Intro to Philosophy

According to Plato, what is the aim of philosophy? A)Freedom B)Angst C)Doubt D)Power

A

Alasdair MacIntyre has argued that people should adopt_______as the best way to understand their moral lives. A)virtue ethics B)Kantian ethics C)utilitarianism D)pragmatism

A

As Thomas S. Kuhn explained, changes over time in widely-accepted scientific theories represent which of the following? A)A paradigm shift B)A breach of trust C)A knowledge plateau D)A cognitive distortion

A

Darwin's argument was an_____to the best explanation. A)inference B)experiment C)insight D)intuition

A

Darwin's theory of evolution undermined the idea that living things are _____. A)designed B)biological C)arbitrary D)organic

A

In the_____dialog, Socrates's friend urges him to escape from prison. A)Crito B)meno C)Euthyphro D)Republic

A

John Locke argued against the view that humans share certain______ ideas. A)innate B)empirical C)a posteriori D)sensory

A

Philia is______ love. A)brotherly B)erotic C)unwanted D)religious

A

Rationalists generally agree that people have______ ideas. A)innate B)Physicalist C)graven D)volatile

A

Simone de Beauvoir argued that both men and women define_____in terms of their relationship to men. A)Women B)tasks C)children D)arguments

A

The _____ were the first thinkers in the West who questioned religious authority and tried to provide nonreligious explanations of nature. A)pre-socratics. B)pre-stoics C)sophists D)stoics

A

The view that human beings are immaterial minds within material bodies is a_____view of human nature. A)dualist B)monist C)reductionist D)physicalist

A

What do rationalists claim? A)Not all knowledge of the world around you is acquired through sense observation. B)All knowledge of the world around you is acquired through sense observation. C)There is no such thing as knowledge. D)Genuine knowledge comes only from divine revelation.

A

What is metaphysics? A)The study of the ultimate characteristics of existence B)The study of knowledge C)The study of what is beautiful D)The study of what is right

A

What is the name for the method by which you discover what your ideas mean by studying their consequences in actual experience? A)The pragmatic method B)The scientific method C)The Cartesian method D)The method of doubt

A

What is the view that moral right or wrong depends on a person's society or culture? A)Ethical relativism B)Divine command theory C)Natural law theory D)Rule utilitarianism

A

What type of argument will have a conclusion that must be true if its premises are true? A)A valid deductive argument B)A sound inductive argument C)An invalid inductive argument D)An invalid deductive argument

A

Which view says that love arises when one sees the beloved as attractive and valuable? A)The emotion view of love B)The creative view of love C)The union view of love D)The pragmatic view of love

A

Who argued that since many people claim to have had experiences of God, God probably exists? A)Stephen T. Davis B)Thomas Aquinas C)Guanilo of Marmoutiers D)Immanuel Kant

A

Who claimed that Anselm wrongly assumed that existence was a real property? A)Immanuel Kant B)Gaunilo of Marmoutiers C)John Locke D)David Hume

A

Who developed an argument that was based on the changing properties of wax? A)René Descartes B)Immanuel Kant C)George Berkeley D)David Hume

A

Who was the founder of existentialism? A)Søren Kierkegaard B)Richard Swinburne C)Jean-Paul Sartre D)Stephen T. Davis

A

Women must engage in philosophy to correct the_____ of previous philosophizing. A)male bias B)feminization C)truth D)falsity

A

________philosophy was focused on overcoming the gap between God and humanity. A)Soren Kierkegaard's B)Bertrand Russell's C)William James's D)Friedrich Nietzsche's

A

_____said that reason is superior to, and should rule, your desires and emotions. A)plato B)cicero C)John Stuart Mill D)Ludwig Wittgenstein

A

According to David Hume, perceptions take two forms: A)facts and ideas B)impressions and ideas C)innate and adventitious D)impressions and facts

B

According to Plato, what does philosophy examine? A)The material world B)People's most basic assumptions C)The supernatural D)Sensory experience

B

For_____ , philosophical knowledge frees you from the cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth. A)shiva B)buddha C)jesus D)kant

B

In which dialog did Plato argue that the soul is immaterial and immortal? A)Euthyphro B)Phaedo C)Crito D)Republic

B

In_______euthanasia, a person is allowed to die from a disease without treatment that could prolong his or her life. A)active B)passive C)voluntary D)involuntary

B

John Hick argues that evil is _______. A)a privation B)necessary C)sufficient D)a delusion

B

The theory of____says that there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, and no purpose for human nature. A)teleology B)existentialism C)despair D)utilitarianism

B

The_____ of an argument is the basic claim that the argument is trying to prove. A)basis B)conclusion C)aim D)premise

B

Thomas Huxley suspended_______about the existence of God. A)questioning B)judgment C)disbelief D)belief

B

What is the problem of how you can know that what you found true of a sample in the past will be true of all similar items in the future? A)The problem of uncertainty B)The problem of induction C)The problem of knowledge D)The problem of deduction

B

What is the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality? A)Idealism B)Materialism C)Dualism D)Platonism

B

Which modern philosophy rejects all metaphysical attempts to understand reality? A)Pragmatism B)Logical positivism C)Substance dualism D)Idealism

B

Which moral theory did J. Gay-Williams use to argue that it is wrong to destroy life through euthanasia? A)Virtue ethics B)Natural law theory C)Utilitarianism D)Prudential theory

B

Which philosopher argued for psychological egoism? A)Jeremy Bentham B)Thomas Hobbes C)Immanuel Kant D)John Stuart Mill

B

Who argued that the purpose of humans is to achieve happiness by using their reason to know God? A)Saint Augustine of Hippo B)Thomas Aquinas C)Plutarch D)Plato

B

Who is the chief exponent of radical theology in modern times? A)Richard Swinburne B)Paul Tillich C)John Hick D)Stephen T. Davis

B

_______believed that "nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters," pain and pleasure. A)buddha B)jeremy bentham C)immanuel kant D)mahatma ghandi

B

_______proposed the principle of credulity. A)Bertrand russell B)Richard swinburne C)william james D)thomas huxley

B

_______views Brahman as the only reality. A)buddhism B)hinduism C)zoroastrianism D)confucianism

B

A______holds that people have control over what they do and are free to choose to act other than the way they do. A)dualist B)deteminist C)libertarian D)compatibalist

C

According to Buddha, morality is washed all around with what? A)Love B)The self C)Wisdom D)Pleasure

C

Aristotle held that excellence is achieved by hitting the_____. A)books B)rules C)mean D)slaves

C

Carol Gilligan argued against the views of Kohlberg, whose work implied that, on average: A)Children are less morally developed than adults. B)Men are less morally developed than women. C)Women are less morally developed than men. D)Adults are less morally developed than children.

C

Existentialists and phenomenologists agree that statements about reality are______. A)provocative B)valuable C)meaningless D)meaningful

C

The philosopher________believed that there is no God, and so, there is no fixed human nature. A)Voltaire B)John Stuart Mill C)Jean-Paul Sartre D)Soren Kierkegaard's

C

Thrasymachus claimed that ____ is doing what benefits the strong. A)virtue B)religion C)justice D)prudence

C

What is the view that reality is composed of minds and their ideas? A)Physicalism B)Reductionism C)Idealism D)Materialism

C

Who argued that Locke's primary qualities are as mind-dependent as Locke claimed that secondary qualities are? A)David Hume B)René Descartes C)George Berkeley D)Ludwig Wittgenstein

C

Who believed that the three main parts of human nature are reason, appetite, and aggression? A)Thomas Hobbes B)Jeremy Bentham C)Plato D)Aristotle

C

________founded Buddhism. A)mahatma ghandi B)gautama ghandi C)siddhartha gautama D)siddhartha ghandi

C

Immanuel Kant tried to show that, as_______ claimed, your knowledge begins with the senses, but also, as_______ claimed, the mind is a source of knowledge. A)dualist B)rationalists C)empiricists D)utilitarians

C,B

The_____seems to be distinguished from pseudoscience in six ways. A)socratic method B)cartesiam method C)method of doubt D)Scientific method

D

What is the position held by people who do not know whether God exists? A)Theism B)Atheism C)Quietism D)Agnosticism

D

What is the study of values? A)Aesthetics B)Epistemology C)Metaphysics D)Ethics

D

What is the view that reality is only one kind of thing? A)Dualism B)Pluralism C)Positivism D)Monism

D

Which philosopher reasoned that ethics was a sham? A)James Rachels B)Aristotle C)Plato D)Harry Browne

D

True or False: Epistemology is the study of the self.

False

True or False: Functionalists deny that mental states can be explained in terms of perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs.

False

True or False: Heidegger held that the job of philosophy was to study mathematics.

False

True or False: John Stuart Mill claimed that all pleasures are equal.

False

True or False: Locke believed that color was a primary quality.

False

True or False: Philosophy begins with wisdom.

False

True or False: Postmodernism holds that there is just one reality.

False

True or False: Rationalism teaches that true knowledge is a posteriori.

False

True or False: Searle argues that your ability to communicate shows that antirealism is true.

False

True or False: The theory of recovered memories is clearly not a pseudoscience.

False

True or False: Tillich is a Catholic philosopher.

False

True or False: William James claimed that religious experiences of the divine are not ineffable.

False

True or False: A consequentialist theory measures the morality of an action by its consequences.

True

True or False: Aristotle lacked a theory of virtue.

True

True or False: Daly is a feminist theologian.

True

True or False: Hindu thought affirms enlightenment as the key to liberation from the great wheel of existence.

True

True or False: Hume considered the question of evil in the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.

True

True or False: Husserl was the founder of phenomenology.

True

True or False: Immanuel Kant argued that the good will is the only thing good without qualification.

True

True or False: Philosophical claims should be clear and neither vague nor ambiguous.

True

True or False: Reductionism is the view that thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes.

True

True or False: Richard Rorty was an antirealist.

True

True or False: Socrates is usually considered the father of Western philosophy.

True

True or False: The Jain philosophers are rationalists.

True

True or False: The identity theory of the mind claims that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain.

True

True or False: There are three traditional kinds of love.

True

True or False: To evaluate a philosopher's claims, you must identify the premises and conclusions of his or her arguments.

True

True or False: Turing said that the mind is a computer.

True

True or False: Humboldt was a Romantic philosopher.

true

True or False: Thomas Hobbes was a materialist.

true