Reproductive Systems

Ovulation typically occurs Day _____ of a 28 day cycle?

14

The secretory phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day ____ to Day ____.

15; 26

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day ____ to Day ____.

15; 28

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day _____ to Day _____.

1; 14

The menstrual phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day _____ to Day _____.

1; 5

Put the following structures in the correct sequence as sperm travels from the testes out of the body. ______ seminiferous tubules ______ urethra ______ ductus deferens ______ epididymis ______ ejaculatory duct

2, 5, 3, 1, 4

Put the following structures in the correct sequence as an egg travels from the ovaries out of the body. ______ ampulla ______ cervix ______ ovary ______ infundibulum ______ isthmus ______ body of uterus ______ vagina

2, 6, 1, 4, 3, 5, 7

The premenstrual phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day ____ to Day _____.

27; 28

How long does the menstrual phase typically last?

5 days approximately

The proliferative phase of the ovarian cycle is from Day _____ to Day _____.

5; 14

What happens during the follicular phase?

FSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the growth of several follicles in the ovary. As the follicles grow, one soon becomes "bigger and better" than the rest and is called the dominant follicle. The remaining follicles, which are less responsive to FSH degenerate. As the dominant follicle matures, it secretes lots of estrogen. Increased estrogen causes the endometrial lining of the uterus to proliferate.

Which hormone stimulates follicles to grow and which organ secretes this hormone?

FSH; anterior pituitary

What happens during the secretory phase of the ovarian cycle?

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate into an inactive piece of scar tissue. By approximately day 24, the death of the corpus luteum results in a dramatic drop in estrogen and progesterone.

Whats the difference between the premenstrual phase and the menstrual phase?

The premenstrual phase is when the endometrium degenerates. The menstrual phase is when enough fluid in the uterus accumulates that it comes through the vagina as a period.

Function of Cremaster Muscle

contracts to bring testes closer to body and relaxes to move away

After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells are transformed into a structure called the:

corpus luteum

What happens during the premenstrual phase of the ovarian cycle?

degeneration of the endometrium

Days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle are called the _______ phase.

follicular

What does estrogen do to the uterus?

growth and proliferation of the uterus

List the pathway that an egg travels

ovary, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, body of uterus, cervix, vagina

Spermatogenesis

production of sperm

Which hormone stimulates the endometrium to secrete glycogen and swell with fluid?

progesterone

Days 5-14 of the uterine cycle are called the _________ phase.

proliferative

Secretions of what two glands contribute most of the volume of semen?

prostate gland and seminal vesicles

Function of Dartos Muscle

same as cremaster AND contracts to decrease surface area of testes to decrease heat loss

Lactation

secretion of milk by the mammary glands

Day 15-26 of the uterine cycle are called the ______ phase.

secretory

List the pathway that sperm travels

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, ductus deferent, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Which cells protect developing sperm and promote their development?

seritoli cells

Erection

state of the penis when it is filled with blood and become rigid

What happens during the menstrual phase of the ovarian cycle?

when enough menstrual fluid accumulates in the uterus it is discharges from the vagina for a period. The first day of discharge marks Day 1 of a new cycle.

Expulsion

when sperm leaves the penis

Which hormone directly causes ovulation?

LH

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

The surge in LH that causes ovulation also transforms the remaining cells of the empty follicle into a structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes lots of estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. The estrogen stimulates continued growth of the endometrium while progesterone stimulates the endometrial glands to secrete glycogen, the tissue swells with fluid, and is richly vascularized.

What happens during the proliferative phase of the ovarian cycle?

Throughout most of the cycle, estrogen exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. The dramatic rise in the level of estrogen toward the end of the follicular phase acts as a "molecular switch" in the brain that then stimulates the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to secrete more GnRH and LH/FSH for a short time. The surge in LH and FSH causes ovulation on Day 14.

Function of Pampiniform Plexus

a network of veins that remove heat from arterial blood so the blood to the testes is cooler than body temperature. *cools arterial blood going to the testes*

List all 6 components of semen other than sperm

alkaline mucus, protease, clotting enzyme, fructose, prostaglandins, and proseminogelin

Why does the endometrium start to degenerate at approximately day 27-28?

because estrogen and progesterone have stopped being released because no pregnancy occurred.

What does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) do?

develops follicles

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

estrogen and progesterone

What does the increased estrogen at the end of the follicular phase do to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

exert positive and negative feedback control

Which cell layer of the ovarian follicle produces androgens such as testosterone?

interstitial cell layer

Fertilization

joining of an egg and sperm to form an embryo

Which cells of the testes produce testosterone?

leydig cells

Days 15-28 of the ovarian cycle are called the ______ phase.

luteal

Emission

movement of sperm from the ductus deferens into the urethra

Oogenesis

the production or development of an ovum

Ovulation

the release of a mature oocyte by the bursting of an ovarian tubule

Which cells of the ovarian follicle convert androgens to estrogens?

theca cells

What cells produce estrogen and why does the amount of estrogen increase rapidly at approximately Day 12 of the cycle?

theca cells; because the body is preparing itself for pregnancy.