Intro to Sociology - Chapter 1 Review

Max Weber

1864-1920 Contributions-- Bureaucracy Sociological theory-- Symbolic interactionism

3. Which of the following men coined the term positivisim, and is widely considered the father of sociology? a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Émile Durkheim

A. Auguste Comte

5. While examining the recent mortgage crisis, a sociologist would consider all but which of the following factors? a. The number of U.S. economic analysts b. The American perception of debt c. The shifting class structure within the U.S. d. U.S. unemployment rates

A. The number of US economic analysts

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology?

Economics

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?

Participant observation

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

Symbolic interactionism

dynamic equilibrium

a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society are working together properly

Auguste Comte

1798-1857 Contributions--Father of sociology && positivism Sociological theory-- Functionalism

Karl Marx

1818-1983 Contributions-- class conflict Sociological theory-- conflict theory

Herbert Spencer

1820-1903 Contributions-- social Darwinism Sociological theory-- Functionalism

Emile Durkheim

1858-1917 Contributions-- Social integration Sociological theory-- Functionalism

C. Wright Mills

1916-1962 Contributions-- The power Elite Sociological theory-- Conflict theory

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data?

A large survey

Sociology Degrees (WORK)

Applied Research Community Organization Criminal Justice Counseling Education (K-12 and College/University) Government Social Service

17. After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. a. Conflict theorist b. Structural functionalist c. Symbolic interactionist d. Feminist conflict theorist

C. Symbolic interactionist

19. According to Durkheim, which of the following is NOT a social fact? a. A religious belief b. A law c. A custom d. All of the above are social facts

D. All of the above are social facts

3 major theoretical perspectives (or paradigms) in Sociology

Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism?

Herbert Blumer

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?

Karl Marx

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

Karl Marx

1.3 Theoretical Perspectives

Sociologists develop theories to explain social events, interactions, and patterns. A theory is a proposed explanation of those patterns. Theories have different scales. Macro-level theories, such as structural functionalism and conflict theory, attempt to explain how societies operate as a whole. Micro-level theories, such as symbolic interactionism, focus on interactions between individuals.

1.1 What Is Sociology?

Sociology is the systematic study of society and social interaction. In order to carry out their studies, sociologists identify cultural patterns and social forces and determine how they affect individuals and groups. They also develop ways to apply their findings to the real world.

1.4 Why Study Sociology?

Studying sociology is beneficial both for the individual and for society. By studying sociology people learn how to think critically about social issues and problems that confront our society. The study of sociology enriches students' lives and prepares them for careers in an increasingly diverse world. Society benefits because people with sociological training are better prepared

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?

The study of society and social interaction

sociology seeks to--

Understand forces that operate throughout society Understand societal influences that mold individuals and shape behavior Examine societal patterns and social events

theory

a proposed explanation about social interactions or society

dramaturgical analysis

a technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

functionalism

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society Relies on three major assumptions-- Social patterns provide stability to society. Society is characterized by harmony. Change and adaptation must occur through evolution.

conflict theory

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources Relies on three primary assumptions-- Competition for scarce resources is central to all social relationships Some individuals or groups benefit from that competition more than others so inequality in reward and power are built into the system, and Change occurs through conflict not adaptation; revolution not evolution

macro-level

a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within a society

sociology is NOT

common sense opinion

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was:

harmful

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to:

identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals.

imagination

qualitative sociology

in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who:

interact

Studying Sociology helps people analyze data because they learn:

interview techniques, to apply statistics, to generate theories

sociology

is the study of groups and group interactions, society, and social interaction

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with:

monumental moments in people's lives & common everyday life events

paradigms

philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them

dysfunctions

social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

manifest functions

sought consequences of a social process

quantitative sociology

statistical methods such as s urveys with large numbers of participants

sociological imagination

the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular

social facts

the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

function

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity

figuration

the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior

positivism

the scientific study of social patterns

social solidarity

the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

micro-level theories

the study of specific relationships between individuals or small groups

latent functions

the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process

antipositivism

the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to:

theatrical roles

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by:

their culture

verstehen

a German word that means to understand in a deep way

7. A paradigm can be defined as: a. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them. b. The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion c. The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated d. Social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

A. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

8. Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict Theory c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Behaviorism

B. Conflict theory

10. ____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production and greatly favored ____. a. Durkheim; Communism b. Max Weber; Positivism c. Karl Marx; Communism d. Comte; Antipositivism

C. Karl Marx; Communism

1.2 The History of Sociology

Sociology was developed as a way to study and try to understand the changes to society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of the earliest sociologists thought that societies and individuals' roles in society could be studied using the same scientific methodologies that were used in the natural sciences, while others believed that is was impossible to predict human behavior scientifically, and still others debated the value of such predictions. Those perspectives continue to be represented within sociology today.

grand theories

attempts to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

Charles Horton Cooley

1864-1929 Contributions-- The looking glass self Sociological theory-- symbolic interactionism

16. Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of: a. Conflict theory b. Structural functionalism c. Capitalism d. Symbolic interactionism

A. Conflict theory

11. Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit? a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Émile Durkheim

D. Emile Durheim

14. Qualitative sociology can be defined as: a. In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data. b. Virtual interactivity, online polls, and online gaming. c. Door to door sales pitches, cold calls, and press conferences. d. Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants.

A. In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data.

Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. a. Micro-level; macro-level b. Macro-level; micro-level c. They are both macro-level. d. They are both micro-level.

B. Macro-level; micro-level

2. Sociology is defined as the: a. Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. b. Systematic study of society and social interaction. c. Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. d. Theoretical examination of life's origins.

B. Systematic study of society and social interaction.

1. On Wednesday nights, Joshua attends meetings for Young Life, a Christian-oriented youth group, with his friends, and church on Sunday with his family. This is an example of shared _________ within Joshua's culture. a. Social status b. Doctrines c. Beliefs d. Schedules

C. Beliefs

15. Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. a. latent; manifest b. manifest; manifest c. manifest; latent d. latent; latent

C. Manifest; latent

13. _____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. a. Symbolic Interactionists b. Conflict Theorists c. Structural Functionalists d. Social Individualists

C. Structural Functionalists

20. Verstehen is defined by the text as: a. To maintain a moral conscience. b. To compare and contrast social facts. c. To understand in a deep way. d. To require proof of interpretation.

C. To understand in a deep way

6. The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as: a. Dynamic equilibrium b. Latent functions c. Dramaturgical analysis d. Figuration

D. Figuration

18. Weber's proposal of antipositivism influenced sociological researchers to ______ while examining different social worlds. a. Reject antiquated notions of privacy and consent b. Methodically predict situational outcomes c. Manipulate test subjects into answering difficult questions d. Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

D. Gain a subjective understanding of human cultural norms

4. Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination. a. The theory that man evolved slowly over time. b. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. c. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams. d. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

D. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

9. Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. a. Qualitative b. Pathos c. Logos d. Quantitative

D. Quantitative

symbolic interactionism:

a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) Relies on three primary assumptions-- Symbols are important − symbols are gestures, language, behaviors. The interpretation of the symbols depends on the participants in the interaction Meanings change as relationships change; relationships are constructed, terminated, reconstructed Meanings are negotiated. We constantly listen and attend to the 'doings' of others as we search for clarification or ulterior patterns

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to:

whether sociological studies can predict or improve society