Biology- Chapter 10 Review

a.) chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set.

A multicellular organism begins life as a single cell- a fertilized egg- with a complete set of chromosomes. The cell divides to become two cells, then four cells, eight cells, and so on so that it keeps growing. Which of the following statements best describes what happens during this process? a.) chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set. b.) chromosomes are divided evenly during cell division so that each new daughter cell has an equal share of the original set. c.) chromosomes are stored in the original cell to direct the division of all daughter cells, which do not have their own chromosomes. d.) chromosomes are randomly distributed during cell division so that some new cells have partial sets while others have complete sets.

differentiation, specialization

Adult skin cells can no longer become other types of cells because they have already undergone _________.

provides genetic diversity (biodiversity)

An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction ________.

tumors

Cancer cells form masses of cells called ________.

cell cycle

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their _______.

d.) exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes

Crossing-over during meiosis results in the ________. a.) addition of genes to a chromosome b.) deletion of genes from a chromosome c.) creation of four haploid daughter cells d.) exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes

differentiation

During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later on in development, the cells will become specialized to make tissues, organs, etc. through a process called ___________.

by telophase II

During meiosis, by which stage are the cells considered haploid?

four chromosomes

During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing _______ chromosomes.

M phase

During which phase in the cell cycle does mitosis happen?

metaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and part of telophase

During which phases of mitosis are chromosome structures (X) visible?

Gene regulation is important to ensure that body parts are in the correct locations and that they are functioning properly.

Explain why gene regulation is crucial to the development of multicellular organisms. Make sure to explain the role that genes play in the development of an organism.

a.) depending on the location of the cell, certain genes are silenced.

If all of the body cells in an organism have the same DNA, how do cells specialize to perform different functions? a.) depending on the location of the cell, certain genes are silenced. b.) depending on the location of the cell, certain genes are destroyed. c.) depending on the location of the cell, only certain proteins are used although all of the proteins encoded in the DNA are made. d.) Depending on the location of the cell, only certain RNA molecules are translated.

both testes and ovaries

Meiosis occurs where?

destroys

People opposed to stem cell research argue that it is unethical to collect embryonic stem cells because it usually ________ an embryo.

differentiate

Stem cells are valued in research because of their ability to ________?

both meiosis and sexual

The process of cell division that produces four daughter cells, different from each other and different from the parent cell is called what?

both mitosis and asexual

The process of cell division that produces two daughter cells, identical to each other and to the parent cell is ________.

mitosis

The repeating process by which an embryo divides to become a multicellular organism is called what?

four genetically unlike cells

Unlike mitosis, meiosis of a single cell results in the formation of ________.

independent assortment and crossing over

What 2 processes ensure that human siblings do not usually look exactly alike?

4 sperm cells, 1 egg cell, and 3 polar bodies

What are the male and female products of meiosis?

mitosis and cytokinesis

What are the two main stages of CELL DIVISION called?

cell division and interphase

What are the two main stages of the CELL CYCLE called?

a.) after doubling, chromosome pairs separate randomly to form four new sex cells, with 1/2 the chromosomes as the parent

What happens during meiosis? a.) after doubling, chromosome pairs separate randomly to form four new sex cells, with 1/2 the chromosomes as the parent. b.) each cell copies its DNA to form four new sex cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent. c.) each cell loses half of its chromosomes, decreasing genetic variation in the 2 daughter cells d.) chromosome pairs remain together when 4 new cells are formed, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

centromere

What is the part that holds the two chromatids together in the center?

a section of DNA that determines a specific trait

What is the role of a gene?

S phase

When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?

c.) parents and offspring have similar DNA, and DNA codes for proteins that play a role in determining traits.

Which of the following best explains why offspring resemble their parents? a.) parents and offspring often live in similar environments, and the environment determines how traits are expressed. b.) parents and offspring are subjected to the same selection pressures, and selection pressure determines traits. c.) parents and offspring have similar DNA, and DNA codes for proteins that play a role in determining traits. d.) parents and offspring have the same rates of mutation and therefore, the same kinds of traits.

c.) totipotent cells can differentiate into any type of cell and tissue

Which of the following is TRUE about totipotent cells? a.) embryonic stem cells are not totipotent cells b.) totipotent cells are differentiated cells c.) totipotent cells can differentiate into any type of cell and tissue d.) adult stem cells are totipotent cells

d.) interphase consists of the G₁, S, and G₂ phases.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of a cell cycle? a.) little happens during the G₁ and G₂ phases. b.) DNA replicates during cytokinesis. c.) the M phase is usually the longest phase. d.) interphase consists of the G₁, S, and G₂ phases.

prophase

Which of the following is a phase found in mitosis (division of the nucleus only)?

a.) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? a.) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase b.) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase c.) interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase d.) prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

differentiate

totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent all describe the ability of a cell to _______?