we assess someone's behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influence of external factors it leads us to believe that people do what they do because that is the kind of person they are not because of the situation they are in

irreversibility

you can not "uncommunicate" something. Once you have communicated it, you can't take it back. i.e. "puking vs truancy"

mindlessness

you lack conscious awareness of what or how you're thinking or communicating

punctuation

Defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes. Dividing communication transactions into sequences of stimuli and responses.

low ambiguity tolerance

Do much avoid uncertainty and have a great deal of axiety about not knowong what wil happen next.

high ambiguity tolerance

Don't feel threatened by unknown situations (uncertainty is normal part of life, creativity,less rule)

recall

accessing the info you have stored in memory

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

self-destructive beliefs

are unproductive and make it more difficult for you to achieve your goals i.e. belief that you must be perfect, strong, please others, that you must hurry, that you must take on more responsibilities

implicit personality theory

beliefs about which personality traits go together

synchronous communication

communication between a sender and a receiver that takes place at the same time, as in face-to-face communication