intro to business 3

In the _____ decision-making style, a leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to a problem without informing the employees about the problem.

All

Which of the following is true of situational constraints?

They include policies and resources that have an effect on job performance.

Which of the following is a difference between Fiedler's contingency theory and path-goal theory?

. As opposed to path-goal theory, Fiedler's contingency theory holds that leaders cannot change their leadership styles.

means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

Achievement oriented leadership

Natsuki, who works as a project manager at a publishing company, is known to be a tough taskmaster. She sets tight deadlines for her team members and expects them to put in long hours to complete their work. She is often unsympathetic toward her team members' problems, and her team feels that she doesn't care about their well-being. According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, Natsuki's approach toward leading her team represents the _____ leadership style.

Authority compliance

Ryan works as a sales manager at Halycon Inc. He has recently been assigned the task of finding ways to increase the sale of the company's products by 15 percent in the next quarter. Although he thinks that door-to-door sales would work best to increase sales, he calls for a team meeting to receive ideas and inputs from all members of his team. However, after the meeting, Ryan decides to implement his own idea. This is an example of the _____ decision style.

Cll

In the context of leadership behavior, _____ refers to the extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees. a. consideration

Consideration

Which of the following is true of underreward—a form of inequity?

Employees receive fewer outcomes relative to their inputs compared to a referent.

Ivana, a fashion designer, was assigned a task to design costumes for a play in two weeks' time. The short time duration made the task extremely challenging for her. However, Ivana knew that if she pulled it off her efforts would be acknowledged and recognized by her manager. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, Ivana was motivated by _____.

Esteem needs

is a reinforcement strategy in which a favorable consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior.

Extinction

Natsuko, an accountant, creates an easy-to-use excel sheet that auto-populates the required fields when the variables are entered. This would reduce an employee's duration of work on a ledger by half. Noticing Natsuko's efforts, her manager promotes her. Which of the following types of rewards has Natsuko received in this scenario?

Extrinsic reward

According to _____, leaders must be assessed by the conduct and performance of the people they supervise.

Fiedler's contingency theory

Which of the following is an intermittent reinforcement schedule based on behavior?

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

In the context of overcoming organization silence, which of the following is one of the best ways for top managers to hear what others in the organization think and feel?

Frequent informal meetings

In the context of attribution theory, the _____ refers to the tendency of managers to attribute workers' behavior or actions to internal rather than external causes.

Fundamental attribution theory

James, Michael's manager, reprimands Michael whenever he makes a mistake because he assumes that Michael lacks intelligence. However, in reality, Michael tends to make those mistakes because of the unfriendly behavior by his peers and the overwhelming work pressure. James disregards these situational factors when making judgments about Michael. This is an example of the _____

Fundamental attribution theory

A(n) _____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.

Goal

states that people will be motivated to the extent to which they accept specific, challenging objectives and receive feedback that indicates their progress toward achieving those objectives.

Goal-setting theory

Caitlin is a team leader at StarGenex Inc. As a leader, she understands that she needs to set a good example for her team members to follow. In order to do so, she ensures that she follows through on her word and does not commit to anything she cannot do. In this scenario, which of the following traits is exhibited by Caitlin?

Integrity

are natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

Intrinsic rewards

In the context of communication media, which of the following statements is true of oral communication?

It allows one to assess the nonverbal communication that accompanies spoken messages.

Which of the following statements is true of visionary leadership?

It creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting.

In the context of one-on-one communication, which of the following statements is true of empathetic listening?

It enables a listener to understand things through someone else's eyes.

Which of the following statements is true of the normative decision theory?

It helps leaders determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making.

Identify a true statement about nonverbal communication.

It involves movements of the body and face.

Which of the following defines an extrinsic reward?

It is visible to others and is given to employees contingent on the performance of specific tasks.

Which of the following statements is true of trait theory?

It says that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

Zoe joins Lucele Inc. as its new marketing manager. In his first meeting with his subordinate, Laila, Zoe asks, "With the current project, what would be the bang for your buck?" Laila finds it difficult to understand the meaning of the intended message. In this scenario, Laila is unable to understand Zoe's intended message because of _____ used by Zoe during the communication.

Jargon

According to Fiedler's contingency theory, which of the following statements indicates the most favorable situation?

Leader-member relations are good, task structure is low, and position power is strong.

Which of the following statements is true of path-goal theory?

Leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction by increasing the number of rewards available.

Which of the following is a difference between leaders and managers?

Leaders focus on vision, mission, and goals, while managers focus on productivity and efficiency.

Which of the following statements best describes the leadership trait of cognitive ability?

Leaders have the capacity to analyze large amounts of seemingly unrelated, complex information.

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is a step that managers should take to motivate employees?

Linking rewards to individual performance

George owns Breather—a small café. Although he pays his employees well, he is unpopular among them. He often loses his temper when anyone makes a mistake and is quick to blame his employees for his own mistakes. Identify the trait exhibited by George in this scenario.

Low emotional stability

Which of the following is a distinct function of managers as opposed to that of leaders?

Managers solve problems

Which of the following equations represents expectancy theory?

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality

In the context of managing organization-wide communication, which of the following is the first step that a company needs to take to establish successful collaborative discussion sites?

Pinpoint the company's top intellectual assets through a knowledge audit and spread that knowledge

In Fiedler's contingency theory, _____ is the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

Position power

refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions in an organization.

Procedural justice

states that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors either followed by negative consequences or not followed by positive consequences will occur less frequently.

Reinforcement strategy

Wayne is the chief executive officer of Globica Inc., a multinational company. He is known for his resoluteness and his belief in himself. Instead of turning a blind eye to his own mistakes, he believes that in order to grow as a leader, he must accept and work on his mistakes. In this scenario, which of the leadership traits does Wayne demonstrate?

Self integrity

Which of the following is an example of a trait?

Situational favorableness

According to the normative decision theory, which of the following statements is true of the AI decision-making style?

The leader shares the problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis.

In the context of informal communication channels, which of the following statements is true of grapevines?

They allow receivers to send feedback to make sure that the communicated message is understood.

Which of the following describes reinforcement contingencies?

They are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences

In the context of one-on-one communication, which of the following statements is true of active listeners?

They put the speaker at ease and maintain eye contact.

Which of the following is a mistake that managers tend to make when coaching employees?

They wait for a problem to arise before coaching.

In the context of active listening, which of the following is an example of a summarized response from the listener?

Thus far, you've discussed the reasons behind low employee performance."

can be defined as leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the good of the group.

Transformational leadership

is based primarily on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

Transformational leadership

Which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

Unlike instrumentality, expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

company hotlines

are phone lines through which representatives call employees to collect information for organizational surveys.

To motivate employees, the goal-setting theory states that the managers must start by:

assigning specific, challenging targets.

In equity theory, which of the following is an example of an outcome of an employee ?

assignments

In the context of the basic perception process, _____ is the process of noticing, or becoming aware of, particular stimuli.

attention

In the context of overcoming organizational silence, a _____ is a personal website that provides personal opinions or recommendations, news summaries, and reader comments.

blog

In the context of improving reception, which of the following is an effective way of overcoming organizational silence?

blogs

Fareed is a marketing manager in a firm, and recently found that his colleague who has similar work experience and job profile receives higher pay than him. Fareed, instead of getting demotivated, compares his output/input ratio with other marketing managers and realizes that there is only a minor difference between his pay and the pay of other marketing managers. According to equity theory, Fareed has _____ to restore equity in this scenario.

changed his referent

Harry is a freelance writer and earns $20 for every piece that he writes. He receives his paycheck as soon as he submits each piece. Harry often writes several pieces in a month in order to make more money. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____.

continous reinforcement strategy

is communicating with someone about non-job-related issues such as stress, child care, health issues, retirement planning, or legal issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person's performance.

counseling

Supportive leadership primarily focuses on:

creating a friendly work environment for employees.

In the context of the communication process, _____ is the process by which a receiver translates the verbal or symbolic form of a message into an understood message.

decoding

Managers can improve formal communication by:

decreasing reliance on downward communication.

Premium Packs is a courier service provider. Lately, the company has been receiving several customer complaints. After assessing the complaints, the management concludes that this has been occurring due to the lack of clearly-defined employee tasks. In this situation, Premium Packs should ideally adopt a _____ to address the issue.

directive leadership style

Notions Inc. laid off 25 percent of its employees due to recession. Several retained employees expressed their discontent over the management's decision. However, they later rationalized the decision by telling themselves that they still at least had their jobs and things could have been worse. This method of restoring equity is called _____.

distorting inputs or outcomes

Unlike ethical charismatics, unethical charismatics:

do not want followers to think and question the leader's views.

In the context of formal communication channels, _____ is used to clarify organizational objectives and goals.

downward communication

Phil is the manager of the finance department at an insurance company. He has regular meetings with the employees who work under him to determine the financial standing of the company and to set future standards and targets. In the context of formal communication channels, this scenario is an example of _____.

downward communication

In the context of listening to a speaker, _____ is defined as understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker.

empathetic listening

In the context of visionary leadership, _____ provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize others' contributions, share information, and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society.

ethical charismatics

According to Alderfer's ERG Theory, the three levels of needs are:

existence, relatedness, and growth.

According to expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.

expectancy

In the context of nonverbal communication, which of the following is an example of kinesics?

eye contact

In the context of the normative decision theory, the commitment requirement rule says that:

f decision acceptance is important, and subordinates are likely to disagree or end up in conflict over the decision, then use a consultative decision style.

LMU Technologies is a computer software company. It gives paychecks to its employees on the last day of every month. This is an example of a:

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

For feedback to be constructive rather than destructive, it must:

focus on factors that are not under the control of the employee.

An organization's _____ is the system of official channels that carry organizationally approved messages and information.

formal communication channel

In the context of formal communication channels in an organization, downward communication is used to:

give managers and workers performance reviews from upper managers.

In the context of goal-setting theory, goal acceptance is similar to the idea of _____.

goal commitment

Entente University accepts students with a Grade Point Average (GPA) of 3.0. Gabriele sets a goal to achieve a GPA of 3.8 to ensure that she can get into this reputed university. According to the goal-setting theory, this scenario exemplifies _____.

goal difficulty

According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous

goal specificity

In the context of grapevines, in a _____, one highly connected individual shares information with many other managers and workers.

gossip chain

Ian, the sales manager at a clothing store, has regular discussions with Heather, the marketing manager at the same store, on how to get more customers and add more brands to the store. Their discussions are an example of _____.

horizontal communication

The managers at Kikle Corp. have regular meetings where they discuss the existing strategies of the company and the different ways to improve them. The manager of a department is free to give ideas to the managers of other departments, even if he or she is not directly involved with the operations of those departments. This form of communication between the managers at Kikle Corp. exemplifies _____.

horizontal communication

In the context of transformational leadership, _____ means that transformational leaders act as role models for their followers.

idealized influence

According to the normative decision theory, a group decision style should be avoided:

if the quality of the decision is important and if the subordinates don't have enough information to make the decision themselves.

In the context of one-on-one communication, coaching is a method commonly used to:

improve an employee's on-the-job performance or behavior.

In the context of motivation, direction of effort refers to the choices that people make:

in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

In the context of active listening, which of the following is an example of a paraphrased response from the listener?

in other words, the attrition rate has been very high this year."

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

initiation of effort

According to expectancy theory, which of the following factors affects conscious choices of people about their motivation?

instrumentality

Marcia, a science teacher, is not only a great source of inspiration for her students, but she has also made the curriculum easier and more interesting by using innovative tools. Marcia's efforts were appreciated, and she was awarded a performance bonus. Marcia was motivated by this, and she believed that the reward was proportionate to her performance. According to expectancy theory, the factor that triggered Marcia's motivation was _____.

instrumentality

Constructive feedback:

is aimed at correcting performance deficiencies.

In the context of nonverbal communication, the term _____ refers to movements of the body and face.

kinesics

Tim, the HR manager of a company, refused to hire a candidate because the candidate was not very cooperative during the interview. Throughout the interview, the candidate had his arms crossed across the chest and did not make any eye contact with the interviewers. In this scenario, Tim's decision to not hire the candidate was based on the observation of the candidate's _____.

kinesics

ability

knowledge, skills, and talent that a worker possesses to do a job well.

The first basic assumption of Fiedler's contingency theory is that:

leaders are effective when the work groups they lead perform well

According to path-goal theory, which of the following conditions best suits the directive leadership style?

low task structure

Goal-setting theory states that in order to motivate employees, managers must:

make sure workers accept organizational objectives.

In the context of motivation, _____ are the physical or psychological requirements that must be met to ensure survival and well-being.

needs

According to reinforcement theory, _____ strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

negative reinforcement

As per reinforcement theory, _____ is also known as avoidance learning.

negative reinforcement

The marketing manager at Ziffzee Corp. demanded that all the employees in his department work 45 hours a week instead of the 40-hour per week required by the company. The employees decided to comply with the manager's demand even though it distressed them to work the extra five hours, but they did not report this problem to the higher management because they believed there could be negative repercussions if they did so. This scenario is an example of _____.

organizational silence

In the context of nonverbal communication, _____ includes the pitch, rate, tone, volume, and speaking pattern of one's voice.

paralanguage

A key characteristic of the _____ is consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

participtative leadership style

In the context of subordinate contingencies, locus of control refers to the degree to which:

people believe that they have influence over what happens to them in life.

Alicia, an employee of Fazitrex Corp., was suspended for three days from work as she was unpunctual and had a casual attitude toward work. This scenario is an example of:

punishment

In the context of equity theory, other people with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly are called _____.

referents

People who describe their least preferred coworker (LPC) in a positive way have _____ leadership styles.

relationship-oriented

In the context of the basic perception process, which of the following refers to the process of remembering interpreted information?

retention

In the context of perception problems, _____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations, while ignoring or screening out inconsistent information.

selective perception

In the context of listening to a speaker, the key to being a more empathetic listener is to:

show the desire to understand by asking people what's important to them.

Gauhar is an HR manager at an e-commerce company. She believes that to increase employee satisfaction, it is important to create a happy, creative space at work. She encourages the employees to ask questions and treats them as equals. According to path-goal theory, Gauhar has adopted a(n) _____.

supportive leadership style

People who describe their least preferred coworker (LPC) in a negative way have _____ leadership styles

task oriented

Juan, a manager at Starlight Inc., has clearly defined the key responsibility areas for work assigned to each member of his team. He has also specified work objectives and procedures for all members. This scenario reflects a high degree of _____.

task structure

According to path-goal theory, participative leadership style should be used when:

tasks are complex

According to path-goal theory, supportive leadership should be used when:

tasks are complex.

A schedule of reinforcement refers to

the set of rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced.

In the context of formal communication channels, _____ is used to give higher-level managers feedback about operations, issues, and problems.

upward communication

In expectancy theory, _____ refers to the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes.

valence