Intro to Radiography - Test 3
shaken baby syndrome causes ____________ & ___________
whiplash injury; brain trauma
PVC's are demonstrated by...
wide, irregular QRS complex & loss of P-wave
any verbal orders need to be _______ before doctor leaves the area
written
medication orders can be...
written, verbal, or standing
if an emergency prevents charting at time given...
you should make a write notation of time, drug, & dosage
definition of emotional abuse
inflicting mental pain, anguish, distress, humiliating, intimidating, or threatening
definition of physical abuse
inflicting pain, injury, restraining by physical or chemical meansd
the usual dose & sage dosage range for each medication is found in the....
information on package insert or available online
some lung conditions are treated with...
inhalation therapy
short acting corticosteroids may also be prescribed before...
injection of contrast media
definition of vasovagal reactions to contrast media
injection stimulates vagus nerve causing cardiovascular changes
level 1 trauma centers provide total care for all ______
injuries
in most cases, the explanation is inconsistent with the....
injury
definition of neurogenic shock
injury to nervous system caused by head or spinal trauma
I & O measurements stand for...
input and output measurements
some patients need _______ or ________ recordings after urination
input; output
definition of myocardial ischemia
insufficient blood supply to heart muscles that result from coronary artery disease
definition of hyperglycemia
insufficient production of insulin from pancreas that causes glucose levels in blood to rise
type I diabetes is usually treated with...
insulin
glucose paste can be administered buccally to an unconscious patient having an....
insulin reaction
what does INR stand for...
international normalized ratio
definition of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
interruption of blood supply to brain
definition of incontinence
involuntary loss of bladder or bowel control
anaphylactic shock is sometimes a response to ___________ administered during x-ray exams
iodinated contrast media
PVC's are...
irregular, early ventricular contractions that interfere with normal rate & rhythm
how serious is ventricular fibrillation
its life threatening because no blood pumping is out of heart
don't wear ______ that could cause injury during movement or positioning
jewelry
where is the carotid artery located
just below angle of mandible
immobilization requires the use of various devices to...
keep patients from moving during imaging procedures
a low GFR value may indicate...
kidney impairment
the chief organs of excretion are...
kidneys
definition of kyphotic patients
large convex curve in upper back
definition of exploitation
illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets
IV administration is the parenteral route that offers the most....
immediate effect
sudden changes in level of consciousness require...
immediate treatment
if BUN value is high, it indicates....
impaired kidney function
if creatine value is high, it indicates...
impaired kidney function
definition of orthopnea
inability to breathe while recumbent
the first sign of respiratory distress is...
increase in depth & rate of respiration
definition of fever
increased body metabolism in response to infectious process
blood pressure falls as diameter of blood vessels ______ & heart rate ______
increases; slows
if area around iV site is cool & swollen, IV solution may have...
infiltrated
definition of pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
anaphylactic shock can progress into...
laryngeal & bronchial edema
to ensure patients don't have impaired circulation, be sure their fingers & toes are...
warm, pink, & sensitive to touch/pressure
electrocardiograph displays information in form of...
waves
definition of allergic reaction
when a patient has been sensitized to initial dose of medication & develops an allergic response to an allergen
toxic effects develop when a drug accumulates in body because of....
- inadequate excretion - impaired metabolism - overdose - drug sensitivity
excretion can also occur from the....
- intestines - lungs - breast milk - exocrine glands
parenteral injections are classified as....
- intradermal - subcutaneous (SC) - intramuscular (IM) - intravascular - intrathecal
definition of hypovolemic shock
- loss of blood from injury or internal bleeding - loss of plasma from burns - severe dehydration
some examples of opioids are....
- morphine - codeine - meperidine (Demerol)
what type of information should patient history include
- onset - duration - specific location - quality of pain - aggravating & alleviating factors
what are the 6 things needing to be done for a thorough patient history
- open-ended questions - facilitation - silence - reflection/reiteration - clarification/probing - summarization
some signs of shock are....
- pallor - increased heart rate & respirations - restlessness - fall in blood pressure - decreased urination - cool, clammy skin - confusion
definition of metabolism
process by which the body transforms drugs into an inactive form that can be excreted from body
definition of absorption
process involving movement of drug from site of administration into systemic circulation in order to provide desired effect
brand names are also called...
proprietary or trade names
what is hemoglobin (Hgb)
protein in RBC
anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock is a....
severe allergic reaction
hypotension can result in...
shock
sinus bradycardia may lead to...
shock
definition of nasal cannula
simplest & most frequent device for longer term O2 administration
if a patient is experiencing nausea or vomiting, what position should they be in
sitting or lateral recumbent
if a patient is experiencing vertigo, what position should they be in
sitting or laying down
paralytic agents are....
skeletal muscle relaxants
patient awareness can _____ taking respirations
skew
rough handling or sliding against table surface may injure...
skin of elderly or debilitated patients
antimicrobials include antiseptics used for....
skin preparation before sterile injections
cyanosis occurs on...
skin, lips, nail beds, lining of the mouth
allergic reactions may be _______ or _______, usually unpredictable
slight; severe
definition of bradypnea
slow breathing, less than 12 breaths per minute
apical pulse is good for...
slow or irregular pulses
the P-wave is a...
small "bump" on ECG/EKG strip
the T-wave is a...
small bump
why is tact and caution important when getting patient history
some patients may read too much into questions
granules are mixed with a...
specific amount of fluid
intrathecal refers to injections into...
spinal canal
___________ held under nose usually brings a rapid return to consciousness
spirits of ammonia
when patients are experiencing a nosebleed they should ______ rather than swallow blood that runs down nasopharynx
spit out
if a patient is experiencing a nosebleed, you should instruct them to...
squeeze firmly against nasal septum for 10 minutes
nauseated patients need...
their heads elevated (or rolled onto their sides)
restraints can also be used on patients who may injure themselves by removing...
therapeutic devices
the action of a drug on specific cells is called....
therapeutic effect
the portal venous system diminishes the...
therapeutic effect before it reaches the target tissue
the treatment for both hemothorax & pneumothorax is...
thoracotomy
why do nauseated patients need their heads elevated
to help prevent aspiration of emesis (vomit)
when females use bedpans, they need...
torsos elevated
if kidney function is impaired or patient is dehydrated, drugs can be retained in body & a _____________ can occur
toxic effect
poor cardiac, renal, or hepatic function increases the likelihood that....
toxic effects might occur
other topical medications are used for a system effect, which is also called
transdermal
definition of orthostatic hypotension
transient dizziness that sometimes occurs with sudden change in position
definition of urinary catheter
tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder
definition of intubation
tube placement of an airway into trachea
definition of catheter
tube used for medical purposes
tympanic thermometers measure temperature at....
tympanic membrane of ear
what is BUN
type of nitrogen waste product
what is creatinine
type of nitrogen waste product
intravascular is classified according to...
type of vessel into which injection is made
CBC's provide specific information regarding _____ & _______ of cells that make up the blood
types; numbers
what is the 3rd level of consciousness
unconscious but reactive to painful stimuli
SC injections instill medications...
under the skin
a Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes...
up to 12 different determinations
the most common sites for SC injections are...
upper arm & outer aspect of thigh
patients who become short of breath or have severe abdominal pain when supine must be supported.....
upright & assisted to sit up immediately
liquid medications are...
vaporized, administered by inhaler or nebulizer, & inhaled by patient
for children <5, which intramuscular injection site is preferred
vastus lateralis
intubation tubes are connected to a...
ventilator
what is it called when ventricles contract
ventricle depolarization
QRS complex occurs when...
ventricles contract
T-wave occurs when...
ventricles relax
ventricular fibrillation is when...
ventricular cells stop working together & contract independently
what is it called when ventricles relax
ventricular repolarization
antiarrhythmics are for acute attacks of....
ventricular tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmias
route that most medications taken orally follow...
- pass through stomach - absorbed by small intestine - bloodstream carries it to liver via portal venous system
who does the hospitals emergency response team usually consist of
- physicians - nurses - respiratory therapists - electrocardiographers
to ensure the suction system is operational, check...
- pump is working - receptacle is connected to pump - tubing length is adequate - assortment of flexible suction catheters are available - rigid pharyngeal catheter device is available
what are 2 other words for fever
- pyrexia - hyperthermia
what is done when a patient is suspected to have a concussion
- rest to relieve - CT to rule out bleed
padding should be used under what body prominences
- sacrum - heels - mid-thoracic curve
make sure patients possessions are....
- safe - in sight - communicated
pharmacokinetics can vary due to...
- sex - age - weight - condition - immune status
what are the 3 basic types of paralytic agents
- short term (10-30 minutes) - intermediate (35-45 minutes) - long-acting (2-3 hours)
intraspinal method of intrathecal administration is used when...
contrast medium is to be injected through spinal needle directly into subarachnoid space
what are the warning signs of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
- slurred/diffuclt speech - extreme dizziness - severe headache - muscle weakness or one or both sides - difficulty in vision or deviation in one eye - temporary loss of consciousness
part of the role of the FDA is setting the standards for....
control of drugs
FDA requires that all packaged drugs include...
- trade name - generic name - chemical composition - chemical strength - usual dose - indications - contraindications - reported side effects
if abuse is suspected, skeletal surveys of...
- upper/lower extremities - skull - spine - ribs
some early symptoms of anaphylactic shock are...
- warmth - tingling - itching of palms & soles - dysphagia - constriction in throat - feeling of doom - expiratory wheeze
when emptying urinary bags, you....
- wear gloves - open clamp - allow drainage - close clamp
always be sure to explain......
- what to expect - how long they'll wait - help buttons
some examples of physical restraints are...
- wrist/ankle bands - vest with straps tied to the bed
standing orders consist of....
- written directions for a specific medication or procedure - signed by physician
analgesics range from __________ to __________
controlled narcotics; over-the-counter medications
definition of respirations
# of inhalations per minute
WBC count measures...
# of leukocytes present that help fight infections
RBC count measures...
# of red blood cells present
the annual medical cost from trauma injuries per year is...
$200 billion
NPO stands for
'nothing by mouth'
explaining the need for immobilization to parents helps to gain ____ & ease _____
cooperation; anxiety
common sites of intramuscular injections are...
- deltoid muscle of upper arm - gluteal muscle in hip area - vastus lateralis muscle of lateral thigh
some side effects of vasovagal reactions are...
- diaphoresis - hypotension - sinus bradycardia
common side effects of ACE include...
- dizziness due to hypotension - headache - drowsiness - weakness
what position should a patient be in if they're experiencing shock
- dorsal recumbent position to avoid fall - elevate feet to increase blood flow to brain - if dyspnea is present, elevate head
FDA sets strict rules about....
- efficacy (effectiveness) - purity - potency (strength) - safety - toxicity (potential for harm)
some intermediate reactions to contrast media are...
- erythema - urticaria - bronchospasms
some normal contrast media side effects are...
- feeling of warmth - feel flushed for 1-3 minutes - metallic taste in mouth - nausea, vomiting, cough
pulse oximeters are places either on...
- finger - toe - earlobe
what is the purpose in taking a complete patient assessment
- helps prioritize schedules - relevant histories - communication w/ radiologist - prevents emergencies
what is the radiographers role in medication information
- helps with assisting physician - determining if stock in department is adequate & up to date - helps to prevent errors in orders or records that seem wrong - knowledge of medication side effects may alert radiographer to an adverse reaction/effect
some radiographic signs of battered child syndrome are...
- hematomas - single or multiple fractures of various ages
what are the 5 types of shock
- hypovolemic - neurogenic - cardiogenic - septic - anaphylactic
PVC's feel like
- "heart skips a beat" - "flutters"
some signs of a concussion are...
- "seeing stars" - brief loss of consciousness - respiratory arrest
some of the most common traumas are...
- MVA's - unintentional accidents - GSW's - stab wounds - physical altercations - domestic violence - physical abuse
acute episodes of reactive airway disease treatment usually includes....
- O2 administration - epinephrine injections - bronchodilating medication
some examples of immobilization devices include...
- Pigg-O-Stat - mummy wrap method - stockinets - sandbags
all CBC's include...
- RBC count - hemoglobin concentration (Hgh) - hematocrit (Hct) - RBC indices - WBC count - WBC differential count - platelet count
what are some signs of choking
- agitation - face becomes congested - tearing at collar - clutching their throats
what are some things that fear, anxiety, uncertainty can lead to...
- anger - rudeness - inappropriate speech - excessive talking - withdrawal - fear over modesty
the 2 principal types of medications for control of high blood pressure are....
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) - beta blockers
analgesics with a low potential for side effects include...
- aspirin - ibuprofen - acetaminophen - naproxen sodium
what are some signs of respiratory distress
- audible breathing - wheezing - gasping - coughing - struggling
what are some signs of elder/vulnerable adult abuse
- bruises/burns - pressure marks/broken bones - unexplained withdrawal/ depression - decubitus ulcers/poor hygiene - unattended medical needs - unusual weight loss - threats from caregiver - tense relationship/arguing with caregiver
some examples of physical signs of battered child syndrome
- bruises/injuries around eyes, cheeks, mouth, buttocks, thighs - bite marks - certain bone fractures - cigarette burns - failure to seek prompt treatment
anaphylactic shock may result in....
- cardiac or respiratory arrest - seizures
radiographer is responsible for...
- checking allergic history of patients - preparing medication for administration - verifying patient ID - assisting physician - monitoring patient after medication has been given
examples of when radiographers are involved in medication administration
- contrast agents - anesthetic agents - antianxiety or sedation agents
following every exam that involves contrast, radiographer must enter this into patients record....
- contrast agents name & strenght - volume administered - route of administration - date & time of administration - signature or approved ID
when bedpans are needed, be sure to...
- cover patient - provide privacy during use
to calculate GFR, what is used
- creatine test results - age - sex - race
some symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) are...
- crushing pain - heartburn - indigestion - left arm, jaw, or neck pain - paleness - diaphoresis - nausea - shortness of breath
when charting medications, you should include...
- date - time of day - drug name - dosage - route of administration - name of person who charted it
some examples of things kept in crash carts are...
- defibrillator - stethoscope - emergency medications - ventilation equipment - suction catheters
normal rectal temperature is...
0.5-1.0* F higher than oral
normal axillary temperature is...
0.5-1.0* F lower than oral
the normal value ranges for creatine is...
0.6-1.5
level 1 trauma centers treat _______ admissions per year or _____ major trauma patients per year
1,200; 240
trauma is the most common cause of death for individuals between the ages of....
1-44
with the use of a nasal cannula, oxygen is delivered at a rate of...
1-6 liters per minute
reactive airway disease is a general term to describe conditions characterized by...
coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath with an undetermined cause
when taking a radial artery pulse, you...
count for 15 seconds & multiply by 4
antagonists are used to....
counteract the effects of other drugs
what is the range for ventricular tachycardia
150-250 BPM
non-rebreathing masks can supply up to ______ oxygen concentration
100%
normal respiratory rate is...
12-20 breaths per minute
height of IV bottle/bag should be...
18-20 inches above level of vein
the procedure for oral medication administration...
1: perform hand hygiene 2: obtain proper med & read label 3: prepare med tray with med cup & glass of water (if allowed). read label again 4: show physician label & pour amount directly into med cup 5: check patient ID, stay with patient while med is being swallowed & offer water if allowed 6: return med tray & discard remaining water & med cup 7: repeat hand hygiene 8: chart medication
the 6 rights of medication administration are...
1: right dose 2: of right medication 3: to right patient 4: at right time 5: by right route 6: with right documentation
what is the radiographers role in suspected shock
1: stop procedure 2: assist patient into correct position 3: obtain help 4: check blood pressure 5: assist dyspneic patient with oxygen 6: be ready to perform CPR 7: assist code team/physician 8: chart occurrence, treatment administered, patient's response on incident report & in chart
in preparation for medication administration.....
1: verify patient ID & check order 2: verify medication & check expiration date 3: check for allergies in chart & obtain allergy history from patient 4: perform hand hygiene
what are the 9 precautions for all injections
1: wear gloves 2: dispose of all syringes/needles 3: use safety 4: follow established rules 5: read label 3 times (1 before drawing, 2 after drawing, 3 with physician before administration) 6: label syringe 7: check patient ID 8: check for allergies 9: monitor patient
it is in our scope of practice to give a patient a nasal cannula with how many liters per minute
2
what distance during shock is adequate
2 feet
nasal cannulas provide ____________ oxygen concentration
24-45%
more than _____ of shaken baby syndrome cases result in death
25%
patients allergic to foods & airborne particles are _____ as likely to have a reaction to contrast media
2x
patients was asthma are ____ more likely to have a reaction to contrast media
3x
you should read labels ______ to be certain
3x
oxygen face masks provide ___________ oxygen concentration
40-60%
cardiac tamponade can result in...
critical situation (seen in MVA's)
most patients tolerate _______ per minute rom a standard IV set
5-20
5-20 drops per minute is approximately...
60 mL per hour
normal pulse rate is...
60-100 BPM
normal diastolic pressure range is...
60-79 mm HG
the normal range for blood glucose after a 12-14 hour fast is...
70-100
the normal values range for BUN is...
8-20
1st degree burns involve...
epidermis only
normal systolic pressure range is...
95-119 mm HG
normal range for oral temperature is..
96.8-99.8* F (36-38* C)
for patient with an acute allergic reaction, ________ is administered
epinephrine
definition of angina pectoris (angina)
episodes of chest pain precipitated by exertion or stress
be sure to always _____ patients to destinations
escort
the QRS complexes of a normal sinus rhythm are...
evenly spaced & occur very regularly
radiographs are often used as _____ in child abuse cases
evidence
definition of hemorrhage
excessive bleeding
brand names are usually more _____ than its generic equivalent
expensive
what is pulse caused by
expulsion of blood when left ventricle of heart contracts
definition of stoma
external opening of colostomy
definition of pulse
advancing pressure wave in an artery
where is the radial artery located
base of thumb
temperature provides information about the body's...
basic metabolic state
there is no evidence _____ for shaken baby syndrome
externally
why do high number values of BUN & creatine indicate impaired kidney function
because the kidneys usually filter out these toxic substances
decubitus ulcers are...
bed-sores
what is the range for sinus bradycardia
below 60 BPM
what position should urinary bags always be in
below level of bladder
when lifting casts, always lift from...
below the part, NEVER above
the normal values for blood oxygen levels...
between 95-100%
ventricular tachycardia is...
extremely high heart rate with low cardiac output
beta blockers treat...
hypertension & other cardiac conditions
both PT & PTT can be used to check for _________ & see if ________ is working properly
bleeding problems; anticoagulation medication
INR measures...
blood clotting time
PTT measures...
blood clotting time
definition of hemothorax
blood in pleural space
ACE is a body chemical that regulates...
blood pressure
what does BUN stand for
blood urea nitrogen
if IV bag is too low....
blood will flow back into tubing & may clot
definition fo cyanotic
bluish coloration due to lack of oxygen in tissues
you should never ________ for routine use from crash carts
borrow supplies
battered child syndrome affects _____ & _____ equally, usually under the age of _______
boys; girls; 4
manufacturers give their products......
brand names
if a patient is nausea, have them focus on _____ to help prevent vomiting
breathing
definition of hyperventilation
breathing too deeply & too often
drugs placed inside the cheek are taking the _____ route
buccal
paralytic agents cause patients to be unable to move, but they're still...
conscious
a common type of urinary catheter is a...
Foley catheter
seizures are accompanied by a change in level of....
consciousness
pneumothorax reduces available surface for...
O2 exchange
PDR stands for...
Physicians' Desk Reference
what does PVC stand for...
Premature Ventricular Contractions
definition of anaphylactic shock
contact with foreign substances to which individual has become sensitized (allergic)
FDA stands for...
US Food and Drug Administration
atrial fibrillation is the....
continuous reentry of electrical impulses back into atria
urinary catheters allow urine to be....
continuously emptied
diphenhydramine can be given before a......
contrast media injection
you should use a compression band around _____ or sandbags across ______ if possible
abdomen; extremity
diastolic pressure measures...
ability of arterial system to accept blood forced by left ventricle
clotting factors measure the blood's...
ability to clot
definition of hypertension?
abnormally high blood pressure
definition of hypotension?
abnormally low blood pressure
sinus bradycardia is...
abnormally low heart rate
transdermal medications are ________ by skin & enter _________
absorbed; bloodstream
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an umbrella term used to cover a group of clinical symptoms that can indicate...
acute myocardial ischemia
distribution depends on....
adequate circulation
definition of pneumothorax
air in pleural space
endotracheal tube protects patients ______ & ensures that air can reach the _______
airway; lungs
some examples of antiseptics are...
alcohol & betadine
what is the 1st level of consciousness
alert & conscious
complete wound dehiscence involves..
all layers of wound
blood glucose measures....
amount of sugar in the blood
what is the PDR
annually published book, lists drugs & info about each drug
therapeutic effect results in......
anticipated outcomes (like pain relief or increased cardiac output)
definition of opioids
any drug, natural or synthetic, that acts similarly to morphine
definition of elder abuse
any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by caregiver or other person that causes harm or serious risk to vulnerable adult
definition of sexual abuse
any nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind
what is the normal value for GFR
around 100 (but it varies)
intra-arterial administration involved percutaneous access to....
artery by needle
patches cause _____ on images
artifacts
if blood oxygen levels fall lower than normal....
assess patient changes, equipment, & call for assistance
when males use bedpans, they may need....
assistance with urinal
where is the apical pulse located
at 5th intercostal space left of mid-clavicular line
P-wave occurs when...
atria contract
what is it called when atria contract
atrial depolarization
an example of topical medications used for local effect are...
calamine lotion for poison ivy
for acute episodes of reactive airway disease...
call for assistance
if patient has stopped breathing or if no pulse is detected, patient is in...
cardiac arrest
definition of cardiogenic shock
cardiac failure caused by interference with heart function
frequent PVC reduces...
cardiac output & can initiate ventricular fibrillation
drugs also applies to chemicals such as narcotics or hallucinogens that affect the...
central nervous system
definition of respiratory arrest
cessation of breathing
definition of cardiac arrest
cessation of heartbeat
type II diabetes is sometimes manageable with...
changes in diet & lifestyle as well as oral hypoglycemic medications
with 3rrd degree burns, the skin is...
charred, white, & lifeless
before emptying bedpans, always be sure to...
check the chart
when a inpatient requests water, be sure to....
check their chart
each medication has a generic name that identifies its...
chemical family
hemothorax & pneumothorax are both usually caused by...
chest injuries/trauma
disposable thermometers are usually used on....
children
cholesterol measures...
cholesterol & triglycerides
anticonvulsants are prescribed for patients with...
chronic seizure disorders
vasodilator nitroglycerin, administered sublingually, is absorbed directly into bloodstream & improves....
circulation to heart muscles
to help prevent skin irritations that may become decubitus ulcers, be sure to keep patients...
clean & dry
mechanical suction is used when a patient is unable to...
clear mouth & throat of secretions
what is the 4th level of consciousness
comatose
tremors support the patient as...
comfortably as possible
level 2 trauma center serves as a....
community trauma center
evisceration may be cause by _____ wound dehiscence
complete
gauge increases as diameter of bore....
decreases
3rd degree burns extend...
deep into subcutaneous tissues & destroy nerve endings
what is necessary for treating ventricular fibrillation
defibrillation
be sure to __________ until exam is completed
delay breaks
the intravenous route (IV) is used for...
delivering most emergency medications when an immediate response is critical
definition of drugs
denotes substances used in diagnosis, treatment, disease prevention, or as a component of a medication
2nd degree burns involve...
dermal layer
definition of benzodiazepines
describe the medications as a group
definition of abandonment
desertion by person responsible for care or custody
hypoglycemic agents are used primarily as treatment for....
diabetes mellitus
CT & MRI are excellent at...
diagnosing shaken baby syndrome
gauge of needle indicates...
diameter of bore
definition of asthma
difficulty in breathing caused by bronchospasm
what type of thermometer do hospitals use
digital readout with disposable sleeves
another name for Benadryl is....
diphenhydramine
the most frequently used antihistamine is...
diphenhydramine
backflow of urine can cause...
discomfort & infection
colostomy/ileostomy bags can be...
disposable or reusable
hyperventilation may cause...
dizziness, faintness, numbness, or tingling in extremities
what position should a patient be in if they're experiencing syncope
dorsal recumbent position with feet elevated
what is the 2nd level of consciousness
drowsy but responsive
definition of antagonist
drug that attaches itself to receptor, preventing agonist from acting
definition of narcotic
drug that causes "sleep inducing"
definition of agonist
drug that produces a specific action & promotes the desired result
definition of antidote
drug that treats a toxic effect
definition of controlled substances
drugs with high potential for abuse & misuse; must be kept locked up
definition of synergistic (additive effects)
effects that go far beyond desired outcome because of the effect of more than one medication taken together
____ patients are more likely to have poor cardiac, renal, or hepatic function
elderly
electrocardiograph monitors measure...
electrical activity of the heart
what is cardioversion
electrical stimulation to restore normal rhythm
definition of excretion
elimination of drugs from body after they have metabolized
physical forms of child abuse often coexist with...
emotional & sexual abuse
shock is a general term used to describe _____________ in which blood pressure is inadequate to support ______________ of vital tissues & unable to remove by-products of ___________
failure of circulation; oxygen perfusion; metabolism
definition of self-neglect
failure to perform self-care tasks that threaten his/her health or safety
definition of neglect
failure to provide food, shelter, healthcare, or protection
syncope is another word for...
fainting
when blood pressure is too low to supply brain with oxygen, patient ____
faints
unauthorized use of restraints results in...
false imprisonment
an external bag is used for...
fecal collection
where is the femoral pulse located
femoral artery
hot, dry skin may indicate...
fever
sudden change in ______ situation is also a sign of elder/vulnerable adult abuse
financial
brand names are usually given to the ________ that first develops & markets it
first company
definition of pleural effusion
fluid in pleural space
patients with certain kidneys diseases or cardiac problems need to have their _________ monitored closely
fluid intakes
seizures occur as a result of....
focal or generalized brain function disturbance
hypoglycemia may occur when diabetic patient has taken insulin but no ____
food
what does blood pressure measure
force of blood against walls of arteries
temporal artery thermometers measure temperature over...
forehead region
what does GFR stand for...
glomerular filtration rate
the tiny filters in the kidneys are called...
glomeruli
hypoglycemic agents control the level of....
glucose in blood
if active ingredient is solid, its measured in....
grams, milligrams, or micrograms
an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a...
graph that is produced by an electrocardiograph
medications can cause side effects that may or may not be....
harmless
shaken baby syndrome is a severe type of physical abuse that affects the child's....
head & neck
concussions are caused by
head injury minimal damage
epinephrine is administered to stimulate....
heart & sympathetic nervous system
definition of myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack; heart muscle supplied by occluded artery will die if blood flow isn't restored quickly
cholesterol is part of determination of risk for....
heart disease & stroke
a "weak" or "thready" heart may indicate...
heart not pumping enough blood
definition of urticaria
hives
do not take oral temperature after consumption of...
hot or cold beverages
PT measures...
how long it takes blood to clot
GFR estimates...
how much blood passes through the tiny filters in kidneys each minute
the RBC count can affect....
how much oxygen tissues receive
BUN, creatinine, & GFR all evaluate....
how well the kidneys are working at filtering out toxins
type I diabetes is typically in individuals that are...
lean & under the age of 25 who produce little to no insulin
level 3 trauma centers serve communities that don't have....
level 2 centers
if a patient is experiencing a nosebleed, they should not...
lie down, blow nose, or talk
sinus tachycardia can lead to...
life-threatening ventricular tachycardia
liquid medications are measured in units from...
liters (L) down to milliliters (mL)
metabolism usually occurs in the...
liver
serum bilirubin evaluates...
liver health
some topical medications are used for...
local effect
bolsters relieve stress by straightening the _____ curve
lordotic (concave) lumbar
analgesics are drugs that relieve pain without causing a....
loss of consciousness
definition of evisceration
loss of organs through body cavity
definition of hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
the intraspinal method is called...
lumbar puncture
bolsters are used to relieve...
lumbosacral stress in supine patients
definition of defibrillator
machine that administers electric shock to correct an ineffectual cardiac rhythm
level 2 trauma centers handle _____ of trauma cases & transport patients to level 1 only when necessary
majority
definition of septic shock
massive infection, usually by gram-negative bacteria
you should have a ______ attitude toward patients
matter-of-fact
if IV bag is too high....
may cause fluid to infiltrate into surrounding tissues because of increased hydrostatic pressure
definition of distribution
means by which a drug travels from bloodstream to target tissue & site of action
doctors check clotting factor values for patients on blood thinning medications to ensure...
medication is working appropriately
what is the treatment for atrial fibrillation
medication or cardioversion
definition of antibiotics
medications used to treat wound infections & infectious diseases
OHSA restricts the use of thermometers that contain....
mercury
the liver is where enzymatic action transforms a drug into ___________ excreted by the kidneys
metabolites (products of metabolism)
diabetes mellitus (DM) is the inability to...
metabolize bood glucose
type II diabetes may be treated with...
metformin (Glucophage), as well as other medications
the _________ is used for measuring patient weight when calculating dosage & measuring medications
metric system
some antibiotics treat a very narrow range of...
microorganisms
definition of syncope
mild form of shock that can occur with fright, pain, or unpleasant events beyond coping ability of patients nervous system
intramuscular injections are given into...
muscle
tranquilizers promote...
muscle relaxation & reduce anxiety
definition of epistaxis
nosebleed
definition of idiosyncratic reaction
occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug or has an unusual reaction
where are the 2 primary electrode contacts placed in an ECG...
on anterior chest; one on each side of sternum at level of 2nd intercostal space
where is the third electrode attached in an ECG....
on side of chest at 6th or 7th intercostal space
partial wound dehiscence involves...
only outer layers of wound
changes in breathing may signal....
onset of serious distress
naloxone (Narcan) counteracts the effects of...
opiates
sublingual & buccal routes can be absorbed into blood through...
oral mucosa
enteral route applies to medication administration directly into gastrointestinal tract via...
oral, rectal, or nasogastric tube
where is the dorsalis pedis/pedal pulse taken
over instep of foot
type II diabetes in most commonly seen in individuals...
over the age of 40
tracheostomy's can be connected to....
oxygen supply or ventilators
hemoglobin carries...
oxygen throughout the body
oxygen face masks provide both _____ & _______
oxygen; humidity
with 2nd degree burns, the skin is...
pain, swelling, blisters
what should be observed for changes in skin color
pale, cyanotic, or waxen pallor
atrial fibrillation can cause...
palpations, nausea, weakness, & fatigue
with type I diabetes, insulin is administered...
parenterally
what does PTT measure
partial thromboplastin time
other antibiotics are broad spectrum & effective against a wide variety of....
pathogens
taking a thorough patient history helps to build...
patient rapport & confidence
clotting factor values are checked before vascular procedures to ensure ________ & prevent ________
patient safety; excessive bleeding
a normal sinus rhythm is a...
pattern with P-wave, followed by QRS complex, then a T-wave
definition of tamponade
pericardial sac fills with fluid, preventing heart from expanding
dorsalis pedis/pedal pulse is usually taken to check...
peripheral circulation
battered child syndrome is a...
physical form of child abuse
you can not remove patches unless...
physician specifically orders you to
application of restraints require...
physicians order
what is the radiographic protocol for trauma cases
portable chest, pelvis, & lateral C-spine
what does PT stand for...
prothrombin time
pulse oximeters monitor...
pulse rate & blood oxygen levels
systolic pressure measures...
pumping action of heart
if restraints must be removed for transport or exam, be sure to...
put them back on immediately after
sudden deterioration of patient requires a ____ & ______ response
quick; appropriate
normal breathing is...
quiet & calm
sedatives exert a.....
quieting effect, often inducing sleep
what is the most common site for pulse
radial artery
if there is any change in physical status you should notify...
radiology nurse or radiologists immediately
definition of tachypnea
rapid breathing, greater than 20 breaths per minute
sinus tachycardia is a tracing that shows...
rapid heart rate
after a drug reaches its site of action, it exerts its effects on the cells....
receptor sites
if a patient is experiencing evisceration, what position should they be put into
recumbent position
if a patient is experiencing cerebrovascular accidents, what position should they be in
recumbent position with head elevated
with 1st degree burns, the skin is...
red, warm, tender, & painful
definition of erythema
reddening of skin
level 3 trauma centers are usually located in....
remote rural areas
definition of thoracentesis
removal of fluid from pleural space
if a patient is in danger of paralysis, they aren't ________________ until ruled out
removed from backboard
non-rebreathing masks have an attached __________ that fills with 100% O2 & a valve to prevent __________ from being inhaled
reservoir bag; exhaled gas
burns are frequently associated with...
respiratory complications
patients receiving opiates or other meds that depress CNS must be carefully monitored for...
respiratory depression
ventilators are mechanical respirator devices that control.....
respiratory rate, volume, & oxygen content
the processes of pharmacokinetics affect the way individuals....
respond to medications
after a patient experiences a seizure, what position should they be put into
rolled onto their side to avoid aspiration
restraints are used to ensure...
safety for active & disoriented patients
diphenhydramine has a ______ & _______ side effect
sedative; drying
the most common antagonists encountered by radiographers are those used to counteract the effects of....
sedatives & analgesics
local anesthetics are used to eliminate....
sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure ie: lidocaine (Xylocaine)
definition of vertigo
sensation that room is spinning
the QRS complex is...
several large spikes joined together as a single unit
cerebrovascular accidents are another name for...
strokes
definition of pharmacodynamics
study of effects of drugs on normal physiologic functions of body
definition of pharmacokinetics
study of the way the body processes a drug & how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized (physically & chemically changed), & exit the body
drugs placed under the tongue are taking the _____ route
sublingual
definition of allergen
substance to which sensitivity has been established
definition of medication
substances prescribed for treatment that produce therapeutically useful effects
what position should the patient be in if they're experiencing a vasovagal reaction to contrast media
supine position wih feet elevated ~ 20* & head elevated 10*
with angina, coronary arteries are unable to...
supply heart with sufficient oxygen
when moving a fractured limb, both ends of injury must be....
supported to prevent further injury
topical route refers to application of medication to....
surface of the skin
definition of thoracotomy
surgical opening made through chest wall for tube placement
definition of tracheostomy
surgical opening through anterior neck into trachea
definition of colostomy
surgically formed fistulas from large bowel through the abdominal wall
definition of ileostomy
surgically formed fistulas from small bowel through abdominal wall
wound dehiscence occurs when...
suture lines part
definition of diaphoretic
sweating
definition of respiratory edema
swelling of respiratory tract
beta blockers suppress the action of the...
sympathetic nervous system
BP is expressed as...
systolic ------------- diastolic
oral medications may come as....
tablets, capsules, granules, & liquids
what are disposable thermometers
temperature sensitive paper with adhesive backing
where is the temporal pulse located
temporal artery
which thermometer is more accurate
temporal artery thermometers
colostomy & ileostomy can be either....
temporary or permanent
platelets are parts of blood that help...
the blood clot
the act of diminishing the therapeutic effect before reaching its target tissue is known as....
the first pass effect
