Intro to Psychology Final Study Guide

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

surveys

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

testosterone

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

_______ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants

Institutional Review Board

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design

longitudinal

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

1

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

_______ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior