intro to American politics: Exam 2

The __________ parties defined the First Party System on the issue of the proper role and size of the national government. a. Federalist and Democratic-Republican b. Whig and Democratic c. Federalist and Whig d. Freedom and Socialist

a. Federalist and Democratic-Republican

In determining whether a discriminatory law passes the intermediate scrutiny test, the Court asks a. if the policy is substantially related to an "important government objective." b. if the law is rationally related to furthering the government's legitimate interest. c. if the unequal treatment is justified by a "compelling state interest." d. if the government legitimately has "no other viable alternative."

a. if the policy is substantially related to an "important government objective."

Why is the collective action problem an issue for interest groups? a. They require many members of Congress to work together to pass their initiatives. b. Many of their potential members decide to free ride on the group's efforts. c. Interest groups do not like to work with other interest groups even though it would help their efforts. d. Few lobbyists are willing to work for groups that do not have the money to pay them.

b. Many of their potential members decide to free ride on the group's efforts.

When was the era of "Jim Crow" laws? a. 1776 to 1860 b. 1860 to 1877 c. 1877 to 1964 d. 1965 to 2000

c. 1877 to 1964

The Stonewall Rebellion was a major moment in the history of civil rights of which group? a. African Americans b. Women c. lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people d. Latino Americans

c. LGBTQ+

What do we call the principal or main body in each party organization in America? a. party caucus b. party conference c. national committee d. political action committee

c. national committee

closed primary election

only voters registered for a party vote for that party

Sometimes interest groups file ______ briefs in court. a. amicus curiae b. Astroturf c. PAC d. grassroots

a. amicus curiae

If the Democrats control the Senate and the White House and the Republicans control the House of Representatives, what is this an example of? a. divided government b. conditional party government c. unified government d. Duverger's Law

a. divided government

If a voting system has a rule that whichever candidate receives the most votes wins, even if he or she does not get over 50 percent of the votes, we describe that system as what kind of voting? a. plurality b. single-member c. majority d. Australian

a. plurality

Which of the following types of group is the most limited in how much they can spend? a. 527s b. PACs c. Super PACs d. 501(c)(4)s

b. PACs

This person was a supporter of nonviolent protest as outlined in their "Letter From a Birmingham Jail." a. Rosa Parks b. Malcolm X c. Martin Luther King Jr. d. Cesar Chavez

c. Martin Luther King Jr.

First Party System

federalist, democratic-republicans(neither party was dominant) key issue: capital financial issues

Caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

coercion

A method of eliminating nonparticipation or free riding by potential group members by requiring participation, as in many labor unions.

outside strategies

Actions taken outside of the government(Washington D.C. ), seeking to achieve their policy goal (lobbying the federal. government)

astroturf lobbying

Any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals.

fifth party system

DEMOCRATS, republicans key issue: size and scope of the federal government

Second Party System

DEMOCRATS, whigs key issue: tariffs

semi-closed primary election

I primary election system in which voters registered as party members must vote in their partys primary, but registered independents can vote in either partys primary

primary election

Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

civil rights

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

purposive benefits

Satisfaction derived from the experience of working toward a desired policy goal, even if the goal is not achieved.

solidary benefits

Satisfaction derived from the experience of working with like-minded people, even if the group's efforts do not achieve the desired impact.

Strict Scrutiny

Supreme Court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a "compelling state interest."

civil liverties

The constitutional and other legal protections against government actions. Our civil liberties are formally set down by the Bill of Rights

disparate impact standard

The idea that discrimination exists if a practice has a negative effect on a specific group, whether or not this effect was intentional.

Protectionism

The idea under which some people have tried to rationalize discriminatory policies by claiming that some groups, like women or African Americans, should be denied certain rights for their own safety or well-being.

Open Primary Election

a party-nominating election in which any qualified voter can take part

Duverger's Law

a regularity that only two parties tend to compete for control of the government in countries that have single-member, plurality electoral systems

Intermediate Scrutiny

a test used by the Supreme Court in sex or gender discrimination/ the discriminatory policy related to an important government objective

PACs

advantage: can contribute directly to candidates and parties disadvantage: strict limits on direct contributions

501(c)(4) organizations

advantages: can spend unlimited amounts on electioneering; does not have to disclose contributors disadvantages: at least half of its activities must be nonpolitical; can't coordinate efforts with candidates or parties

527 organizations

advantages: can spend unlimited amounts on issue advocacy and voter mobilization disadvantage: can't make contributions to candidates or coordinate efforts with candidates or parties

501(c)(3) organization

advantages: contributions tax deductible disadvantages: can't engage in political activities, and lobbing can be no more than 20% of spending

A __________ is a tax-exempt group that is not subject to contribution limits and spending caps and that is formed primarily to influence elections through voter mobilization efforts and issue ads that do not directly endorse or oppose a candidate. a. political action committee (PAC) b. 527 organization c. political party d. union

b. 527 organization

Andrew Jackson was the founder of which political party? a. Republican b. Democratic c. Whig d. Federalist

b. Democratic

You decide to join a club on campus because you enjoy socializing with other people who share your views. This is an example of what kind of benefit? a. selective or material b. solidary c. purposive d. informational

b. solidary

How has the Supreme Court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states? a. They have overturned such attempts as violating the Civil Rights Act. b.They have upheld such attempts. c. They have not agreed to hear such cases. d. No such cases have been brought to trial.

b. they have upheld such attempts

NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Educationchallenged and weakened the __________ doctrine. a. three-fifths b. Grandfather clause c. separate but equal d. one man, one vote

c. separate but equal

In practice, how many laws has the Court determined meet the strict scrutiny standards of discrimination? a. nearly all of them b. most of them c. very few of them d. none of them

c. very few of them

_______ keep most of the power in the hands of local organizations. a. Centralized groups b. Economic groups c. Labor unions d. Confederations

d. Confederations

Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924? a. women b. blacks c. Asian-Americans d. Native Americans

d. Native Americans

Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld. a. higher purpose b. reasonable social end c. greater moral good d. compelling state interest

d. compelling state interest

Over the last several decades, the number of ideologically moderate members in Congress has a. increased significantly. b. slightly increased. c. remained stable. d. decreased significantly.

d. decreased significantly.

The National Beer Wholesalers Association is an interest group made up of individual businesses. This is an example of a a. labor union. b. citizen group. c. professional association. d. trade association.

d. trade association.

fourth party system

democrats, REPUBLICANS key issue: industrialization, immigration

third party system

democrats, REPUBLICANS key issue: slavery

Sixth party system

democrats, republicans( neither party was dominant) key issue: size and scope of the federal gov, civil rights, social issues, foreign policy

direct lobbying

direct interaction with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions

de facto

occurring outside of the law

de jure

occurring within the law

divided government

one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

grassroots lobbying

relies on participation by group members, such as a protest or a letter writing campaign

material benefits

special goods, services, or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join

unified government

the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress

inside strategies

the tactics employed within DC by interest groups seeking to achieve their policy goals (federal, state, local)

__________ is defined as one party controlling Congress but not the presidency or different parties controlling the House and Senate. a. Divided government b. Unified government c. Polarized politics d. Gridlock politics

a. Divided government

One of the key early sparks of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement happened when ________ refused to give up a seat on a bus to a white person. a. Rosa Parks b. Martin Luther King Jr. c. Cesar Chavez d. Susan B. Anthony

a. Rosa Parks

What is the best explanation for why the number of lobbyists and interest groups has increased over time? a. The number of things the federal government is involved in has increased. b. More college graduates want to work as lobbyists now than in the past. c. Interest groups have more influence now than they used to have. d. Lobbyists get paid more than they used to, so the job prospect seems more appealing.

a. The number of things the federal government is involved in has increased.

Which case ended segregation in public schools? a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Dred Scot v. Sanford c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Roe v. Wade

a. brown v. board of education

Groups with headquarters, often in Washington, D.C., and with members and field offices throughout the country are known as a. centralized groups. b. economic groups. c. labor unions. d. confederations.

a. centralized groups.

Which of the following people was an important leader in the fight for Latino rights in America? a. Cesar Chavez b. Martin Luther King Jr. c. Malcolm X d. Fidel Castro

a. cesar Chavez

Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation. a. de facto b. de jure c. de novo d. de integro

a. de facto

Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. a. due process, equal protection b. privileges and immunities; due process c. equal protection; privileges and immunities d. citizenship; equal protection

a. due process, equal protection

Select the correct party coalition for the modern Democratic party: a. ethnic and racial minorities, the religiously unaffiliated, and the Millennial generation b. white evangelicals, Mormons, and white southerners c. ethnic and racial minorities, white southerners, and the Millennial generation d. white evangelicals, white southerners, and Asian Americans

a. ethnic and racial minorities, the religiously unaffiliated, and the Millennial generation

When do nominating conventions happen? a. every four years when a party must pick its presidential candidate b. at the start of every new Congressional session c. throughout the campaign season during election years d. whenever the Supreme Court has an opening

a. every four years when a party must pick its presidential candidate

The integration of the armed forces in 1948 and the establishment of affirmative action in government hiring in 1961 and 1965 are examples of civil rights reform being pushed by which branch? a. executive b. legislative c. judicial d. state/local

a. executive

Which of the following is NOT a resource that an interest group might possess? a. free riders b. money c. expertise d. people

a. free riders

What does grassroots lobbying involve? a. interest group members contacting their elected officials b. professional lobbyists contacting members of Congress c. the press contacting the president d. interest group leaders contacting members of Congress

a. interest group members contacting their elected officials

Those who believe that America is a government in which most policy decisions are determined by interest groups believe that American has a(n) a. interest group state. b. pluralist society. c. theocracy. d confederation.

a. interest group state.

An organization of people who share common political interests and aim to influence public policy by electioneering and lobbying is known as a(n) a. interest group. b. political party. c. social movement. d. business.

a. interest group.

When it comes to the criminal justice system, blacks are a. more likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted. b. less likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve shorter sentences once convicted. c. about as likely to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted. d. about as likely to be convicted of the same crime and serve shorter sentences once convicted.

a. more likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted

As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail," what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960s? a. nonviolence b. letters to members of Congress c. lawsuits d. targeted violence

a. nonviolence

Juan considers himself a Republican, while Mariah considers herself a Democrat. These are examples of their a. party ID b. party coalition c. caucus d. party in government

a. party ID

A __________ is a set of promises explaining what the party's candidates will do if elected. a. party platform b. primary platform c. caucus covenant d. campaign covenant

a. party platform

The ability of parties to ensure that those who run for office do so effectively and that those who win responsibly uphold their elective positions most clearly demonstrates which benefit of political parties? a. recruiting good candidates b. working together in campaigns c. working together in office d. citizens' behavior

a. recruiting good candidates

A T-shirt that a group gives you for becoming a member is an example of what kind of benefit or incentive? a. selective b. solidary c. purposive d. coercive

a. selective

The Second Party System ultimately split over the issue of a. slavery. b. Reconstruction. c. the creation of the greenback. d. the Spanish-American War

a. slavery.

In a spoils system, a. supporters of the winning party are rewarded. b. opponents of the winning party are punished. c. elections rarely have consequences. d. political jobs are given to those with the most merit and qualifications.

a. supporters of the winning party are rewarded.

After working for the government for years, Geordi goes to work for an engineering firm that lobbies for more government funding. This is an example of which concept? a. the revolving door b. astroturf lobbying c. grassroots lobbying d. an outside strategy

a. the revolving door

Super PACs

advantage: can spend unlimited amounts on electioneering, can support or oppose specific candidates disadvantage: can't make contributions to candidates or coordinate efforts with candidates or parties

Which of the following is an example of a selective incentive? a. the Sierra Club giving members the opportunity to work with like-minded people b. American Automobile Association (AAA) members getting discounts at hotels c. the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) requiring participation by union members d. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) assuring members that what they are doing makes society a better place

b. American Automobile Association (AAA) members getting discounts at hotels

The __________ parties defined the Second Party System on the issue of the tariffs (farmers versus merchants) and slavery. a. Federalist and Democratic-Republican b. Democratic and Whig c. Republican and Socialist d. Freedom and Capitalist

b. Democratic and Whig

__________ states that in a democracy with single-member districts and plurality voting, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office. a. Democratic theory b. Duverger's Law c. Responsible party government theory d. Federalist's Law

b. Duverger's Law

Which of the following is the best description of party organizations in America? a. America does not really have party organizations. b. Party organizations are decentralized and not hierarchical. c. Party organizations are made up of the voters who support a party. d. Elected officeholders in Congress control party organizations.

b. Party organizations are decentralized and not hierarchical.

While court rulings on affirmative action have left substantial grey areas, which of the following best summarizes the current legality of affirmative action in college and university admissions decisions? a. Race may not be used as a factor in determining admissions. b. Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions. c. Race can be used to give extra points to a candidate in determining admissions. d. There are no restrictions on race being used in admissions decisions.

b. Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions.

What is a party platform? a. a set of objectives outlining the party's issue positions and priorities, which candidates are required to support b. a set of objectives outlining the party's issue positions and priorities, which candidates are not required to support c. a nationwide media strategy meant to announce the party's issue positions and priorities d. a local or statewide media strategy meant to announce the party's issue positions and priorities

b. a set of objectives outlining the party's issue positions and priorities, which candidates are not required to support

A lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals is called a. grassroots lobbying. b. astroturf lobbying. c. public opinion mobilization. d. artificial lobbying.

b. astroturf lobbying.

Laws mandating that students of different races had to attend different schools is an example of what kind of segregation? a. de facto b. de jure c. de novo d. de integro

b. de jure

Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test? a.rational basis b. intermediate scrutiny c. strict scrutiny d. Lemon

b. intermediate scrutiny

Mass associations have ______ as members. a. workers at one company b. large numbers of individuals c. businesses d. professionals in the same industry

b. large numbers of individuals

From 1897 until 1932 one of the major parties, the Republicans, won most presidential elections, while the other major party, the Democrats, won when the Republicans were divided. The major issues of the time were industrialization and immigration. The Republicans had the support of business, while the Democrats relied on urban immigrants and southern whites. This description is an example of a a. party organization. b. party system. b. realignment. d. party in the electorate.

b. party system.

What did the "separate but equal" doctrine do? a. required public facilities be shared by whites and blacks b. permitted a system of segregated social facilities c. maintained integrated private facilities d. made sure that black schools got equal funding

b. permitted a system of segregated social facilities

The idea by which some people have justified discrimination on the grounds that some people should be denied equal rights for their own good is known as what? a. "separate but equal" b. protectionism c. de jure segregation d. strict scrutiny

b. protectionism

When the United States goes from one party system to another, this is known as a a. coalition switch. b. realignment. c. party in the electorate. d. party machine.

b. realignment.

When the Court is determining if discrimination is appropriate or not, the standard of protection that has the highest threshold is the __________ test. a. rational basis b. strict scrutiny c. perfect rationality d. intermediate scrutiny

b. strict scrutiny

According to Duverger's Law, if we want to know how many major political parties a country will have, what should we look at? a. how voters are distributed along the ideological spectrum from conservative to liberal b. the rules for determining how many votes are needed to win an election, along with other electoral rules c. how difficult the law makes it for a party to get onto the ballot as well as laws related to public funding for parties d. the number of major parties in existence at the time of a country's founding or its declaration of independence

b. the rules for determining how many votes are needed to win an election, along with other electoral rules

Which of the following groups identify overwhelmingly as Democrats? a. seniors b. white evangelical Protestants c. African Americans d. Libertarians

c. African Americans

In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly 20 years later. a.Lawrence v. Texas b. Boy Scouts v. Dale c. Bowers v. Hardwick d. Romer v. Evans

c. Bowers v. Hardwick

What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China? a. Alien Exception Act b. Asian Immigration and Citizenship Act c. Chinese Exclusion Act d. Taft Immigration Act

c. Chinese Exclusion Act

What is the difference between a referendum and an initiative? a. Referenda require support from a two-thirds majority of the electorate to pass, while initiatives require only a simple majority. b. Referenda require support from a simple majority of the electorate to pass, while initiatives require a two-thirds majority. c. Initiatives are put on the ballot by citizens, while referenda begin in the state legislature. d. Initiatives begin in the state legislature, while referenda are put on the ballot by citizens.

c. Initiatives are put on the ballot by citizens, while referenda begin in the state legislature.

__________ strategies involve contact with elected officials or bureaucrats. a. Outside b. Grassroots c. Inside d. Astroturf

c. Inside

Which of the following BEST summarizes the political views of "independents"? a. They often change which party they vote for depending on the election. b. They are better informed than strong partisan voters. c. They are usually closet partisans and favor one party over another. d. They vote at higher levels and are more politically active that strong partisans.

c. They are usually closet partisans and favor one party over another.

In Congress, the Democrats are organized by a ______, while the Republicans are organized by a _______. a. party; convention b. conference; convention c. caucus; conference d. convention; caucus

c. caucus; conference

The Sierra Club, which lobbies on many environmental and animal rights issues, and the Family Research Council, which lobbies on a variety of conservative issues, are examples of what type of interest group? a. economic group b. labor organization c. citizen group d. single-issue group

c. citizen group

Which type of group is MOST likely to be harmed by the free rider problem? a. trade associations b. labor unions c. citizens' groups d. economic interest groups

c. citizens' groups

Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a part of the bureaucracy that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination of employers. The first example deals primarily with ______, while the second is more about ______. a. civil rights; civil liberties b. civil unions; civil liberties c. civil liberties; civil rights d. civil liberties; civil unions

c. civil liberties, civil rights

Which of the following is an example of an outside strategy? a. drafting legislation b. direct lobbying c. electioneering d. litigation

c. electioneering

Since 2000, spending on lobbying has a. decreased. b. stayed the same. c. increased. d. we do not have any data on lobbying expenditures

c. increased.

Are political action committees (PACs) subject to contribution limits? What about 527 organizations? a. both b. neither c. just PACs d. just 527 organizations

c. just PACs

Whom do direct lobbyists generally target in their efforts? a. legislators who are indifferent to the group's goals b. legislators who oppose the group's goals c. legislators who are in favor of the group's goals d. constituents who are indifferent to the group's goals

c. legislators who are in favor of the group's goals

Which of the following is an organization that runs candidates for office and coordinates the actions of affiliated elected officials? a. caucus b. interest group c. political party d. social movement

c. political party

The American Bar Association represents the interest of lawyers while the American Medical Association represents the interests of doctors. These are examples of what kind of group? a. businesses b. labor organizations c. professional associations d. citizen groups

c. professional associations

Imagine there are two parties, the Klingons and the Ferengis. Usually the two parties are pretty competitive, but over the course of a decade the Klingons start winning more and more elections until they are clearly the dominant party. This is an example of what phenomenon? a. party ID b. party coalitions c. realignment d. caucusing

c. realignment

Duverger's Law states that in a democracy with __________, only two parties' candidates will have a realistic chance of winning political office. a. single-member districts and majoritarian voting b. multimember districts and majoritarian voting c. single-member districts and plurality voting d. multimember districts and plurality voting

c. single-member districts and plurality voting

The toughest test for allowable discrimination, which is used in situations involving potential discrimination against racial minorities, is the _____ test: a. rational basis b. intermediate scrutiny c. strict scrutiny d. Lemon

c. strict scrutiny

Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed? a. to draw attention to lack of funding for urban public schools b. to contest busing plans designed to achieve racial integration c. to challenge the separate but equal doctrine d. to change affirmative action admissions plans at University of Michigan

c. to challenge the separate but equal doctrine

When comparing wealth levels of white Americans and black and Hispanic Americans, a. there is no noticeable difference in wealth based on race. b. racial differences in household wealth only exist in the South. c. white households on average have far more wealth than minority households. d. we do not have any data on household wealth broken down by race.

c. white households on average have far more wealth than minority households.

In a plurality voting system a. whoever gets 50 percent or more of the votes wins. b. each elected official represents a single geographic area. c. whoever gets the most votes wins. d. if no one gets 50 percent or more of the vote, you have a run-off election.

c. whoever gets the most votes wins.

rational basis

cases involving age, economic status, or other criteria. In U.S. constitutional law, the lowest level of scrutiny applied by courts deciding constitutional issues through judicial review.

Why was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important? a. It ended segregation in school systems. b. It led to the Civil War by saying that states could not outlaw slavery. c. It made it harder to have affirmative action programs. d. It established the idea of separate but equal.

d. It established the idea of separate but equal.

Which statement best characterizes the nature of political action committees and 527s? a. They generally coordinate closely with the political parties. b. They are run by party leadership. c. They almost always agree with the party's positions. d. They are not part of the political party organization.

d. They are not part of the political party organization.

What does party identification refer to? a. the groups that define a party's governing coalition b. the identification cards that members of Congress must present before voting c. the standard of requiring photo identification for voting in closed primaries d. a citizen's loyalty to a specific political party

d. a citizen's loyalty to a specific political party

The Court is concerned with classification based on _____ if it is using the rational basis test. a. gender b. race c. national origin d. age

d. age

The National Independent Automobile Dealers Association is an interest group that has 50 state-level organizations that make up most of the association. This is an example of what kind of set up? a. centralized b. PAC c. labor union d. confederation

d. confederation

The American political parties are a. unified organizations with citizen-members at the top and party leaders at the bottom. b. unified organizations with party leaders at the top and citizen-members at the bottom. c. decentralized organizations in which dues-paying members make all policy decisions. d. decentralized organizations with loose coordination across groups.

d. decentralized organizations with loose coordination across groups.

Which of the following amendments provides the MOST substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation? a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Thirteenth Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment

d. fourteenth amendment

Astroturf lobbying is the name given to the artificial form of what type of lobbying? a. electoral b. solidary c. coercive d. grassroots

d. grassroots

Material benefits include all of the following EXCEPT a. insurance. b. discount cards. c. travel packages. d. helping a good cause.

d. helping a good cause.

On which types of issues would we expect interest groups to be most successful? a. high-salience, high-conflict b. high-salience, low-conflict c. low-salience, high-conflict d. low-salience, low-conflict

d. low-salience, low-conflict

The national committee is the most important part of which "facet" of parties? a. party in the electorate b. party in government c. party in the media d. party organization

d. party organization

The theory of __________ argues that interest groups are fundamental as America's political actors. a. federalism b. capitalism c. republicanism d. pluralism

d. pluralism

Order these three judicial "tests" from most likely to permit to discrimination to least likely to permit discrimination: a. intermediate scrutiny, rational basis, strict scrutiny b. strict scrutiny, rational basis, intermediate scrutiny c. intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny, rational basis d. rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny

d. rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny

The __________ is one in which individuals who work for the winning party are rewarded with benefits such as jobs in government. a. New Deal Coalition b. party principle c. caucus system d. spoils system

d. spoils system

As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law? a. the Missouri Compromise b. the Compromise of 1840 c. the Underground Railroad Act d. the Fugitive Slave Act

d. the Fugitive Slave Act

__________ is made up of politicians who were elected as candidates of a party, while __________ involves the structure of national, state, and local parties, including party leaders and workers. a. the party in the electorate; the party organization b. the party in government; the party in the electorate c. the party organization; the party in government d. the party in government; the party organization

d. the party in government; the party organization

nonpartisan primary election

primary A primary election system in which candidates from both parties are listed on the same primary ballot. Following a nonpartisan primary, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the primary compete in the general election, even if they are from the same party.