Introduction to Sociology Chapters 5 and 7

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to a. how officials define a person's behavior. b. the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question. c. how able a person is to contain deviant impulses.

the street code

Elijah Anderson describes the subculture of poor neighborhoods that encourages violence and trouble with the law as a. innovation. b. secondary deviance. c. a retreatist subculture. d. the street code.

larceny-theft

Monica steals a bicycle from a front lawn of a neighbor's home. This act is an example of which of the following criminal offenses? a. auto-theft b. larceny-theft c. burglary d. robbery

victimless crime

Prostitution is widely regarded as one example of a. crime against the person. b. crime against property. c. victimless crime. d.corporate crime.

Whatever people's situation in absolute terms, their sense of well-being comes from looking at themselves in relation to a specific reference group

Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion? a. Happiness is a matter of a personal values and standards. b. Soldiers are willing to do just about anything in order to get ahead. c. Whatever people's situation in absolute terms, their sense of well-being comes from looking at themselves in relation to a specific reference group. d.The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.

management can use scientific principles to make a business more productive

The basic idea behind scientific management is that a. both science and formal organizations are rational. b. organizations benefit from employees having scientific knowledge. c. truly rational organizations must ignore the personal needs of workers. d. management can use scientific principles to make a business more productive.

that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate much of our social life

The chapter-opening story of the McDonald's organization explains a. that the McDonald's idea never caught on outside of the United States. b. why so many small businesses fail. c. that "fast food" is really pretty slow. d. that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate much of our social life.

subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

The concept "criminal recidivism" refers to a.the idea that crime "really does pay." b. young people growing up in a "criminal" environment. c. efforts by police to enlist help from a local community. d. subsequent offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.

high-income nations

The greatest development of the Internet is found in a. Africa and Asia. b. India. c. low-income nations. d. high-income nations.

the United States

The only Western, high-income nation that routinely executes offenders convicted of serious crimes is a. Canada. b. the United Kingdom. c. the United States. d. France.

an emphasis on individualism and economic success, which weakens families and neighborhoods

According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain why the United States has a high crime rate by world standards include a. our cultural homogeneity. b. having too few police officers. c. an emphasis on individualism and economic success, which weakens families and neighborhoods. d. a lack of public interest in punishing offenders.

retreatist

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out" of society? a. rebel b. innovator c. retreatist d. ritualist

a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias

A hate crime is defined as a. any violation of federal, state, or local anti-discrimination laws. b. any crime involving powerful emotions. c. a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias. d. any crime targeting a member of a minority.

a social group with three members.

A triad is a. any social group that is unstable. b. Simmel's term for a trial marriage. c. a pyramid-shaped organization. d. a social group with three members.

primary group

Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as a[n] a. group. b. instrumental group. c. primary group. d. expressive group.

only offenses known to the police

Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect a. only offenses known to the police. b. only offenses cleared by arrest. c. all crimes that take place. d. only offenses resulting in a criminal conviction.

Japanese companies have a more collective culture; U.S. companies have a more individualistic culture

In general, U.S. and Japanese formal organizations have differed in that a. U.S. companies have leaders who engage in more collective decision making. b. Japanese companies make more money. c. U.S. companies are more efficient. d. Japanese companies have a more collective culture; U.S. companies have a more individualistic culture.

A group seeks consensus and discourages members from speaking freely, resulting in the group making a poor decision

Which of the following illustrates the operation of "groupthink"? a.A group gathers lots of information and makes a good policy recommendation. b. A group seeks consensus and discourages members from speaking freely, resulting in the group making a poor decision. c. A group leader makes a decision without consulting anyone, and the decision turns out to be a bad one. d. A group seeks opinion differences and is unable to come up with any policy recommendation at all.

stigma

Which of the following is Erving Goffman's concept that refers to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity? a. deviant ritual b. secondary identity c. stigma d. degradation ceremony

community healing

Which of the following is NOT one of the justifications for punishment discussed in the text? a. community healing b. rehabilitation c. retribution d. deterrence

a family gathering for a religious holiday

Which of the following is the best example of a primary group? a. a reunion of the graduating class of 1977 b. a family gathering for a religious holiday c. carpenters gathering at a work site d. a student government meeting

a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet

Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group? a.a family sharing a meal with their neighbors b. a fraternity chapter meeting c. a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet d. a local group of girl scouts at a camp site

While some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, many others remain rigid following the example of McDonald's.

Which of the following statements accurately describes opposing trends in today's world of formal organizations? a.While some organizations have evolved toward flatter, more flexible forms, many others remain rigid following the example of McDonald's. b.While men dominate large formal organizations, women dominate small formal organizations. c. While organizations are getting bigger, fewer people are working in formal organizations. d. While some organizations are getting bigger, most are getting smaller.

Dyads are less stable than groups with more members.

Which statement correctly reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad? a.Typically, dyads have little potential for meaningful social bonds. b. Dyads are less stable than groups with more members. c. Dyads are the most stable of all social groups. d. Typically, dyads involve less intense interaction.

Mens rea

________ is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" and refers to criminal intent. a. Habeas corpus b. Homo sapiens c. Mea culpa d. Mens rea